Michigan 2020 population distribution

Michigan is the third-most populous state in the Midwestern United States, with a population of 10,077,331 according to the 2020 United States census. The majority of the state's population lives in the Lower Peninsula, although a significant number live in the Upper Peninsula. Culturally, the Lower Peninsula is more diverse with European, Native American, and African-descended communities prevalent, whereas the Upper Peninsula is predominantly European.

Race and ethnicity

Historical population
CensusPop.Note%±
18003,757—
18104,76226.8%
18207,45256.5%
183028,004275.8%
1840212,267658.0%
1850397,65487.3%
1860749,11388.4%
18701,184,05958.1%
18801,636,93738.2%
18902,093,89027.9%
19002,420,98215.6%
19102,810,17316.1%
19203,668,41230.5%
19304,842,32532.0%
19405,256,1068.5%
19506,371,76621.2%
19607,823,19422.8%
19708,875,08313.4%
19809,262,0784.4%
19909,295,2970.4%
20009,938,4446.9%
20109,883,640−0.6%
202010,077,3312.0%
2022 (est.)10,034,113−0.4%
Sources: 1910–2020[1]
2022[2]
Michigan racial breakdown of population
Self-identified race 1970[3] 1990[3] 2000[4] 2010[5] 2020[6]
White American 88.3% 83.4% 80.1% 78.9% 73.9%
Black or African American 11.2% 13.9% 14.2% 14.2% 13.7%
Asian American 0.2% 1.1% 1.8% 2.4% 3.3%
American Indian 0.2% 0.6% 0.6% 0.6% 0.6%
Native Hawaiian and

other Pacific Islander

 — — — — —
Other race 0.2% 0.9% 1.3% 1.5% 2.2%
Two or more races — — 1.9% 2.3% 6.3%

Since the end of 20th century, Michigan has gradually diversified from being 80.1% white at the 2000 U.S. census, to constituting 73.9% of the population in 2020.

White and European Americans

Since colonial European and American settlement, the majority of Michigan's population has been predominantly non-Hispanic or non-Latino white; Americans of European descent live throughout every county in the state, and most of Metro Detroit. Large European American groups include those of German, British, Irish, Polish and Belgian ancestry.[7] Scandinavian and Finnish Americans have a notable presence in the Upper Peninsula.[8] Western Michigan is known for its Dutch heritage, especially in Holland and metropolitan Grand Rapids.[9]

Black and African Americans

Black and African Americans—coming to Detroit and other northern cities in the Great Migration of the early 20th century—have formed a majority of the population in Detroit and other cities including Flint and Benton Harbor. Since the 2021 census estimates—while Detroit was still the largest city in Michigan with a majority black population—it was no longer the largest black-majority city in the U.S., being surpassed by Memphis, Tennessee.[10][11]

West and East Asian Americans

As of 2007, about 300,000 people in Southeastern Michigan trace their descent from the Middle East and Asia.[12] Dearborn has a sizeable Arab American community, with many Assyrian/Chaldean/Syriac, and Lebanese who immigrated for jobs in the auto industry in the 1920s, along with more recent Yemenis and Iraqis.[13] As of 2007, almost 8,000 Hmong people lived in the state of Michigan, about double their 1999 presence in the state.[14] Most lived in northeastern Detroit, but they had been increasingly moving to Pontiac and Warren.[15] By 2015, the number of Hmong in the Detroit city limits had significantly declined.[16] Lansing hosts a statewide Hmong New Year Festival.[15] The Hmong community also had a prominent portrayal in the 2008 film Gran Torino, which was set in Detroit.

As of 2015, 80% of Michigan's Japanese population lived in the counties of Macomb, Oakland, Washtenaw, and Wayne in the Detroit and Ann Arbor areas.[17] As of April 2013, the largest Japanese national population is in Novi, with 2,666 Japanese residents, and the next largest populations are respectively in Ann Arbor, West Bloomfield Township, Farmington Hills, and Battle Creek. The state has 481 Japanese employment facilities providing 35,554 local jobs. 391 of them are in Southeast Michigan, providing 20,816 jobs, and the 90 in other regions in the state provide 14,738 jobs. The Japanese Direct Investment Survey of the Consulate-General of Japan, Detroit stated more than 2,208 additional Japanese residents were employed in the State of Michigan as of 1 October 2012, than in 2011.[18] During the 1990s, the Japanese population of Michigan experienced an increase, and many Japanese people with children moved to particular areas for their proximity to Japanese grocery stores and high-performing schools.[17]

Ancestries

Ancestry[19]Number%
Afghan 1,037
Albanian 27,952

Birth data

Ethnic origins in Michigan (2021 ACS)

As of 2011, 34.3% of Michigan's children under the age of one belonged to racial or ethnic minority groups, meaning they had at least one parent who was not non-Hispanic white.[20]

Note: Percentages in the table can exceed 100% as Hispanics are counted both by their ethnicity and by their race.

Live births by single race/ethnicity of mother
Race of mother 2013[21] 2014[22] 2015[23] 2016[24] 2017[25] 2018[26] 2019[27] 2020[28] 2021[29]
White 85,994 (75.7%) 87,070 (76.1%) 85,838 (75.7%) ... ... ... ... ... ...
> Non-Hispanic White 79,107 (69.7%) 80,304 (70.2%) 78,960 (69.7%) 77,696 (68.6%) 75,578 (67.8%) 74,777 (68.0%) 73,025 (67.7%) 70,426 (67.7%) 72,108 (68.7%)
Black 22,645 (20.0%) 22,237 (19.4%) 22,394 (19.8%) 20,565 (18.1%) 20,849 (18.7%) 20,558 (18.7%) 20,370 (18.9%) 19,341 (18.6%) 18,288 (17.4%)
Asian 4,136 (3.6%) 4,284 (3.7%) 4,294 (3.8%) 4,316 (3.8%) 4,468 (4.0%) 4,395 (4.0%) 4,304 (4.0%) 4,260 (4.1%) 4,050 (3.8%)
American Indian 714 (0.6%) 784 (0.7%) 786 (0.7%) 418 (0.4%) 426 (0.4%) 446 (0.4%) 433 (0.4%) 410 (0.4%) 429 (0.4%)
Hispanic (of any race) 7,318 (6.4%) 7,352 (6.4%) 7,431 (6.5%) 7,485 (6.6%) 7,339 (6.6%) 7,139 (6.5%) 7,117 (6.6%) 6,985 (6.7%) 7,075 (6.7%)
Total 113,489 (100%) 114,375 (100%) 113,312 (100%) 113,315 (100%) 111,426 (100%) 110,032 (100%) 107,886 (100%) 104,074 (100%) 104,980 (100%)
  • Since 2016, data for births of White Hispanic origin are not collected, but included in one Hispanic group; persons of Hispanic origin may be of any race.

Immigration

According to the American Immigration Council in 2019, an estimated 6.8% of Michiganders were immigrants, while 3.8% were native-born U.S. citizens with at least one immigrant parent.[30] Numbering approximately 678,255 according to the 2019 survey, the majority of Michigander immigrants came from Mexico (11.5%), India (11.3%), Iraq (7.5%), China (5.3%), and Canada (5.3%); the primary occupations of its immigrants were technology, agriculture, and healthcare. Among its immigrant cohort, there were 108,105 undocumented immigrants, making up 15.9% of the total immigrant population.[30]

Languages

Most common non-English languages spoken in Michigan
Language Percentage of population

(as of 2010)[31]

Spanish 2.93%
Arabic 1.04%
German 0.44%
Chinese 0.36%
French 0.31%
Polish 0.29%
Syriac languages 0.25%
Italian 0.21%
Albanian 0.19%
Hindi 0.16%
Tagalog 0.16%
Vietnamese 0.16%
Japanese 0.16%
Korean 0.16%

In 2010, 91.11% (8,507,947) of Michigan residents age five and older spoke only English at home, while 2.93% (273,981) spoke Spanish, 1.04% (97,559) Arabic, 0.44% (41,189) German, 0.36% (33,648) Chinese (which includes Mandarin), 0.31% (28,891) French, 0.29% (27,019) Polish, and Syriac languages (such as Modern Aramaic and Northeastern Neo-Aramaic) was spoken as a main language by 0.25% (23,420) of the population over the age of five. In total, 8.89% (830,281) of Michigan's population age five and older spoke a mother language other than English.[31]

Religion

Religious self-identification, per Public Religion Research Institute's 2021 American Values Survey[32]

  Protestantism (43%)
  Catholicism (24%)
  Jehovah's Witness (1%)
  Unaffiliated (28%)
  Judaism (1%)
  Muslim (1%)
  Other (2%)

Historically, several Native American religions have been practiced in the present-day state of Michigan. Following British and French colonization of the region surrounding Michigan, Christianity became the dominant religion, with Roman Catholicism historically being the largest single Christian group for the state. Until the 19th century, the Roman Catholic Church was the only organized religious group in Michigan, reflecting the territory's French colonial roots. Detroit's St. Anne's parish, established in 1701 by Antoine de la Mothe Cadillac, is the second-oldest Roman Catholic parish in the United States.[33] On March 8, 1833, the Holy See formally established a diocese in the Michigan territory, which included all of Michigan, Wisconsin, Minnesota, and the Dakotas east of the Mississippi River. When Michigan became a state in 1837, the boundary of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Detroit was redrawn to coincide with that of the state; the other dioceses were later carved out from the Detroit Diocese but remain part of the Ecclesiastical Province of Detroit.[34]

According to the Association of Religion Data Archives in 2020, there were 1,492,732 adherents of Roman Catholicism.[35] Additionally, there's also a significant Independent Catholic presence centered in Metro Detroit. As of 2016, the most notable Independent Catholic jurisdiction is the Ecumenical Catholic Church of Christ established by Archbishop Karl Rodig; the see of this church operates in a former Roman Catholic parish church.[36][37][38]

With the introduction of Protestantism to the state, it began to form the largest collective Christian group. In 2010, the Association of Religion Data Archives reported the largest Protestant denomination was the United Methodist Church with 228,521 adherents;[39] followed by the Lutheran Church–Missouri Synod with 219,618, and the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America with 120,598 adherents. The Christian Reformed Church in North America had almost 100,000 members and more than 230 congregations in Michigan.[40] The Reformed Church in America had 76,000 members and 154 congregations in the state.[41] By the 2020 study, non- and inter-denominational Protestant churches formed the largest Protestant group in Michigan, numbering 508,904. The Lutheran Church–Missouri Synod grew to become the second-largest single Christian denomination, and United Methodists declined to being the third-largest. The Lutheran Protestant tradition was introduced by German and Scandinavian immigrants. Altogether, Baptists numbered 321,581 between the National Missionary Baptists, National Baptists, American Baptists, Southern Baptists, National Baptists of America, Progressive National Baptists, and Full Gospel Baptists; black Baptists formed the largest constituency.[35] In West Michigan, Dutch immigrants fled from the specter of religious persecution and famine in the Netherlands around 1850 and settled in and around what is now Holland, Michigan, establishing a "colony" on American soil that fervently held onto Calvinist doctrine that established a significant presence of Reformed churches.[42]

In the same 2010 survey, Jewish adherents in the state of Michigan were estimated at 44,382, and Muslims at 120,351.[43] The first Jewish synagogue in the state was Temple Beth El, founded by twelve German Jewish families in Detroit in 1850.[44] Islam was introduced by immigrants from the Near East during the 20th century.[45] Michigan is home to the largest mosque in North America, the Islamic Center of America in Dearborn. Battle Creek, Michigan, is also the birthplace of the Seventh-day Adventist Church, which was founded on May 21, 1863.[46][47]

Homelessness

This section is an excerpt from Homelessness in the United States by state § Michigan.[edit]

Michigan has a high number of homeless individuals on its streets, reaching 97,642 in 2014.[48] In the VI-SPADT (Vulnerability Index and Service Prioritization Decision Assistance tool) initiated by the Michigan Department of Health and Human Services (MDHHS) alongside the Michigan State Housing Development Authority (MSHDA) it was found that 2,462 individuals had 4,564 interactions with the police between June 2014 and April 2015.[48] The VI-SPADT also found that minority populations are overrepresented with 52% of the homeless population being a part of a minority group as well as people with disabilities of long duration such as chronic health conditions, mental health/cognitive conditions and substance abuse (65%).[48]

The criminalization of panhandling in Michigan has been the subject to much debate in public opinion and in the courts:

In 2011 and 2013, Grand Rapids was the center for this debate. In 2011, the American Civil Liberties Union of Michigan (ACLU) filed a federal lawsuit challenging a law that makes begging a crime as a violation of free speech.[49] Prior to this, the ACLU discovered that police officers had been arresting, prosecuting and jailing individual people for requesting financial assistance on the streets. Between 2008 and 2011, there were approximately 400 arrests made by Grand Rapids under an old law that criminalizes the act of begging – 211 of these cases resulted in jail time.[49] The ACLU focused on the cases of two men. James Speet was arrested for holding a sign reading "Need a Job. God Bless" and Ernest Sims, a veteran, was arrested for asking for spare change for a bus fare.[50] The debate was seated in the fact that other individuals and organizations were allowed to raise funds on the streets without being charged for a crime, yet these man were jailed for the same principle.[49] The results of these cases were positive for the ACLU side – Judge Robert Jonker ruled in 2012 that the law is unconstitutional and in 2013 the U.S. Court of Appeals ruled that begging is protected speech under the First Amendment.[49] On the opposition side of this case and wider debate was the State Attorney General Bill Schuette who appealed the ruling that the state law violated the First Amendment. Schuette contended that the city and the state safety is at risk and there were concerns around pedestrian and vehicle traffic, protection of businesses and tourism, as well as fraud.[51] The state and argued that it had an interest in preventing Fraud – Schuette contended that not all who beg are legitimately homeless or use the funds they raise to meet basic needs, the money goes to alcohol and other substances. The court agreed with Schuette that preventing fraud and duress are in the interest of the state, but directly prohibiting begging does not align with the prevention of fraud as they are not necessarily intertwined.[51]

This debate resurfaced again in 2016 with the two sides again being prevention of unwanted behaviours and preservation of constitutional rights. In Battle Creek, officials passed a pair of proposals that are aimed at limiting panhandling and loitering throughout the city.[52] City commissioners were split in the vote along with the general public. Under the new ordinances the following situations could lead to legal apprehension by the police – remaining idly within 25 feet of an intersection without a license; soliciting money from anyone near building entrances, restrooms, ATMS or in line; panhandling between sunset and sunrise on public property without an official license or permit; approaching another person in a way that would cause a reasonable person to feel terrorized, intimidated or harassed; forcing oneself upon another i.e. continuing to ask for money after being turned down. Any violations can be considered civil infractions and can result in fines. The bill, aimed at targeting 'aggressive' panhandling was passed in September 2016.[52]

There are a range of implications that come along with the criminalization of begging behaviours. Jessica Vail is the program manager of the Grand Rapids Area Collation to End Homelessness and contends that it is more cost efficient for people to not be homeless and it also keeps our criminal justice system from getting overloaded.[53] Don Mitchell conducted research in 1998 on the criminalization of behaviours associated with homelessness and begging and highlighted the negative effect this has on the cycle of homelessness and crime. Criminalizing behaviours that are necessary for the survival of homeless people such as begging, sleeping and sitting in public, loitering in parks and on streets and urinating and defecating in public leads them to be subjects of the criminal justice system.[54] ACLU legislative liaison Shelli Weisberg consolidates this notion of a cyclical disadvantage in 2016 – fining people who cannot afford to pay a fine for something they cannot avoid doing and then putting them in a system where they cannot afford to defend themselves or challenge these offences questions how just the criminalization of such acts is.[55]

References

  1. ↑ "Historical Population Change Data (1910–2020)". Census.gov. United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on April 29, 2021. Retrieved May 1, 2021.
  2. ↑ "Growth in U.S. Population Shows Early Indication of Recovery Amid COVID-19 Pandemic". Census Bureau QuickFacts. December 22, 2022. Retrieved April 20, 2023.
  3. 1 2 "Historical Census Statistics on Population Totals By Race, 1790 to 1990, and By Hispanic Origin, 1970 to 1990, For The United States, Regions, Divisions, and States". Archived from the original on July 25, 2008.
  4. ↑ "Population of Michigan: Census 2010 and 2000 Interactive Map, Demographics, Statistics, Quick Facts".
  5. ↑ "2010 Census Data". Retrieved December 11, 2017.
  6. ↑ "Race and Ethnicity in the United States: 2010 Census and 2020 Census". U.S. Census Bureau. August 12, 2021. Retrieved August 12, 2021.
  7. ↑ "Selected Social Characteristics in the United States: 2016 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates". United States Census Bureau. 2016. Retrieved December 22, 2017.
  8. ↑ "Norway Our Community Tour: Connections between the U.P. and Scandinavian countries". WJMN - UPMatters.com. 2021-07-21. Retrieved 2023-06-29.
  9. ↑ "West Michigan's 'Dutchness' has evolved to be quite different from the Netherlands". The Holland Sentinel. Retrieved 2023-06-29.
  10. ↑ "Detroit is No Longer the Largest Majority-Black City". The Michigan Chronicle. 2023-05-24. Retrieved 2023-06-29.
  11. ↑ "Census Shows Memphis Is Largest Majority-Black City, Replacing Detroit". BET. Retrieved 2023-06-29.
  12. ↑ Karoub, Jeff. "Detroit Expects Half of Iraqi Refugees". Philadelphia: WPVI-TV. Associated Press. Archived from the original on October 5, 2013. Retrieved May 5, 2013. Southeastern Michigan has about 300,000 people who trace their roots to the Middle East.
  13. ↑ Miyares, Ines M. & Airriess, Christopher A. (2007). Contemporary Ethnic Geographies in America. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 320. ISBN 978-0-7425-3772-9.
  14. ↑ Kaiser, Robert L. (December 27, 1999). "After 25 Years in U.S., Hmong Still Feel Isolated". Chicago Tribune. p. 2. Archived from the original on September 9, 2017. Retrieved April 14, 2012.
  15. 1 2 "Michigan Hmong". Michigan Daily. University of Michigan. January 10, 2007. p. 2. Archived from the original on January 17, 2013. Retrieved November 8, 2012.
  16. ↑ Rosen, Zak (April 23, 2015). "Meet One of Detroit's Last Remaining Hmong Families". Michigan Radio. Archived from the original on July 8, 2015. Retrieved July 1, 2015.
  17. 1 2 Wilkinson, Sook (2015). Asian Americans in Michigan: Voices from the Midwest. Detroit: Wayne State University Press. p. 158. ISBN 978-0-8143-3974-9. Archived from the original on September 4, 2015. Retrieved July 5, 2015.
  18. ↑ Stone, Cal (April 11, 2013). "State's Japanese employees increasing". Observer & Eccentric. Detroit. Archived from the original on April 13, 2013. Retrieved May 5, 2013.
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  20. ↑ Exner, Rich (June 3, 2012). "Americans Under Age 1 Now Mostly Minorities, but not in Ohio: Statistical Snapshot". The Plain Dealer. Cleveland, OH. Archived from the original on July 14, 2016. Retrieved September 23, 2014.
  21. ↑ Martin, Joyce A.; Hamilton, Brady E.; Osterman, Michelle J.K.; Curtin, Sally C.; Mathews, T.J. (2015). "Births: Final Data for 2013" (PDF). National Vital Statistics Reports. Hyattsville, Maryland: National Center for Health Statistics. 64 (1): 1–65. PMID 25603115. Archived (PDF) from the original on September 11, 2017. Retrieved June 1, 2017.
  22. ↑ Hamilton, Brady E.; Martin, Joyce A.; Osterman, Michelle J.K.; Curtin, Sally C.; Mathews, T.J. (2015). "Births: Final Data for 2014" (PDF). National Vital Statistics Reports. Hyattsville, Maryland: National Center for Health Statistics. 64 (12): 1–64. PMID 26727629. Archived (PDF) from the original on February 14, 2017. Retrieved June 1, 2017.
  23. ↑ Martin, Joyce A.; Hamilton, Brady E.; Osterman, Michelle J.K.; Driscoll, Anne K.; Mathews, T.J. (2017). "Births: Final Data for 2015" (PDF). National Vital Statistics Reports. Hyattsville, Maryland: National Center for Health Statistics. 66 (1): 1. PMID 28135188. Archived (PDF) from the original on August 31, 2017. Retrieved June 1, 2017.
  24. ↑ Martin, Joyce A.; Hamilton, Brady E.; Osterman, Michelle J.K.; Driscoll, Anne K.; Drake, Patrick (2018). "Births: Final Data for 2016" (PDF). National Vital Statistics Reports. Hyattsville, Maryland: National Center for Health Statistics. 67 (1): 1–55. PMID 29775434. Archived (PDF) from the original on June 3, 2018. Retrieved May 4, 2018.
  25. ↑ Martin, Joyce A.; Hamilton, Brady E.; Osterman, Michelle J.K.; Driscoll, Anne K. (2018). "Births: Final Data for 2017" (PDF). National Vital Statistics Reports. Hyattsville, Maryland: National Center for Health Statistics. 67 (8): 1–50. PMID 30707672. Archived (PDF) from the original on February 1, 2019. Retrieved February 20, 2019.
  26. ↑ Martin, Joyce A.; Hamilton, Brady E.; Osterman, Michelle J.K.; Driscoll, Anne K. (2019). "Births: Final Data for 2018" (PDF). National Vital Statistics Reports. Hyattsville, Maryland: National Center for Health Statistics. 68 (13): 1–47. PMID 32501202. Retrieved December 21, 2019.
  27. ↑ Martin, Joyce A.; Hamilton, Brady E.; Osterman, Michelle J.K.; Driscoll, Anne K. (2021). "Births: Final Data for 2019" (PDF). National Vital Statistics Reports. Hyattsville, Maryland: National Center for Health Statistics. 70 (2): 21. doi:10.15620/cdc:100472. PMID 33814033. Retrieved March 30, 2021.
  28. ↑ "Data" (PDF). www.cdc.gov. Retrieved February 20, 2022.
  29. ↑ "Data" (PDF). www.cdc.gov. Retrieved February 2, 2022.
  30. 1 2 "Take a look: How immigrants drive the economy in Michigan". American Immigration Council. Retrieved 2023-06-29.
  31. 1 2 "Michigan". Modern Language Association. Archived from the original on December 1, 2007. Retrieved August 15, 2013.
  32. ↑ Staff (February 24, 2023). "American Values Atlas: Religious Tradition in Michigan". Public Religion Research Institute. Retrieved April 4, 2023.
  33. ↑ Orlando, Jim. "Ste. Anne de Detroit Catholic Church". Ste-anne.org. Archived from the original on September 27, 2011. Retrieved November 5, 2011.
  34. ↑ "The Official Web Site for the Archdiocese of Detroit". Archdiocese of Detroit. Archived from the original on October 13, 2011. Retrieved November 5, 2011.
  35. 1 2 "2020 Congregational Membership Reports". The Association of Religion Data Archives. Retrieved 2023-06-29.
  36. ↑ "Unusual church in no-man's land welcomes everyone". The Detroit News. Retrieved 2023-06-29.
  37. ↑ "Cathedral of St. Anthony". Historic Detroit. Retrieved 2023-06-29.
  38. ↑ "Statement regarding "Archbishop" Karl Rodig and the Cathedral Abbey of St. Anthony". Archdiocese of Detroit. Retrieved 2023-06-29.
  39. ↑ "State Membership Report". The Association of Religion Data Archives. Archived from the original on December 2, 2013. Retrieved November 22, 2013.
  40. ↑ "Christian Reformed Church in North America—Religious Groups". The Association of Religion Data Archives. Archived from the original on November 1, 2013. Retrieved January 31, 2014.
  41. ↑ "Reformed Church in America—Religious Groups". The Association of Religion Data Archives. Archived from the original on October 4, 2013. Retrieved January 31, 2014.
  42. ↑ "Historical Journey of the CRC (Christian Reformed Church)". Christian Reformed Church of North America. Archived from the original on November 5, 2011. Retrieved November 5, 2011.
  43. ↑ "State Membership Report". The Association of Religion Data Archives. Archived from the original on December 2, 2013. Retrieved November 22, 2013.
  44. ↑ "History". Archived from the original on May 22, 2009.
  45. ↑ "Michigan: Religions". Archived from the original on September 7, 2008. Retrieved September 13, 2008.
  46. ↑ "United for Mission: One Hundred and Fifty Years". General Conference of Seventh-day Adventists. September 18, 2013. Archived from the original on October 8, 2014. Retrieved October 7, 2014.
  47. ↑ Thiruvananthapuram (September 11, 2014). "SDA Church Valedictory Fete". The New Indian Express. The New Indian Express Group. Archived from the original on October 14, 2014. Retrieved October 7, 2014.
  48. 1 2 3 "State of Homelessness in Michigan". Michigan's Campaign to End Homelessness. 2014.
  49. 1 2 3 4 "Anti-Begging Law Struck Down". American Civil Liberties Union of Michigan. 14 August 2013.
  50. ↑ Agar, J (August 13, 2013). "Michigan's begging law violates First Amendment: federal appeals court".
  51. 1 2 Agar, J (August 13, 2013). "Michigan's begging law violates First Amendment: federal appeals court". Michigan Live.
  52. 1 2 Bowman, J (September 6, 2016). "It's official: City passes panhandling, loitering laws". Battle Creek Enquirer.
  53. ↑ Hillen, T (May 1, 2015). "Report: Homelessness up in Michigan". Wood TV (Grand Rapids).
  54. ↑ Mitchell, D (1998). "Anti-Homeless Laws and the Public Space: I. Begging and the First Amendment". Urban Geography. 19 (1): 6–11. doi:10.2747/0272-3638.19.1.6.
  55. ↑ Oosting, J (May 24, 2016). "Michigan bill targets 'aggressive' panhandling". The Detroit News.
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