Deputy Prime Minister of Australia
Commonwealth Coat of Arms
Flag of Australia
Incumbent
Richard Marles
since 23 May 2022
Executive branch of the Australian Government
Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet
StyleThe Honourable
AbbreviationDPM
Member of
Reports toPrime Minister
SeatCanberra
NominatorPrime Minister
AppointerGovernor-General of Australia
on the advice of the prime minister
Term lengthAt the Governor-General's pleasure
Formation10 January 1968 (1968-01-10)
First holderJohn McEwen
SalaryAU$416,212

The deputy prime minister of Australia is the deputy chief executive and the second highest ranking officer of the Australian Government. The office of deputy prime minister was officially created as a ministerial portfolio in 1968, although the title had been used informally for many years previously. The deputy prime minister is appointed by the governor-general on the advice of the prime minister. When Australia has a Labor government, the deputy leader of the parliamentary party holds the position of deputy prime minister. When Australia has a Coalition government, the Coalition Agreement mandates that all Coalition members support the leader of the Liberal Party becoming prime minister and the leader of the National Party becoming the deputy prime minister.[1]

The 2017–18 Australian parliamentary eligibility crisis resulted in the position being made vacant for the first time since its official creation. Barnaby Joyce, the then-incumbent, was ruled ineligible to be a member of parliament by the High Court of Australia sitting as the Court of Disputed Returns on 27 October 2017, as he held New Zealand citizenship at the time of his election in contravention of Section 44 of the Constitution of Australia. Julie Bishop would act in the place of the prime minister during the vacancy in the deputy premiership.[2][3] Joyce regained the position on 6 December 2017[4] after he won the by-election for the seat of New England several days earlier.[3]

History

Prime Minister John McEwen with John Gorton on 9 January 1968. The following day, Gorton was sworn in as prime minister, and McEwen became the inaugural deputy prime minister.

Originally the position of deputy prime minister was an unofficial or honorary position accorded to the second-highest ranking minister in the government. The unofficial position acquired more significance following the 1922 federal election, which saw the governing Nationalist Party lose its parliamentary majority. The Nationalists eventually reached a coalition agreement with the Country Party, which called for Country Party leader Earle Page to take the second rank in the Nationalist-led ministry of Stanley Bruce. While Page's only official title was Treasurer, he was considered as a deputy to Bruce.[5]

Although no office of that name had officially been created, by 1946 the title "deputy prime minister" was being used in the Commonwealth of Australia Gazette.[6]

From then until 1968, the Coalition agreement between the Liberals (and their predecessors) and Country Party called for the leader of the Country Party (subsequently the National Party) to rank second in Cabinet. That continues to be case when the Coalition is in government.[1] In the case of Labor governments, the party's deputy leader ranks second in Cabinet.

On 19 December 1967, John McEwen, the long-serving leader of the Country Party in the Coalition government, was sworn in as interim prime minister following the sudden death in office of Prime Minister Harold Holt. (There was discussion that deputy Liberal leader and Treasurer William McMahon should assume the office. McMahon had planned a party room meeting on 20 December to elect a new leader, intending to stand for the position himself. However, this was pre-empted by McEwen who publicly declared on the morning of 18 December that he would not serve in a McMahon government.) McEwen was sworn in as prime minister on the understanding that his commission would continue only so long as it took for the Liberals to elect a new leader. Governor-General Lord Casey also accepted the view put to him by McEwen that to commission a Liberal temporarily as prime minister would give that person an unfair advantage in the forthcoming party room ballot for the permanent leader. McEwen's appointment was in keeping with the previous occasion when the main non-Labor party was without a leader; Earle Page of the Country Party was interim prime minister between 7 and 26 April 1939—the period between Joseph Lyons' sudden death and the United Australia Party naming Robert Menzies his successor.

The Liberal leadership ballot was rescheduled for 9 January 1968. As it turned out, McMahon did not stand, and Senator John Gorton was elected, replacing McEwen as prime minister on 10 January 1968.[7] McEwen reverted to his previous status as the second-ranking member of the government, as per the Coalition agreement. He had unofficially been deputy prime minister since becoming Country Party leader in 1958, and since 1966 had exercised an effective veto over government policy by virtue of being the longest-serving member of the government; he had been a member of the Coalition frontbench without interruption since 1937. To acknowledge McEwen's long service and his status as the second-ranking member of the government, Gorton formally created the post of deputy prime minister, with McEwen as the first holder of the post.

According to parliamentary records, in the time before the position of deputy prime minister was officially created, the position was known as "deputy leader of the Government."[8]

Since 1968 only three deputy prime ministers have gone on to become prime minister: Paul Keating, Julia Gillard, and Anthony Albanese. Both Keating and Gillard succeeded incumbent prime ministers who lost the support of their party caucus mid-term. Meanwhile, Albanese who briefly served as deputy prime minister in 2013, later led the Labor party to victory at the 2022 Australian federal election, and was sworn-in as prime minister on 23 May 2022.[9] Frank Forde, who had been deputy Labor leader when John Curtin died, was interim prime minister between 6 and 13 July 1945, when a leadership ballot took place that elected Ben Chifley as Curtin's successor.

In November 2007, when the Australian Labor Party won government, Julia Gillard became Australia's first female, and first foreign-born, deputy prime minister.

In 2017, the position became vacant for a period of 40 days, the only time in its history when it has been unoccupied. As part of the 2017–18 Australian parliamentary eligibility crisis, it emerged that the then-incumbent Barnaby Joyce was a citizen of New Zealand by descent (jus sanguinis – by right of blood) at the time of the 2016 federal election.[10] Joyce told the House of Representatives that he was advised of his citizenship status on 10 August 2017 by the New Zealand High Commission[11] and his renunciation of his dual citizenship became effective on 15 August 2017.[12] Nevertheless, he asked for his case to be referred to the High Court of Australia (sitting as the Court of Disputed Returns) for adjudication,[10] and they ruled that his election was invalid under section 44 of the Constitution of Australia.[2][3] The government immediately issued writs for a by-election for the seat of New England to be held on 2 December 2017, which Joyce won easily.[3] Governor-General Sir Peter Cosgrove re-appointed Joyce as deputy prime minister on 6 December 2017.[4]

In practice, only National party leaders or Labor Party deputy leaders have held the position.

Duties

The deputy prime minister has always been a member of the Cabinet, and has always held at least one substantive portfolio. It would be technically possible for a minister to hold only the portfolio of deputy prime minister, but this has never happened.

Succession

The deputy prime minister becomes acting prime minister if the prime minister is unable to undertake their role for a short time, for example if they are ill, overseas or on leave (and if both are unavailable, then another senior minister takes on this role).[13] If the prime minister were to die, then the deputy prime minister would be appointed prime minister by the governor-general, until the government votes for another member to be its leader.[13]

Salary

Members of parliament receive a base salary of $203,030, which is set by the Remuneration Tribunal (an independent statutory authority). Ministers receive an additional amount, which is determined by the government itself based on the recommendations of the Remuneration Tribunal.[14] The deputy prime minister receives an additional 105 percent of the base salary, making for a total salary of $416,212.[15] The holder of the office also receives various other allowances and entitlements.[14]

List of deputy prime ministers of Australia

The following individuals have been officially appointed as deputy prime minister of Australia since the office of deputy prime minister was created as a ministerial portfolio in 1968:[16][17]

No. Portrait Deputy Prime Minister Political Party
and position		 Portfolio(s) Term of office Prime Minister
Took office Left office Time in office
1 John McEwen Country
Leader 1958–71		 Trade and Industry 10 January 1968 5 February 1971 3 years, 26 days   John Gorton
2 Doug Anthony Country
Leader 1971–84		 Trade and Industry 5 February 1971 5 December 1972 1 year, 304 days  
  William McMahon
3 Lance Barnard Labor
Deputy Leader 1967–74		 Defence 5 December 1972 12 June 1974 1 year, 189 days   Gough Whitlam
4 Jim Cairns Labor
Deputy Leader 1974–75		 Treasurer 12 June 1974 2 July 1975 1 year, 20 days
5 Frank Crean Labor
Deputy Leader 1975		 Overseas Trade 2 July 1975 11 November 1975 132 days
(2) Doug Anthony Country National
Leader 1971–84		 Trade and Industry 12 November 1975 11 March 1983 7 years, 119 days   Malcolm Fraser
6 Lionel Bowen Labor
Deputy Leader 1977–90		 Trade
Attorney-General		 11 March 1983 4 April 1990 7 years, 24 days   Bob Hawke
7 Paul Keating Labor
Deputy Leader 1990–91		 Treasurer 4 April 1990 3 June 1991 1 year, 60 days  
8 Brian Howe Labor
Deputy Leader 1991–95		 Health
Housing
Community Services
Local Government
Regional Affairs		 3 June 1991 20 June 1995 4 years, 17 days  
  Paul Keating
9 Kim Beazley Labor
Deputy Leader 1995–96		 Finance 20 June 1995 11 March 1996 265 days  
10 Tim Fischer National
Leader 1990–99		 Trade 11 March 1996 20 July 1999 3 years, 131 days   John Howard
11 John Anderson National
Leader 1999–2005		 Transport and Regional Development 20 July 1999 6 July 2005 5 years, 351 days
12 Mark Vaile National
Leader 2005–2007		 Trade
Transport and Regional Services		 6 July 2005 3 December 2007 2 years, 150 days
13 Julia Gillard Labor
Deputy Leader 2006–10		 Employment and Workplace Relations
Education
Social Inclusion		 3 December 2007 24 June 2010 2 years, 203 days   Kevin Rudd
14 Wayne Swan Labor
Deputy Leader 2010–13		 Treasurer 24 June 2010 27 June 2013 3 years, 3 days   Julia Gillard
15 Anthony Albanese Labor
Deputy Leader 2013		 Broadband, Communications and the Digital Economy
Infrastructure and Transport		 27 June 2013 18 September 2013 83 days   Kevin Rudd
16 Warren Truss National
Leader 2007–16		 Infrastructure and Regional Development 18 September 2013 18 February 2016 2 years, 153 days   Tony Abbott
Malcolm Turnbull
17 Barnaby Joyce National
Leader 2016–18		 Agriculture and Water Resources
Resources and Northern Australia		 18 February 2016 27 October 2017 2 years, 8 days
Infrastructure and Transport 6 December 2017 26 February 2018
18 Michael McCormack National
Leader 2018–2021		 Infrastructure, Transport and Regional Development 26 February 2018 22 June 2021 3 years, 116 days
Scott Morrison
(17) Barnaby Joyce National
Leader 2021–2022		 Infrastructure, Transport and Regional Development
 22 June 2021 23 May 2022 335 days
19 Richard Marles Labor
Deputy Leader 2019–present		 Defence 23 May 2022 Incumbent 1 year, 237 days   Anthony Albanese

Living former deputy prime ministers

As of 15 January 2024, there are 11 living former deputy prime ministers of Australia, the oldest being Brian Howe (born 1936). The most recent former deputy prime minister to die was Doug Anthony (1971–72, 1975–83), on 20 December 2020. The most recent serving former deputy prime minister to die was Tim Fischer (1996–99), on 22 August 2019.

References

  1. 1 2 Koziol, Michael; Bagshaw, Eryk (16 February 2018). "Why can't Malcolm Turnbull sack Barnaby Joyce?". The Sydney Morning Herald. Fairfax Media. Retrieved 24 February 2018.
  2. 1 2 Massola, James (27 October 2017). "High Court citizenship verdict: Barnaby Joyce facing byelection in hammer blow to Turnbull government". The Sydney Morning Herald. Fairfax Media. Retrieved 27 October 2017.
  3. 1 2 3 4 Green, Antony (2017). "2017 New England by-election – Guide". ABC News (Online). News and Current Affairs Division of the Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved 24 February 2018.
    Green, Antony (15 January 2018). "2017 New England by-election – Commentary". ABC News (Online). News and Current Affairs Division of the Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved 24 February 2018.
  4. 1 2 Murphy, Jamieson (6 December 2017). "Barnaby Joyce is once again the Deputy Prime Minister after being sworn in". Northern Daily Leader. Rural Press. Retrieved 24 February 2018.
  5. ↑ PrimeFacts: Deputy Prime Ministers of Australia
  6. ↑ "Australian Imperial Force Canteens Fund Act 1920 – Notice Under Section 8". Commonwealth of Australia Gazette. 17 October 1946.
  7. ↑ "Before office - William McMahon - Australia's PMs - Australia's Prime Ministers". Archived from the original on 12 September 2009.
  8. ↑ "ParlInfo - Biography for EVATT, the Rt. Hon. Herbert Vere, QC".
  9. ↑ Doyle, Michael (22 May 2022). "Labor, Anthony Albanese make history with 2022 federal election victory". ABC. Retrieved 22 May 2022.
  10. 1 2 Gartrell, Adam; Remeikis, Amy (14 August 2017). "Barnaby Joyce refers himself to High Court over potential dual citizenship". The Sydney Morning Herald. Fairfax Media. Retrieved 26 February 2018.
  11. ↑ Barnaby Joyce, Deputy Prime Minister (14 August 2017). "Parliamentary Representation" (PDF). Parliamentary Debates (Hansard). Commonwealth of Australia: House of Representatives. p. 8185. Retrieved 26 February 2018. Last Thursday afternoon the New Zealand High Commission contacted me to advise that, on the basis of preliminary advice from their Department of Internal Affairs, which had received inquiries from the New Zealand Labour Party, they considered that I may be a citizen by descent of New Zealand.
  12. ↑ Vielleris, Renee (15 August 2017). "Documentary evidence Barnaby Joyce has renounced his NZ citizenship". news.com.au. News Corp Australia. Retrieved 26 February 2018.
  13. 1 2 "Does Australia have a parliamentary line of succession to the prime minister and if so, what is the order?". Parliamentary Education Office. Archived from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 18 August 2021.
  14. 1 2 Determination 2017/23: Members of Parliament, Remuneration Tribunal. Retrieved 20 February 2018.
  15. ↑ Report on Ministers of State - Salaries Additional to the Basic Parliamentary Salary, Remuneration Tribunal. Retrieved 20 February 2018.
  16. ↑ "Ministries and Cabinets". 43rd Parliamentary Handbook: Historical information on the Australian Parliament. Parliament of Australia. 2010. Archived from the original on 13 August 2014. Retrieved 9 July 2013.
  17. ↑ "Deputy Prime Ministers of Australia" (PDF). Museum of Australian Democracy. Retrieved 27 July 2013.
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