Daniel Pearl
Born(1963-10-10)October 10, 1963
Princeton, New Jersey, U.S.
DiedFebruary 1, 2002(2002-02-01) (aged 38)
Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan
Cause of deathDecapitation
Body discoveredMay 16, 2002
Resting placeMount Sinai Memorial Park Cemetery, Los Angeles
Alma materStanford University (BA)
OccupationJournalist
EmployerThe Wall Street Journal
TitleSouth Asia Bureau Chief
Spouse
​
​
(m. 1999)​
Children1
Parents

Daniel Pearl (October 10, 1963 – February 1, 2002) was an American journalist who worked for The Wall Street Journal. On January 23, 2002, he was kidnapped near a restaurant in downtown Karachi and murdered by terrorists in Pakistan.[1][2][3]

Pearl's kidnapping was carried out by Islamist militants after Pearl had gone to Pakistan as part of an investigation into the alleged links between British citizen Richard Reid (known as the "Shoe Bomber") and al-Qaeda. Pearl was beheaded by his captors, who later released a video of his murder.[4][5]

Ahmed Omar Saeed Sheikh, a British national of Pakistani origin, was sentenced to death by hanging for Pearl's abduction and murder in July 2002,[1] but his conviction was overturned by a Pakistani court in 2020.[6][7][8]

Early life and education

Pearl was born in Princeton, New Jersey, to Judea and Ruth Pearl (née Rejwan). His father is an Israeli-American of Polish Jewish descent, and his mother was an Iraqi Jew whose family was saved from the Farhud by Muslim neighbors.[9][10] His family moved to Encino, a neighborhood in the City of Los Angeles, when his father took a position with the University of California, Los Angeles as professor of computer science and statistics and later director of the Cognitive Systems Laboratory. In 2011, Judea Pearl received the Turing Award, the 'Nobel Prize for Computer Science'.[11][12] The history of the family and its connections to Israel are described by Judea Pearl in the Los Angeles Times article, "Roots in the Holy Land".[13]

Pearl attended Portola Junior High School and Birmingham High School.[14]

Danny, as he was known throughout his life, attended Stanford University from 1981 to 1985, where he stood out as a Communication major with Phi Beta Kappa honors, a member of the Alpha Delta Phi fraternity, a co-founder of a student newspaper called the Stanford Commentator, as well as a reporter for the campus radio station KZSU. Pearl graduated from Stanford with a B.A. in Communication, after which he spent a summer as a Pulliam Fellow intern at The Indianapolis Star.

Journalism career

Pearl's U.S. passport issued in 1986

Following a trip to the Soviet Union, China and Europe, Pearl started his professional journalism career at the North Adams Transcript and The Berkshire Eagle in western Massachusetts. From there he moved to the San Francisco Business Times.[15]

In 1990, Pearl moved to the Atlanta bureau of The Wall Street Journal and moved again in 1993 to its Washington, D.C., bureau to cover telecommunications. In 1996, he was assigned to the London bureau and in 1999 to Paris. His articles covered a range of topics, such as the October 1994 story of a Stradivarius violin allegedly found on a highway on-ramp[16] and a June 2000 story about Iranian pop music.

He became more involved in international affairs: his most notable investigations covered the ethnic wars in the Balkans, where he discovered that charges of an alleged genocide committed in Kosovo were unsubstantiated.[17] He also explored the American missile attack on a supposed military facility in Khartoum, which he proved to have been a pharmaceutical factory.[18]

Marriage and family

In 1999 in Paris, Pearl met and married French journalist Mariane van Neyenhoff, a former reporter and columnist for Glamour.[19] Their son, Adam Daniel Pearl, was born in Paris on May 28, 2002, approximately four months after Pearl's abduction and death.[20]

South Asia and murder

The Pearls settled in Mumbai, India, after Daniel Pearl was made Southeast Asia bureau chief of The Wall Street Journal. They travelled to Karachi, Pakistan, which he used as a base for reporting on the United States' War on Terrorism following the 9/11 attacks by Al-Qaeda terrorists in 2001 in the United States.

Abduction

On January 23, 2002, on his way to what he thought was an interview with Sheikh Mubarak Ali Gilani at the Village Restaurant in downtown Karachi about terrorist Richard Reid's alleged training at one of Gilani's camps in Pakistan,[21][lower-alpha 1] Pearl was kidnapped near the Metropole Hotel at 7:00 p.m. by several Islamist jihadist groups working in collaboration. Ahmed Omar Saeed Sheikh, a member of the Harkat ul-Ansar/Harkat-ul-Mujahideen and later Jaish-e-Mohammed,[lower-alpha 2][24][25] has admitted to planning and committing the kidnapping but denied being involved in Pearl's murder. The beheading video of Pearl was released by Jaish-e-Mohammed, under the pseudonym of "National Movement for the Restoration of Pakistani Sovereignty" (also used in ransom emails) and Jaish member Amjad Farooqi was reportedly involved in the kidnapping and murder.[26][27][28] In a January 2011 report prepared by the Center for Public Integrity (CPI) and the International Consortium of Investigative Journalists (ICIJ), members of other Pakistani terrorist groups such as Harkat-ul-Jihad al-Islami and Sipah-e-Sahaba Pakistan were also stated to be involved in Pearl's kidnapping and murder.[29] The lead author of the report was Pearl's friend and colleague in Pakistan, journalist Asra Nomani. All of the aforementioned groups were operating under the Lashkar-e-Omar umbrella.[25] Al-Qaeda leaders were also involved in the kidnapping and murder of Pearl, with Saif al-Adel playing a role in organizing the kidnapping and Khalid Sheikh Mohammed was personally identified in investigative reports as the one who killed Pearl.[30] Pearl was detained and later killed at an Al-Qaeda safe house in Karachi owned by Pakistani businessman Saud Memon.[31] Matiur Rehman, another al-Qaeda leader has been identified as being involved in the kidnapping.[32]

The militants claimed Pearl was a spy and—using a Hotmail e-mail address—sent the United States a range of demands, including the freeing of all Pakistani terror detainees, and the release of a halted U.S. shipment of F-16 fighter jets to the Pakistani government.[33]

The message read:

We give you one more day if America will not meet our demands we will kill Daniel. Then this cycle will continue and no American journalist could enter Pakistan.

Photos of Pearl handcuffed with a gun at his head and holding up a newspaper were attached. The group did not respond to public pleas for release of the journalist by his editor and his wife Mariane. United States intelligence forces tried to track down the kidnappers.

Death

Nine days later, the terrorists beheaded Pearl. On May 16, his severed head and decomposed body were found cut into ten pieces, and buried, along with an identifying jacket, in a shallow grave at Gadap, about 30 miles (48 km) north of Karachi.[34][35] When the police found Pearl's remains three months after his murder, Abdul Sattar Edhi, a Pakistani philanthropist, collected all of the body parts and took them to the morgue. He helped ensure that Pearl's remains were returned to the United States, where he was later interred in the Mount Sinai Memorial Park Cemetery in Los Angeles.

Video of his murder

Daniel Pearl stating his identity in the video produced by his captors. The text reads اسمي دانیال بیرل، انا یھودی امریکی (My name is Daniel Pearl, I am an American Jew).

On February 21, 2002, a video was released titled The Slaughter of the Spy-Journalist, the Jew Daniel Pearl.[36] The video shows Pearl's mutilated body, and lasts 3 minutes and 36 seconds.[37]

During the video, Pearl said:

My name is Daniel Pearl. I'm a Jewish-American from Encino, California, USA. I come from, uh, on my father's side the family is Zionist. My father's Jewish, my mother's Jewish, I'm Jewish. My family follows Judaism. We've made numerous family visits to Israel.[38]

Pearl condemned American foreign policy in the video. His family stated that he did so under duress, describing him as "a proud American, and he abhorred extremist ideologies". They also said that he gave signals that indicated that he did not agree with what he was saying.[38] Following these statements, Pearl's throat was slit, and his head was severed.[39]

The video was released under the name of the "National Movement for the Restoration of Pakistani Sovereignty", a pseudonym of the Jaish-e-Mohammed,[lower-alpha 2][26][40] with the captors repeating their earlier emailed demands for the release of all Muslim prisoners in Guantanamo Bay and repatriation of all Pakistani nationals detained by the US, the end of US presence in Pakistan and the delivery of F-16 fighter planes paid for by Pakistan in the 1980s but not delivered at the time. It concluded by vowing similar attacks on Americans in Pakistan in the future.[41][42] They warned that, if their demands were not met, they would repeat such a beheading "again and again".[43]

Murder investigation

Arrests

Three suspects were caught by February 6, 2002, after the IP address of those who sent the ransom e-mail was traced by police in Karachi. The arrests were carried out after investigation by Pakistani detective Mir Zubair Mahmood, assisted by an FBI computer expert.[44] The man responsible for the planning and execution of the kidnapping, Ahmed Omar Saeed Sheikh, surrendered to a former ISI officer, Brig. Ijaz Shah, who concealed Sheikh's whereabouts from the Karachi police for a week. Sheikh had been in an Indian prison in connection with 1994 kidnappings of Western tourists in India. In December 1999, Sheikh was released by the Indian government in exchange for the safe release of passengers aboard hijacked Indian Airlines Flight 814.

On March 21, 2002, in Pakistan, Ahmed Omar Saeed Sheikh and three other suspects were charged with murder for their part in the kidnapping and murder of Daniel Pearl. They were convicted on July 15, 2002, and Sheikh was sentenced to death. Sheikh has appealed the sentence. On April 2, 2020, Sheikh's murder conviction was overturned by a Pakistani court, and his death sentence was reduced to seven years' time for his kidnapping conviction, previously served.[45][46]

In his book, In the Line of Fire, President of Pakistan Pervez Musharraf stated that Sheikh may have been an agent of MI6, and at some point may have become a double agent.[47]

On March 10, 2007, Khalid Sheikh Mohammed claimed responsibility, before his Combatant Status Review Tribunal at Guantanamo Bay, for the murder of Daniel Pearl.[48] He is an alleged Al Qaeda operative reported to be third in command under Osama bin Laden, mastermind of the 2001 attacks. He claimed to have beheaded Pearl.[49] In a confession read during his Tribunal hearing, Khalid Sheikh Mohammed said, "I decapitated with my blessed right hand the head of the American Jew Daniel Pearl, in the city of Karachi, Pakistan.[50]" This confession repeated word for word the phrasing leaked in 2002 from his interrogation at a CIA black site interrogation center.[51]

On March 19, 2007, Ahmed Omar Saeed Sheikh's lawyers cited Khalid Sheikh Mohammed's confession as part of an appeal in defense of their client.[50][52] They said they had always acknowledged that their client played a role in Pearl's murder, but they had argued that Khalid Sheikh Mohammed was the actual murderer. They plan to feature Mohammed's confession as central in their appeal of their client's death sentence.

According to an investigative report published in January 2011 by Georgetown University, the Federal Bureau of Investigation used vein matching to determine that the perpetrator in the video of the killing of Pearl was most likely Mohammed, identifying him through a "bulging vein" running across his hand that was visible in the video.[53] Federal officials had been concerned that Mohammed's confession obtained through waterboarding would not hold up in court. They intended to use this forensic evidence to bolster their case that he had murdered Pearl.[54]

A Pakistani official announced on March 19, 2013, that another suspect was captured in connection with Pearl's murder and was in police custody. Pakistan's Inter Services Public Relations Directorate confirmed the arrest by a paramilitary unit known as the Pakistan Rangers.[55]

On April 24, 2019, Pakistan arrested the last suspect involved in the murder, named Azam Jan. Azam Jan had eluded the authorities for two decades and was responsible for several terrorist attacks inside Pakistan.[56]

Court proceedings 2020/2021

On April 2, 2020, The High Court of Pakistan's Southern Province of Sindh vacated the 2007 murder conviction of Omar Said Sheikh and his three co-conspirators (i.e., Fahad Nasim Ahmed, Syed Salman Saqib and Sheikh Mohammad Adil). The High Court reduced their sentences to a 7-year prison term for kidnapping, counting their prison detainment as time served, i.e. that they were considered to have served the full sentence for their murderous acts and were to be set free. At the time, Omar Said Sheikh had been awaiting the death penalty and his co-conspirators were serving life sentences.[57]

On April 3, 2020, Pakistani government authorities ordered the detention of the four men (despite the Sindh High Court's ruling for their release the prior day), and stated that they would challenge the vacated case and hold the men on a measure that allows the government to detain terrorism suspects for up to three months with repeated extensions allowed.

On May 2, 2020, the parents of Daniel Pearl filed an appeal to the Pakistani Supreme Court to reverse the April 2 decision of the Sindh High Court which had overturned the convictions of the four men in Pearl's case. They hired Pakistani attorney Faisal Siddiqi to represent them.[58] In making their appeal, Daniel's father, Judea Pearl said "We are standing up for justice not only for our son, but for all our dear friends in Pakistan so they can live in a society free of violence and terror and raise their children in peace and harmony."[59]

On July 1, 2020, Pakistan's Supreme Court refused to overturn the lower court's ruling vacating the sentence of Omar Said Sheikh for the kidnapping and murder of Pearl, and as a result, Sheikh would be freed from prison.[60][61]

On September 28, 2020, Pakistan's Supreme Court accepted the appeal by the family of Daniel Pearl seeking to keep Omar Said Sheikh on death row as punishment for beheading their son, and to uphold the life sentences of the three co-conspirators.[62]

On December 24, 2020, a Pakistani court ordered the release of the murderer Omar Said Sheikh and his three accomplices, again arguing that they were due for release given time served, and that their continued detention was illegal.[63]

On December 29, 2020, United States Acting Attorney General Jeffrey A. Rosen released a strongly worded statement affirming that if Omar Said Sheikh and his co-conspirators were not held accountable in Pakistan, "The United States stands ready to take custody of Omar Sheikh to stand trial here. We cannot allow him to evade justice for his role in Daniel Pearl's abduction and murder."[64] Former New Jersey Governor Chris Christie confirmed that a federal grand jury in New Jersey indicted Omar Said Sheikh and his co-conspirators for the kidnapping and murder of Daniel Pearl on March 14, 2002, during Christie's tenure as U.S. Attorney for the state of New Jersey.[65][66]

On January 28, 2021, Pakistan's Supreme Court dismissed an appeal against the vacated sentence of Ahmed Omar Saeed Sheikh aka Omar Said Sheikh in connection with the kidnapping and murder of journalist Daniel Pearl. The court also ordered that the three Pakistanis co-conspirators, who were sentenced to life in prison for their part in Pearl's kidnapping and murder by beheading, should be freed. In a statement, Pearl's family called the decision "illegal and unfair" and said they would appeal.[67] At her daily briefing, White House Press Secretary, Jen Psaki expressed outrage at the verdict and asked Pakistan to review all of its legal options, including possible extradition to the United States. The US Secretary of State, Antony Blinken issued a statement declaring that the "US is committed to securing justice for Daniel Pearl's family and holding terrorists accountable."[68][69]

Two days later, the Pakistani government decided to formally join the Sindh High Court's review petition against the Supreme Court judgment on the acquittal of all accused persons involved in the abduction and murder of Daniel Pearl. The Pakistani government filed a move application for the constitution of a larger bench to hear the review petition.[70]

On February 2, 2021, Pakistan's Supreme Court ordered Omar Said Sheikh (the alleged mastermind of Pearl's abduction and beheading) to be taken off death row after 18 years and moved to a so-called government safe house. Omar Said Sheikh is under guard and not allowed to leave said facility. However, Sheikh is permitted visits from his wife and children.[71]

On March 8, 2021, authorities in Karachi sent Omar Saeed Sheikh (whose sentence was reduced to time served of 7 years for murdering American journalist Daniel Pearl) to a rest house within the premises of Kot Lakhpat Jail. He is expected to remain there while the rest of the appeal process plays out in the Supreme Court of Pakistan.[72]

Legacy

A collection of Pearl's writings (At Home in the World)[73] was published posthumously in 2002. The Wall Street Journal noted that these demonstrated his "extraordinary skill as a writer" and his "eye for quirky stories—many of which appeared in The Wall Street Journal's "middle column".[74]

The Daniel Pearl Foundation was formed by Pearl's parents Ruth and Judea Pearl; other family and friends have joined to continue Pearl's mission. They intend to carry out the work in the spirit, style, and principles that shaped Pearl's work and character.[75] Daniel Pearl World Music Days[76] has been held worldwide since 2002, and has promoted over 1,500 concerts in over 60 countries.

Pearl's widow, Mariane Pearl, wrote the memoir A Mighty Heart, which tells the full story of Pearl's life.[77] The book was adapted into a film starring Dan Futterman as Daniel Pearl, Angelina Jolie as Mariane Pearl, Irfan Khan, Adnan Siddiqui, Archie Panjabi, and Will Patton.[78]

On September 1, 2003, a book titled Who Killed Daniel Pearl? was published, written by Bernard-Henri Lévy.[79][80] The book, which Lévy characterized as an "investigative novel", was highly controversial because of its speculative conclusions about the killing, for its broad characterizations of Pakistan, and for the author's decision to engage in a fictionalization of Pearl's thoughts during the final moments of his life.[81] Lévy was widely criticized for the book.[82][83]

There were plans for a film adaptation of the book, to be directed by Tod Williams and star Josh Lucas, focusing on the last few days of Daniel Pearl's life.[84] These plans did not come to fruition, however, HBO Films produced a 79-minute documentary titled The Journalist and the Jihadi: The Murder of Daniel Pearl. It premiered on HBO on October 10, 2006. The documentary chronicles Pearl's life and death, and features extensive interviews with his immediate family. It is narrated by Christiane Amanpour, and was nominated for two Emmy Awards.

Pearl's parents edited and published a collection of responses sent to them from around the globe, entitled I Am Jewish: Personal Reflections Inspired by the Last Words of Daniel Pearl[85] At one point in the video, Daniel Pearl said: "My father is Jewish, my mother is Jewish, I am Jewish", after which Pearl added a seemingly obscure detail, that a street in the Israeli city of Bnei Brak is named after his great-grandfather, who was one of the founders of the town.[85] The family has written that this last detail authenticates Daniel's own voice and demonstrates his willingness to claim his identity. Judea Pearl has written that at first this statement surprised him, but he later understood it to be a reference to the town-building tradition of his family, in contrast with the destructive aims of his captors. Judea Pearl then enlarged upon the idea by inviting responses from artists, government leaders, authors, journalists, scientists, scholars, rabbis, and others. All wrote personal responses to what they thought upon hearing that these were Pearl's last words. Some responses were one sentence while others were several pages in length.

The book is organized by five themes: Identity; Heritage; Covenant, Chosenness, and Faith; Humanity and Ethnicity; Tikkun Olam (Repairing the World) and Justice. Contributors include Theodore Bikel, Alan Dershowitz, Kirk Douglas, Ruth Bader Ginsburg, Larry King, Amos Oz, Shimon Peres, Daniel Schorr, Elie Wiesel, Peter Yarrow, and A.B. Yehoshua.

In western Massachusetts, where Pearl had been a young journalist, his friend and former bandmate, Todd Mack, established a new nonprofit organization called Fodfest (later renamed Music in Common), to continue Pearl's legacy of "bridge building", Mack said.

Posthumous recognition

Plaque at National War Correspondents Memorial, Gathland State Park

In 2002, Pearl posthumously received the Elijah Parish Lovejoy Award from Colby College and in 2007, the Lyndon Baines Johnson Moral Courage Award from the Houston Holocaust Museum.

On April 16, 2007, Pearl was added to the Holocaust Memorial on Miami Beach as the first non-Holocaust victim. His father gave his consent for the induction in order to remind generations to come that "The forces of barbarity and evil are still active in our world. The Holocaust didn't finish in 1945."[86] Journalist Bradley Burston criticized the addition of a post-Holocaust victim to the memorial, saying "it diminishes the uniqueness of the Holocaust".[87]

In 2010, the International Press Institute named Pearl one of its World Press Freedom Heroes.[88]

On December 10, 2007, President George W. Bush and Laura Bush invited Ruth and Judea Pearl, parents of Daniel Pearl, to the White House Hanukkah reception. They lighted the Pearl family menorah that once belonged to Daniel's great-grandparents, Chaim and Rosa Pearl, who brought it with them when they moved from Poland to Mandatory Palestine in 1924. There they helped establish the town of Bnei Brak.[89]

The late former mayor of New York City Ed Koch requested that his own tombstone be inscribed with Pearl's words: "My father is Jewish, my mother is Jewish, I am Jewish."[90]

Films

The Journalist and the Jihadi: The Murder of Daniel Pearl (2006) a television documentary by Indian directors Ahmed Alauddin Jamal and Ramesh Sharma which aired on HBO compares the contrasting lives of Sheikh and Daniel Pearl.[91] In 2007, the film A Mighty Heart was released, based on Mariane Pearl's memoir of the same name.[92] Omerta, an Indian biographical film based on the life of Sheikh was released in 2017 and received positive reviews.[93]

Music

American minimalist composer Steve Reich wrote his 2006 work Daniel Variations, jointly commissioned by the Daniel Pearl Foundation and the Barbican Centre, which interweaves Pearl's own words with verses from the Book of Daniel.[94]

Institutions and awards in Pearl's name

Shortly after Pearl's death, his parents founded the Daniel Pearl Foundation. The foundation's mission is to promote cross-cultural understanding through journalism, music, and dialogue. The honorary board of the Daniel Pearl Foundation includes Christiane Amanpour, former US President Bill Clinton, Abdul Sattar Edhi, John L. Hennessy, Ted Koppel, Queen Noor of Jordan, Sari Nusseibeh, Mariane Pearl, Itzhak Perlman, and Elie Wiesel.

The Daniel Pearl Memorial Lecture at UCLA was established by the foundation in 2002. Christopher Hitchens delivered a lecture on March 3, 2010. Other lecturers have included Anderson Cooper, David Brooks, Ted Koppel, Larry King, Jeff Greenfield, Daniel Schorr, and Thomas Friedman.[95][96] Soka University of America's student news magazine, titled the Pearl, is named in honor of Daniel Pearl. The 2021 Daniel Pearl Memorial Lecture will be given on February 2, 2021, by CNN's lead Washington correspondent Jake Tapper

On May 19, 2010, U.S. President Barack Obama signed the Daniel Pearl Freedom of the Press Act, which protects U.S. journalists around the world. The act is also designed to use tools from the Secretary of State to ensure that freedom of press is upheld in other countries.

In 2010, Moment established The Daniel Pearl Investigative Journalism Initiative[97] to provide grants and mentors for independent journalists to conduct in-depth reporting on anti-Semitism and other prejudices. The edited stories are published in Moment. The project has already produced two stories that have been nominated for the prestigious Livingston Award—the equivalent of the Pulitzer for journalists under 35.

Institutions named after Pearl

  • The Sammy Ofer School of Communications at IDC Herzliya introduced the Daniel Pearl International Journalism Institute,[98] a new partnership between IDC Herzliya and the Daniel Pearl Foundation. The multimedia newsroom at the School of Communications was named in honor of Daniel Pearl.
  • The Charles E. Smith Jewish Day School in Rockville, MD has named their gymnasium after Pearl, with a large block sign reading Daniel Pearl Memorial Gymnasium. The school annually celebrates a Daniel Pearl Day.

Awards

  • In 2005, The Wall Street Journal, in conjunction with the École de Journalisme de Sciences Po, gave the first Daniel Pearl Prize to Louis-Étienne Vigneault-Dubois from Canada, at a ceremony held on June 10 in Paris.[99]
  • In western Massachusetts, with help from the newspapers there for which Pearl worked early in his career (the North Adams Transcript and the Berkshire Eagle), friends of Pearl established the Daniel Pearl Berkshire Scholarship, awarded annually beginning in 2003.
  • Since 2003, Stanford's Department of Communication has awarded a paid summer internship with The Wall Street Journal, known as the "Daniel Pearl Journalism Internship."[100]
  • In 2008 the International Consortium of Investigative Journalists' bi-annual ICIJ awards were renamed the Daniel Pearl Awards for Outstanding International Investigative Reporting.[100]
  • The Samuel Eells Literary and Educational Foundation annually awards the Brother Daniel Pearl Stanford 85' Award for Literary Excellence to one undergraduate member of the Alpha Delta Phi Society or Fraternity who has displayed exceptional skill and enthusiasm in fiction, non-fiction, poetry, music and lyrics, photography, or film.

Schools named after Pearl

  • In May 2007, the Communications Technology Magnet School at Birmingham High School in Los Angeles was renamed the Daniel Pearl Magnet High School. In July 2009, it became a stand-alone high school in the Los Angeles Unified School District.
  • In East Brunswick Township, Temple B'nai Shalom renamed their Hebrew School 'The Daniel Pearl Education Center' after Pearl. Additionally, the Synagogue has created a "Daniel Pearl Education Scholarship".

See also

People involved in similar kidnappings/murders

Notes

  1. ↑ The interview being a set-up, planned by Ahmed Omar Saeed Sheikh to kidnap Pearl. The two had come in contact through Khalid Khawaja, a retired Pakistan Air Force officer.[22]
  2. 1 2 Harkat-ul-Ansar was the merger of Harkat-ul-Jihad-al-Islami and Harkat-ul-Mujahideen in 1993. Harkat-ul-Mujahideen had split from Harkat-ul-Jihad-al-Islami 1985 but re-united, they split again 1998. Jaish-e-Muhammad was formed as a splinter group of Harkat-ul-Mujahideen by Masood Azhar in 2000.[23]

References

  1. 1 2 "Online NewsHour Update: Pakistan Convicts Four Men in Pearl Murder". PBS.org. July 15, 2002. Retrieved September 26, 2013.
  2. ↑ Mount, Mike (March 15, 2007). "Khalid Sheikh Mohammed: I beheaded American reporter". CCN.com. Cable News Network. Retrieved March 24, 2013.
  3. ↑ Anthony, Augustine (May 23, 2011). "Study ties new al Qaeda chief to murder of journalist Pearl". Reuters. Retrieved February 4, 2013.
  4. ↑ Fonda, Daren (September 27, 2003). "On the Trail of Daniel Pearl". Time. Time Inc. Archived from the original on October 1, 2003. Retrieved March 24, 2013.
  5. ↑ Escobar, Pepe (June 28, 2003). "Book Review: Who Killed Daniel Pearl?". Asia Times. Archived from the original on June 29, 2003. Retrieved March 24, 2013.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  6. ↑ "Pakistan court overturns conviction in death of Daniel Pearl". ABC News. Archived from the original on April 2, 2020. Retrieved April 7, 2021.
  7. ↑ "Profile: Omar Saeed Sheikh". BBC News. July 16, 2002. Retrieved April 30, 2010.
  8. ↑ Masood, Salman (April 3, 2020). "Pakistan Rearrests 4 Men in Daniel Pearl Case". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved April 7, 2021.
  9. ↑ "Ruth Pearl (Daniel's Mother) Recalls Jewish Baghdad". Diarna.org. Retrieved April 7, 2021.
  10. ↑ "Daniel Pearl Came from Family with Roots in Polish Chasidic World". Jewish Telegraphic Agency. September 20, 2002. Retrieved April 7, 2021.
  11. ↑ "Judea Pearl". ACM.
  12. ↑ UCLA Cognitive Systems Laboratory (Experimental) Index: Judea Pearl - Home Access date: February 12, 2010.
  13. ↑ Pearl, Judea, "Roots in the Holy Land", Los Angeles Times, May 16, 2008.
  14. ↑ Pearl, Daniel (2002). At Home in the World: Collected Writings from The Wall Street Journal. Simon and Schuster. p. 17. ISBN 978-0743244152. Retrieved February 25, 2014.
  15. ↑ "Daniel Pearl Biography and Writings". The Pearl Project. Georgetown University. Retrieved January 19, 2019.
  16. ↑ Pearl, Daniel. "Stradivarius Violin, Lost Years Ago, Resurfaces but New Owner Plays Coy". The Wall Street Journal Archive: October 17, 1994.
  17. ↑ Pearl, Daniel; Block, Robert (December 31, 1999). "Despite Tales, the War in Kosovo Was Savage, but Wasn't Genocide". wsj.com.
  18. ↑ Jackson, Harold (February 23, 2002). "Obituary: Daniel Pearl". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved January 19, 2019.
  19. ↑ "Jim Lehrer interviews Mariane Pearl, the wife of murdered Wall Street Journal reporter Daniel Pearl". The NewsHour with Jim Lehrer. March 18, 2002. Archived from the original on June 5, 2007. Retrieved June 19, 2007.
  20. ↑ "Pearl's widow gives birth to their son Adam Daniel Pearl". CNN. May 30, 2002. Archived from the original on January 5, 2008. Retrieved June 19, 2007.
  21. ↑ Musharraf, Pervez (September 26, 2006). In the Line of Fire: A Memoir. Simon and Schuster. p. 226. ISBN 9780743298438. Retrieved February 25, 2014.
  22. ↑ In a Ditch. May 3, 2010. The New Republic.
  23. ↑ Harakat-ul-Mujahedeen. Center for International Security and Cooperation. Foreign Service Institute. Stanford University.
  24. ↑ "Ahmed Omar Saeed Sheikh". Counter Extremism Project. Retrieved August 23, 2022.
  25. 1 2 "Lashkar-e-Omar". South Asia Terrorism Portal. Retrieved August 23, 2022.
  26. 1 2 "UNCLASSIFIED - Jaish-e-Mohammad (JeM)" (PDF). Australian Parliament House. Parliamentary Joint Committee on Intelligence and Security.
  27. ↑ "Reporter Daniel Pearl Is Dead, Killed by His Captors in Pakistan". Wall Street Journal. February 24, 2002.
  28. ↑ B. Raman (September 30, 2004). "Why Amjad Farooqi had to die". Asia Times. Archived from the original on November 22, 2010. All accounts from Nawabshah indicate that if the Pakistani authorities had wanted they could have caught him alive and questioned him about the role of Pakistani civilian and military officials in various terrorist incidents of the past three years, including the kidnapping and murder of US journalist Daniel Pearl, the attempts to kill Musharraf himself and Shaukat Aziz, the prime minister, and the attacks directed against US and French targets in Pakistan. But they did not want him alive.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  29. ↑ "New investigation into murder of Daniel Pearl released". Long War Journal. January 21, 2011. Retrieved August 23, 2022.
  30. ↑ Augustine Anthony (May 23, 2011). "Study ties new al Qaeda chief to murder of journalist Pearl". Reuters. Archived from the original on December 8, 2014. Retrieved September 22, 2015. 'KSM told the FBI that he was pulled into the kidnapping by a high-level leader in al Qaeda circles, an Egyptian named Saif al-Adel, who told him to make the kidnapping an al Qaeda operation,' said the investigators in their report which was published in January.
  31. ↑ "CIA Torture Unredacted" (PDF). The Rendition Project. The Bureau of Investigative Journalism. 2019. p. 264.
  32. ↑ Feinman Todd, Barbara and Nomani, Asra. "The Truth Left Behind: Inside the Kidnapping and Murder of Daniel Pearl." Archived February 4, 2013, at the Wayback Machine (Washington, D.C.: Center for Public Integrity, 2011).
  33. ↑ Pellegrini, Frank (February 21, 2002). "Daniel Pearl: 1963–2002". Time. Archived from the original on February 21, 2002.
  34. ↑ Rory McCarthy (May 18, 2002). "Body parts believed to be of murdered US reporter; Clues found in nearby hut are linked to Daniel Pearl". Guardian. London. Retrieved September 26, 2013.
  35. ↑ Lee, Henry C.; Tirnady, Frank (April 17, 2003). Blood Evidence: How Dna Is Revolutionizing the Way We Solve Crimes. Perseus Pub. p. 304. ISBN 9780738206028. Retrieved February 25, 2014.
  36. ↑ Green, David B. (February 1, 2015). "Journalist Daniel Pearl Murdered in Pakistan by Islamic Terrorists". Haaretz. Retrieved October 10, 2018.
  37. ↑ "Suspect arrested in Pakistan for murder of US journalist". Mail & Guardian. Reuters. March 19, 2013. Retrieved October 10, 2018.
  38. 1 2 Pearl, Judea; Pearl, Ruth (May 14, 2008). "Right of Reply: Daniel Pearl's last words". The Jerusalem Post. Archived from the original on October 11, 2023. Retrieved October 15, 2023.
  39. ↑ Rosenbaum, Ron (2004). Those Who Forget the Past: The Question of Anti-Semitism. Random House Digital, Inc. pp. xxiv. ISBN 0-8129-7203-1.
  40. ↑ "Currently listed entities". Public Safety Canada. December 21, 2018.
  41. ↑ "Reporter Daniel Pearl Is Dead, Killed by His Captors in Pakistan". Wall Street Journal. February 24, 2002.
  42. ↑ "International law is inadequate when it comes to protecting journalists from savagery". TheConversation. August 22, 2014. Retrieved June 7, 2019.
  43. ↑ Sylvan Barnet; Hugo Bedau (2012). Critical Thinking, Reading, and Writing: A Brief Guide to Argument. Macmillan. p. 144. ISBN 978-0-312-60160-7.
  44. ↑ McCarthy, Rory. "Pakistan holds three as net closes on US reporter's kidnappers". The Guardian February 6, 2002.
  45. ↑ Masood, Salman (April 2, 2020). "Pakistani Court Overturns Conviction in 2002 Killing of Daniel Pearl". The New York Times. Archived from the original on May 15, 2020.
  46. ↑ Shah, Saeed (April 2, 2020). "Pakistani court overturns murder conviction in killing of Wall Street Journal Reporter". WSJ.
  47. ↑ "President dubs alleged Pearl killer MI6 spy". Gulf Times. September 26, 2006. Archived from the original on March 22, 2007. Retrieved March 20, 2007.
  48. ↑ "Al-Qaeda suspect says he beheaded Pearl". Mail & Guardian. March 16, 2007. Retrieved October 10, 2018.
  49. ↑ "Verbatim Transcript of Combatant Status Review Tribunal Hearing for ISN 10024 (ie. Khalid Sheikh Mohammed)" (PDF). US Department of Defense. March 10, 2007. Retrieved March 10, 2007.
  50. 1 2 Unkovic, Alexis. "Militant convicted of Pearl killing to rely on KSM Guantanamo confession on appeal" Archived September 4, 2007, at the Wayback Machine, The Jurist. March 3, 2007. Access date: March 20, 2007
  51. ↑ "Daniel Pearl". The Herald (Glasgow). February 25, 2002. p. 14.
  52. ↑ "Pearl murder convict to appeal after confession". Reuters. March 19, 2007. Archived from the original on April 2, 2007. Retrieved March 19, 2007.
  53. ↑ Ackerman, Spencer (January 20, 2011). "Qaeda Killer's Veins Implicate Him In Journo's Murder". Wired. Retrieved January 21, 2011.
  54. ↑ Blackburn, Bradley (January 20, 2011). "Report Says Justice Not Served in Murder of Daniel Pearl, Wall Street Journal Reporter". ABC News. Retrieved January 20, 2011.
  55. ↑ "Pakistan captures suspect in death of journalist Daniel Pearl, official says". NBC News. Retrieved March 19, 2013.
  56. ↑ Oster, Marcy. "Last terrorist wanted in murder of US Jewish journalist Daniel Pearl arrested". Times of Israel. Retrieved January 27, 2021.
  57. ↑ Safri, Sofia (April 2, 2020). "Pakistan court overturns convictions in killing on American journalist Daniel Pearl". CNN. Retrieved January 27, 2021.
  58. ↑ "Family of Wall Street Journal reporter Daniel Pearl files to uphold convictions in 2002 murder". cpj.org. Committee To Protect Journalists. May 2, 2020. Retrieved January 27, 2021.
  59. ↑ "Daniel Pearl: Parents of murdered journalist launch appeal in Pakistan". BBC News. May 3, 2020. Retrieved May 3, 2020.
  60. ↑ Chakraborty, Barnini (June 30, 2020). "Man who beheaded US journalist Daniel Pearl to be freed from Pakistani prison". Fox News. Retrieved January 8, 2024.
  61. ↑ Man who beheaded US journalist Daniel Pearl to be freed from Pakistani prison
  62. ↑ Gannon, Kathy. "Pakistan's top court accepts appeal by Daniel Pearl's family". Washington Post. AP. Retrieved January 27, 2021.
  63. ↑ ur-Rehman, Zia (December 24, 2020). "Pakistani Court Orders Men Released in Daniel Pearl Case". The New York Times. Retrieved January 27, 2021.
  64. ↑ Department of Justice, The United States (December 29, 2020). "Statement by Acting Attorney General Jeffrey A. Rosen on the Pakistani Proceedings Relating to the Abduction and Murder of Daniel Pearl". justice.gov. United States Department of Justice. Retrieved January 28, 2021.
  65. ↑ Christie, Chris (December 28, 2020). "Extradite Daniel Pearl's Kidnapper". Wall Street Journal. Retrieved January 27, 2021.
  66. ↑ Allen, Greg. "Pearl Investigation - Grand Jury Indictment". npr.org. NPR.
  67. ↑ Hassan, Syed Raza (January 30, 2021). "Family of journalist Pearl to appeal against freeing of men convicted of his murder". Reuters. Retrieved January 31, 2021.
  68. ↑ Psaki, Jen. "White House Briefing 1/28/2021". cspan.org. C-Span. Retrieved January 28, 2021.
  69. ↑ Blinken, Sec. Antony J. "Press Statement: Seeking Justice for the Kidnapping and Murder of Daniel Pearl". state.gov. US Department of State. Retrieved January 28, 2021.
  70. ↑ Malik, Hasnatt (January 28, 2021). "Govt to challenge SC ruling in Daniel Pearl murder case". Tribune.com.pk. The Express Tribune. Retrieved January 31, 2021.
  71. ↑ Gannon, Kathy (February 2, 2021). "Pakistan: Islamabad orders man acquitted in Daniel Pearl murder off death row". apnews.com. Associated Press. Retrieved February 2, 2021.
  72. ↑ Ahmed, Roohan (October 7, 2011). "Ahmed Omar Saeed Sheikh sent to Lahore: officials". www.samaa.tv. Samaa. Retrieved March 8, 2021.
  73. ↑ "At Home in the World - WSJ.com". Online.wsj.com. Retrieved September 26, 2013.
  74. ↑ Pearl Daniel, New York: Free Press, June 2002. ISBN 0-7432-4317-X.
  75. ↑ "Daniel Pearl Foundation". Daniel Pearl Foundation. Retrieved March 20, 2007.
  76. ↑ "Daniel Pearl Music Days". danielpearlmusicdays.org. August 18, 2011. Retrieved September 26, 2013.
  77. ↑ Pearl, Mariane, and Sarah Crichton. A Mighty Heart. New York: Scribner, 2003. ISBN 0-7432-4442-7. Access date: March 20, 2007.
  78. ↑ with appearances by Alyy Khan and Zafar KarachiwalaMoerk, Christian (July 31, 2005). "The Race To Put Pearl On Screen". The New York Times. Archived from the original on March 11, 2007. Retrieved March 20, 2007.
  79. ↑ Lévy, Bernard Henri (September 1, 2003). Who Killed Daniel Pearl?. Melville House. ISBN 9780971865945. Retrieved February 25, 2014.
  80. ↑ Lévy, Bernard-Henri (2003). Who Killed Daniel Pearl?. Melville House via Internet Archive. ISBN 0-9718659-4-9.
  81. ↑ Escobar, Pepe. "Who Killed Daniel Pearl?". Asia Times. Archived from the original on June 29, 2003. Retrieved March 20, 2007.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  82. ↑ Dalrymple, William (December 4, 2003). "Murder in Karachi". New York Review of Books. Retrieved March 20, 2007.
  83. ↑ Lévy, Bernard-Henri and William Dalrymple (February 12, 2004). "Murder in Karachi: An Exchange". New York Review of Books. Retrieved March 20, 2007.
  84. ↑ "Zwick to Make Film About Daniel Pearl". Rotten Tomatoes. February 22, 2005. Retrieved March 20, 2007.
  85. 1 2 Pearl, Ruth & Judea, eds. "I Am Jewish: Personal Reflections". Jewish Lights. Archived from the original on February 25, 2021. Retrieved September 26, 2013. ISBN 1-58023-183-7
  86. ↑ "Slain Journalist Daniel Pearl Honored With Holocaust Victims". Editor & Publisher. Associated Press. April 16, 2007. Archived from the original on September 28, 2007. Retrieved March 29, 2020.
  87. ↑ Burston, Bradley. "Holocaust denial begins at home". Haaretz April 17, 2007.
  88. ↑ "World Press Freedom Heroes: Symbols of courage in global journalism". International Press Institute. 2012. Archived from the original on January 16, 2012. Retrieved January 26, 2012.
  89. ↑ Archived at Ghostarchive and the Wayback Machine: "Chanukah in the White House with the Pearl Family". YouTube. December 12, 2007. Retrieved September 26, 2013.
  90. ↑ "Ed Koch Dead: Mayor Who Became A Symbol Of NYC Dies At 88 (PHOTOS)". The Huffington Post. February 1, 2013. Retrieved March 28, 2013.
  91. ↑ "The Journalist and the Jihadi: The Murder of Daniel Pearl". Harvard Institute of Politics. Retrieved September 6, 2022.
  92. ↑ Joe Strupp (June 21, 2007). "'WSJ' Editors Call 'A Mighty Heart' Fair and Accurate". Editor & Publisher. It was an accurate portrayal of the Journal and I think the Journal's people, like [then-foreign editor] John Bussey, who were deeply involved came off well as they should have," said former managing editor Paul Steiger, who recalled he saw the movie recently in a private showing for Journal staffers. "I think Angelina Jolie captured Mariane very, very well." Managing Editor Marcus Brauchli, who took over for Steiger and was national editor at the time of Pearl's death, also believed the film was fair. "I don't feel that the Journal was portrayed badly in the film," he said. "I think we were treated reasonably. Angelina Jolie did a good job of channeling Mariane.
  93. ↑ "Omerta". ZEE5. Retrieved August 23, 2022.
  94. ↑ O'Mahony, John (September 6, 2006). "Steve Reich on the most political work of his career". The Guardian. London. Retrieved March 29, 2020.
  95. ↑ Cynthia Lee,"Christopher Hitchens decries anti-Semitism in lecture at UCLA" Archived April 2, 2010, at the Wayback Machine, UCLA newsroom, March 4, 2010
  96. ↑ "The Daniel Pearl Memorial Lecture Series" Archived June 1, 2008, at the Wayback Machine, UCLA
  97. ↑ "DPIJI".
  98. ↑ "Daniel Pearl International Journalism Institute". Portal.idc.ac.il. April 17, 2013. Archived from the original on August 7, 2014. Retrieved September 26, 2013.
  99. ↑ "WSJ and Sciences Po Journalism School Award 1st Daniel Pearl Prize to Louis-Étienne Vigneault-Dubois". Danielpearl.org. June 14, 2005. Archived from the original on September 28, 2013. Retrieved September 26, 2013.
  100. 1 2 "Daniel Pearl". Department of Communication, Stanford University. Archived from the original on May 17, 2021. Retrieved April 7, 2021.

Sources

  • Burger, Timothy J (February 22, 2002). "Kidnappers Cut Pearl's Throat Videotape Shows Newsman's Brutal Slaying". Daily News (New York). Daily News, L.P. p. 3. – 'Fahad Naseem, one of the three militants accused of kidnapping Pearl, told a judge in Karachi yesterday that Pearl was kidnapped because he was "a Jew and is working against Islam."'
  • Masood, Salman; Talat Hussain (May 29, 2004). "Suspect in Reporter's Death Is Wanted in Attacks on Musharraf". The New York Times. p. Section A; Column 3; Foreign Desk; Pg. 2. – 'The intelligence official, who spoke on condition of anonymity, said that information from American intelligence agencies helped Pakistani investigators track down the ring involved in the plot. Information from Khalid Shaikh Mohammed, Al Qaeda's former head of operations who was captured in March 2002, aided the investigation, he said. American officials say they believe that Mr. Mohammed was the person who actually killed Mr. Pearl.'
  • Popham, Peter (February 23, 2002). "Video Reveals the Hideous Sacrifice of Captive Reporter; Pearl murder gruesome tape shows American speaking into camera as unknown killer slits his throat, then beheads him". The Independent. Newspaper Publishing PLC. p. 2.

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