Die Innere Front (The Home Front) was a series of clandestine and illegal leaflets that were created by hectograph and distributed by a group of communist resistance fighters from the Neukölln area of Berlin that were associated with the Red Orchestra ("Rote Kapelle") during World War II.[1] The leaflet was produced twice-weekly and written in five languages,[2][3] with each version having the byline "Campaign for a new free Germany".[1] Communist Party of Germany (KPD) members that included the American journalist John Sieg[4] along with the German printer Herbert Grasse, established the production of the leaflet from December 1941 onwards.[4][5] It is considered the main organ of the Red Orchestra as many of them contributed to it.[6]

Publication

John Sieg and Herbert Grasse were members of the Neukölln Communist Party of Germany (KPD) and were experienced in printing and distributing leaflets, having previously released several different ones in the lead up to 1941 including 21 Seiten and Der Vortrupp .[7] Sieg worked with Harro Schulze-Boysen on the Der Vortrupp (Frontlines) with Schulze-Boysen providing the articles.[8]

In 1939, the journalist and KPD member Wilhelm Guddorf was released from prison and became reacquainted with his friends from the Communist Party of Germany (KPD) resistance, John Sieg and Walter Husemann, after he had been released from Sachsenhausen concentration camp.[9] After the German invasion of the Soviet Union in June 1941, Guddorf wrote an analysis of the political situation as it related to the invasion, for the KPD.[10] It was decided by Sieg, Grasse and Otto Grabowski (1892–1961) that Guddorf's report should be publicised and this initiated the production of the leaflet.[10]

According to Heinrich Scheel, the name of the magazine was programmatic i.e.designed in such a way as to follow a plan, representing "a whole program and said that the Liberation Front of the Peoples went right through the middle of Germany and German patriotism fought exclusively on this front against the Nazi regime"[6]

The leaftet was specifically addressed to the German workers and foreign forced labourers and was translated into five languages.[11]

Like any kind of newspaper, the leaflet sought to offer different kinds of information for their readers. Many articles were polemics against the war and called for outright resistance if not strikes along with sabotage aligned with a belief that the only way Europe could be saved from total destruction was for Germany to end the war.[6] Factual information that was strictly illegal, for example, the frequencies of Soviet radio stations were included.[6] Attack articles were created that exposed industries for profiteering, for example, IG Farben and exposed the appalling conditions of the forced labour works. Pertinent economic information was published, presumably provided by people like Arvid Harnack who worked at the Reich Ministry of Economics (Reichswirtschaftsministerium).[6] While many people who were part of the resistance group associated with Schulze-Boysen and Harnack wrote articles for the Die Innere Front , it was strictly a communist party organ and followed Soviet propaganda to the letter.

Production

Once an article was written it was typed up by Charlotte Bischoff. Translation of articles into French were done by Eva-Maria Buch[12] and into Polish by Sophie Sieg[13] and into Russian by Wilhelm Guddorf. Photography work for the leaflet was undertaken by Elisabeth Schumacher.[14]

Around 20 issues were published in two years[15] with around 600 copies circulated every month.[16]

To produce the leaflet, the group had to find both the means to produce it and a place to produce it. Eugen Neutert managed to procure both a typewriter and the wax matrices that were to be used by the Hectrograph process for printing.[17] Grass procured both the hectograph printing press and the paper rolls needed for printing on.[2] Walter Bremer (1904–1995) who was student, joined the publishing team and supplied both paper and wax matrices.[18] The first publications of the leaflet were created in the summer house in the garden of Otto Grabowski.[18] The publishing was eventually moved to a paint and varnish store owned by Otto Grabowski's brother, in Rudow, Max Grabowski and run by his wife Trude Grabowski.[1] As Grabowski was a freelancer, available to work everyday for payment, much of the work of printing fell to him.[18] Once a production run was completed, Grabowski would take the leaflets in a suitcase and pass them onto the group that was responsible for distribution. For security purposes, the production team never knew the names of those who were distributing the leaflets.[18]

Remaining copy

Only a single copy of the "Die Innere Front" remains, which is number 15 from August 1942.[19]

References

  1. 1 2 3 Sandvoß, Hans-Rainer (2019). Widerstand in Neukölln (PDF) (in German). Berlin: Gedenkstätte Deutscher Widerstand. p. 194.
  2. 1 2 Brysac, Shareen Blair (2000). Resisting Hitler: Mildred Harnack and the Red Orchestra (1st ed.). New York: Oxford University Press. p. 253. ISBN 978-0-19-513269-4.
  3. ↑ Andresen, Geertje (2012). Wer war Oda Schottmüller?: zwei Versionen ihrer Biographie und deren Rezeption in der alten Bundesrepublik und in der DDR (in German). Berlin: Lukas Verlag. p. 176. ISBN 978-3-86732-125-9.
  4. 1 2 Steinbach, Peter; Tuchel, Johannes; Adam, Ursula (1998). Lexikon des Widerstandes, 1933-1945 (in German) (2nd ed.). Munich: C.H.Beck. p. 122. ISBN 978-3-406-43861-5.
  5. ↑ Sieg, John; Scheel, Heinrich; Bock, Sigrid (1989). Einer von Millionen spricht: Skizzen, Erzählungen, Reportagen, Flugschriften [One in a Million Speaks: Sketches, Narratives, Reportages, Pamphlets] (in German). Berlin: Dietz. p. 13. ISBN 9783320013929.
  6. 1 2 3 4 5 Petrescu, Corina L. (2010). Against All Odds: Models of Subversive Spaces in National Socialist Germany. German life and civilization (in German). Vol. 49. Bern: Peter Lang. p. 216. ISBN 978-3-03911-845-8.
  7. ↑ Nelson, Anne (2009). Red Orchestra. The Story of the Berlin Underground and the Circle of Friends Who Resisted Hitler. New York: Random House. p. 247. ISBN 978-1-4000-6000-9.
  8. ↑ Höhne, Heinz (16 June 1968). "ptx ruft moskau – Fortsetzung" (in German). No. 23. Hamburg: Spiegel-Verlag. Der Spiegel. Retrieved 31 July 2023.
  9. ↑ "Wilhelm Guddorf". Gedenkstätte Deutscher Widerstand. Berlin: The Memorial of German Resistance. Retrieved 10 July 2023.
  10. 1 2 "Sieg, John 3.2.1903 11.10.1942". Bundesstiftung Aufarbeitung (in German). Berlin: Bundesstiftung zur Aufarbeitung der SED-Diktatur, Karl Dietz Verlag Berlin. Retrieved 10 July 2023.
  11. ↑ Kuckhoff, A (1970). Weimers, Gerald (ed.). Eine Auswahl von Erzählungen, Gedichten, Briefen, Glossen u. Aufsätzen [A selection of stories, poems, letters, glosses and essays.] (in German). Berlin: Der Morgen. pp. 7–8.
  12. ↑ Wörmann, Heinrich-Wilhelm (2002). Widerstand in Schöneberg und Tempelhof (PDF) (in German). Berlin: Gedenkstätte Deutscher Widerstand. p. 173.
  13. ↑ Sieg, John (1989). Einer von Millionen spricht Skizzen, Erzählungen, Reportagen, Flugschriften Einer von Millionen spricht Skizzen, Erzählungen, Reportagen, Flugschriften (in German). Berlin: Dietz. p. 15. ISBN 9783320013929.
  14. ↑ Wörmann, Heinrich-Wilhelm (2002). Widerstand in Schöneberg und Tempelhof (PDF) (in German). Berlin: Gedenkstätte Deutscher Widerstand. p. 168.
  15. ↑ Brysac, Shareen Blair (2000). Resisting Hitler: Mildred Harnack and the Red Orchestra. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 298. ISBN 978-0-19-513269-4.
  16. ↑ Mammach, Klaus (1987). Widerstand 1939-1945: Geschichte der deutschen antifaschistischen Widerstandsbewegung im Inland und in der Emigration [Resistance 1939-1945 : History of the German antifascist resistance movement at home and in emigration]. Kleine Bibliothek: Geschichte (in German). Vol. 417. Akademie-Verlag. p. 166. ISBN 978-3-05-000076-3.
  17. ↑ Cushion, Steve; Moos, Merilyn (2020). Anti-Nazi Germans (PDF). London: Community Languages, 2020. p. 108. ISBN 978-1-9163423-0-9.
  18. 1 2 3 4 Sandvoß, Hans-Rainer (2019). Widerstand in Neukölln (PDF) (in German). Berlin: Gedenkstätte Deutscher Widerstand. p. 195.
  19. ↑ Sieg, John (1989). Einer von Millionen spricht Skizzen, Erzählungen, Reportagen, Flugschriften Einer von Millionen spricht Skizzen, Erzählungen, Reportagen, Flugschriften (in German). Berlin: Dietz. p. 14. ISBN 9783320013929.
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