Cuzco Rebellion of 1814
Part of the Peruvian War of Independence
Date 3 August 1814 – 25 March 1815 Location Intendancies of Cuzco, Huamanga, Arequipa, Puno, and La Paz, Spanish Empire Result Royalist victory
Belligerents
[lower-alpha 1] Government Junta of Cuzco	Spain Viceroyalty of Peru
Commanders and leaders
Angulo brothers: José   [lower-alpha 2] Vicente   Mariano   Juan  (POW) Other: [lower-alpha 2] Mateo Pumacahua   Manuel Hurtado  † José Gabriel Béjar   [lower-alpha 2] Mariano Melgar   Juan Manuel Pinelo José María Corbacho José Pérez   Ildefonso de las Muñecas	José Fernando de Abascal Juan Ramírez Orozco Francisco Picoaga José Gabriel Moscoso Manuel Pardo Gregorio de Hoyos
Strength
12,000–36,000 men 2,000 horses 600–800 rifles 40 cannons Huamanga Expedition:[6] 5,000 men 5,000 horses 800 armed troops 18 cannons 2 culverins La Paz Expedition:[7] 2,000 men with traditional arms 500 men with rifles 8 cannons	Ramírez's division: 1,200 soldiers 40 horses 6 pieces of artillery

The Cuzco Rebellion of 1814 was an episode of the Peruvian War of Independence led by the Angulo brothers and Mateo Pumacahua that took place in much of the province of Cuzco, including Huamanga, Arequipa and Puno, as well as part of the province of Charcas. The uprising involved the proclamation of the autonomy and self-government of Cuzco from the Viceroyalty of Peru, governed by Viceroy José Fernando de Abascal y Sousa. The junta was modelled and intended to follow the steps of the Junta of Buenos Aires.

The origin of the rebellion was the claim held by members of the city council of Cuzco to establish a provincial council, also autonomous from the viceregal government of Lima, according to what the Cortes of Cádiz of 1812 anticipated, but that the court of the Real Audiencia of Cuzco resolved to the contrary, ordering the arrest of the claimants. The Angulo brothers, members of the Cabildo of Cuzco, fled on August 3, 1814, and found support in chief Mateo Pumacahua to form a Cuzco Government Junta. Under the command of José Angulo, three expeditions were organized: the first took the city of La Paz; the second, directed to the north, assaulted the city of Huamanga; the third, under Pumacahua's command, occupied Arequipa.

The conflict began on August 3, 1814, with an uprising in Cuzco, with subsequent battles in the viceroyalty's southern areas, and finally ending with the liberation of the city on March 25, 1815, by the royalist forces of the Viceroyalty of Peru.

Background

In the middle of 1813, when the advance of the Argentine patriotic auxiliary army led by Manuel Belgrano spread, a significant number of notables from Cuzco, with the support of officers and soldiers of the Royalist Army coming from the capitulation that followed the Spanish defeat in the battle of Salta, decided to advance in the self-government granted by the Spanish Constitution of 1812 against absolutism. After triumphing in Salta, Belgrano had released the defeated royalist soldiers in exchange for the promise not to take up arms again against the patriots, a promise from which they were released by the Viceroy and the Archbishop of Charcas.

The rebellion had its origins in the political confrontation between the constitutional cabildo, (favorable to Cuzco's autonomy) and the Real Audiencia of Cuzco (favorable to the Viceroy of Lima). In this confrontation, the leadership of the brothers José, Vicente Angulo and Mariano Angulo emerged, accompanied by José Gabriel Béjar, Juan Carbajal and Pedro Tudela. José and Vicente Angulo were officers of the royalist army in Abancay, then a party of the Cuzco administration.

The first revolutionary act was planned for October 9, 1813, with the support of the leaders of the royalist garrison of Cuzco, Matías Lobatón and Marcelino Vargas. The plotters demanded the president of the Cuzco Court, Martín de la Concha y Jara, the application of the liberal constitution. The insurgent plan was revealed by one of the signatories of the revolutionary pact, Mariano Zubizarreta. The Béjar, Carbajal, the Angulo brothers, and others were arrested before the revolution began by order of the Viceroy. The conspirators who were not imprisoned planned a second attempt on November 5, 1813, but another conspirator named Mariano Arriaga, was the cause of another failure. However, a group of patriots did not give up their efforts and tried to take the Plaza de Armas of Cuzco, facing troops loyal to Viceroy Abascal. Due to the confrontation three, young people died.

Angulo brothers

Painting of José, Vicente and Mariano Angulo.

The Angulo brothers were four brothers from Apurímac, a territory that then belonged to Cuzco, which is why they are also considered Cusqueños. They were the legitimate children of Francisco Angulo and Melchora Torres, with the exact date of birth of each one being unknown.

Establishment of a Junta in Cuzco

Cuzco Government Junta
Junta de gobierno del Cuzco
A two-tone flag similar to that of Argentina, was used by the Junta. It was based on the Virgen de las Mercedes' cloak.
Dates of operation	1814–1815
Allies	Patriots
Opponents	Royalists
Battles and wars	Cuzco Rebellion

The leaders of the rebellion were under arrest in the chapel of San Ignacio located on the southern front of the Plaza de Armas.^[8] However, due to their ascendancy over the Cuzco garrison, they held political meetings from there. By August 1814, the constitutionalist partisans, called "criollos", politically controlled the city of Cuzco, but the followers of the Angulo, under the demand for the application of the Cadiz Constitution, intended to follow the autonomous actions of Buenos Aires. A board would be formed that would be made up of three notables who were Mateo Pumacahua, Domingo Luis Astete and Juan Tomás Moscoso and that, like other American autonomist boards, recognized the authority of the Spanish courts and the monarch Ferdinand VII. Pumacahua initially promised 4,000 men, but his call was so popular that more than 20,000 Indians joined his cause.^[9]

In the early hours of Tuesday, August 3, 1814, a bloodless coup took place in which the Cuzco garrison massively joined the rebels. The president of the audiencia and regent Manuel Pardo Ribadeneira were deposed. José Angulo assumed the position of maximum leader of the revolution, being the president of the self-government board and captain general "of the country's arms of the provinces of Cuzco, Puno, Guamanga and La Paz".

As José Tamayo Herrera (1984) has investigated, the military chiefs and the authorities loyal to the viceroy were confined to the headquarters located in the former Jesuit convent and later, in republican times, the headquarters of the San Antonio Abad National University, being included within the authority of the revolutionary chiefs, the entire territory of the Cuzco Intendancy and, in military matters, five quartered companies, under the command of Commander Andrés Rendón; a regiment of dragoons under the command of Commander Martín Gabino Concha, and groups of troops from the Royal Regiment of Lima. Brigadier Pumacahua, the highest-ranking patriot officer, assumed the revolutionary military leadership. A local government board was formed made up of Pumacahua, royalist colonel Domingo Luis Astete and lieutenant colonel Juan Tomás Moscoso.

The insurrection was previously agreed to break out simultaneously in Cuzco, Lima and in the Royal Army of Upper Peru. In Lima, José Matías Vázquez de Acuña, Count de la Vega del Ren, remained indecisive and failed in the attempt, while in Joaquín de la Pezuela's camp in Tupiza, Colonel Saturnino Castro, one of the sworn in Salta, moved to the cantonment of the "El General" Battalion from Cuzco in Moraya. He had the idea of revolting them on September 1, but he did not get adhesions, he was discovered and shot.

The Cuzco proclamation is dated August 3, 1814 and the project of the Cuzco governing board was to support the autonomous actions of Buenos Aires. On September 8, 1814, in the cathedral of Cuzco, with the blessing of Bishop José Pérez y Armendáriz, solemn worship was paid to a new flag, with transverse blue and white stripes. On its date, September 27, the Virgen de las Mercedes was taken in procession from Cuzco, along with a flag with blue and white colors, colors of the followers of the country's system.^[10] On September 17, José Angulo, after seeing his constitutional claims rejected by Viceroy Abascal, who threatened to use force, warned him of the support that the patriot cause would have and of the futility of confronting it with arms:

See viceroy (...) if (...) according to your public faith, you put yourselves in the sad situation of treating us as enemies, then you and your accomplices will experience our just rigor. Yes, dispatch troops to the pasture of our revenge, we warned you that they will not exceed four thousand hardened brave soldiers (...), who will counteract with ten thousand who come.

— Reply from José Angulo to Viceroy José Fernando de Abascal y Sousa

On December 30, 1814, Viceroy Abascal annulled the Constitution of Cádiz in Peru, in application of the order received from the Iberian Peninsula from Ferdinand VII, who had restored absolutism in Spain.

Rebellion expands

The new government of Captain General Angulo appointed plenipotentiaries before the independent government of the United Provinces of the Río de la Plata, received congratulations from General Belgrano and proceeded to form their institutions. He also sent three military expeditions to Huamanga, Arequipa, and Puno and La Paz.

The Viceregal authority of Lima, still weakened by the war against the revolution of José Gabriel Condorcanqui, only took energetic measures in October.

Arequipa Division

A black flag was used by Mariano Melgar in Umachiri.

The third patriot group campaigned in Arequipa under the command of Brigadier Mateo Pumacahua, seconded by Vicente Angulo. Pumacahua's army had 500 riflemen, a cavalry regiment and 5,000 Indians. Pumacahua, as the curaca of Chinchero, had great control and leadership among the Indians.

In Arequipa, Field Marshal Francisco Picoaga and Mayor José Gabriel Moscoso, with reinforcements from Lima, confronted Pumacahua's troops at the Battle of La Apacheta on November 10, 1814. With the support of numerous civilian volunteers that were added from Cuzco, the patriots triumphed. After that victory, the authority of Captain General Angulo extended to the Pacific coast. They took Mayor Moscoso and Marshal Picoaga prisoner. The patriots entered Arequipa, where on November 12 Brigadier Pumacahua, representing the Cuzco patriot government, issued a solemn "intimidation" or declaration of war to Viceroy Abascal. Due to pressure from the Cusco troops, the Arequipa council recognized the Cuzco Junta on November 24.

Upon being informed of the war measures arranged by the viceroy and aware of the proximity of royalist troops, Pumacahua and Angulo decided to fall back around Cuzco, leaving all the occupied municipalities and provinces free. An open town hall in Arequipa reconvened and hurriedly agreed to allegiance to the king on November 30, 1814.

Royalist counterattack

Moved by Castro's attempt, the head of the royalist army of Upper Peru, Joaquín de la Pezuela, sent from Santiago de Cotagaita a division under the command of Juan Ramírez Orozco with 1,500 riflemen and many auxiliary Indians, mostly from Chichas and Tarija. They arrived in Oruro on October 15. From there Ramírez sent two companies over La Paz. The Cuzco revolutionaries partially crossed the Desaguadero and were defeated in the Chacaltaya/Achocalla on November 2, 1814. The next day Ramírez entered the ruined city of La Paz, where 108 rebels were executed, the independentists of Pinelo quickly retreating to Puno.

Priest Muñecas took refuge with 200 people from La Paz in the partido of Larecaja, where he formed a guerrilla group that was the base of the republiqueta of Larecaja. Establishing himself General-in-chief of the Auxiliary Army of the country in the United Provinces of the Río de la Plata, he formed the Sacred Battalion with indigenous people. It was first established in Sorata and later in Ayata. The definitive defeat of the republiqueta of Larecaja occurred on February 27, 1816, in the battle on the heights of Choquellusca, where the royalist chiefs Agustín Gamarra and Aveleira defeated the Sacred Battalion and then took Muñecas prisoner. Muñecas was subsequently assassinated on July 7, 1816.

On November 17, Ramírez continued his rapid advance towards the viceroyalty of Peru, leaving José Landaverí as intendant governor of La Paz, with a company and 4 artillery pieces. The royalist troops under the command of Juan Ramírez Orozco entered Arequipa on December 9, 1814. There, Ramírez Orozco applied severe penalties against the known patriots of the city. This gave rise to Angulo ordering in Cusco the execution of his two main prisoners of war: Marshal Picoaga and Mayor Moscoso. For the viceroy, this meant the "war to the death" against the patriots. Others say that it was Pumacahua, drunk, who gave the order because Picoaga did not receive him with honors when he capitulated. By then the revolution was in serious trouble: announcements were coming of the coming of a great expedition to reconquer the Overseas provinces, Chile had returned to monarchical power and Cochabamba refused to bow to the insurrection.

Meanwhile, on February 8, 1815, with representatives from all the provinces of the administration, the Cabildo of Cusco ratified the proclamation of August. The "excellent captain general and political governor" José Angulo swore there the solemn oath to "love and defend the country, not allowing everything that belongs to you to be offended, nor to work against it, nor to give rise to foreign enemies."

After regaining strength and reinforcing his militia, General Ramírez left Arequipa in search of the patriots on February 12, 1815. He left General Pío Tristán as governor of Arequipa. On March 11, near Ayaviri in Puno, the decisive Battle of Umachiri/Humachiri took place, which tipped the balance in favor of the royalists. Despite the realistic numerical inferiority (1,200 soldiers against no less than 12,000 patriots), discipline and the best tactical ability prevailed. A large force led by Pumacahua surrounded the royalists with the swollen Lalli River behind them, while on the other side the patriot artillery fired at them. Ramírez boldly dismantled his equipment, made his best troops cross the river, with water up to his chest, and from the other shore he captured the artillery from Cuzco and returned the attack, giving time for the rest of his forces to confront Pumacahua with a newfound advantage. In the midst of the confusion caused by this action, General Ramírez ordered the "cutting attack". The Spanish military report, signed on Friday, May 12, 1815, reports "seven dead by bullets, six drowned in the river and seven wounded" on the royalist side, while the patriotic dead, mostly civilians without much training, numbered more than a thousand. There were numerous executions on the battlefield, including that of the poet Mariano Melgar.

End of the rebellion

General Ramírez occupied Cuzco on March 25, 1815. On April 21, he ordered the executions of most of the surviving patriotic leaders: Pumacahua, the brothers José, Vicente and Mariano Angulo, José Gabriel Béjar, Pedro Tudela and others. José Angulo's uniform and his military banner were sent by Ramírez to the viceroy as trophies of war. Thus concluded one of the first chapters of the Peruvian War of Independence.

Notes

References