Dirah betachtonim[1] (Hebrew: דירה בתחתונים) ("A Dwelling in the Lowly Realms"),[2] is a significant theological concept in Chabad philosophy describing the ultimate desire of God as relating to the manifestation of the divine presence within the material world.[3][4][5]

Overview

The concept of a divine dwelling is attributed to a statement in Midrash Tanchuma (Nasso 16), a Talmudic book of homilies: "Rabbi Samuel bar Nahman said, 'When the Holy One, blessed be He, created the world, He longed to have an abode below just as He had on high'".[6][7][8] The concept of the possibility of the manifestation of the divine presence in the "lowly realms" is taken up by the kabbalist Joseph Gikatilla who associated this idea with the construction of the mishkan, the desert tabernacle built by Moses and the Israelites after the exodus from Egypt.[9]

In the Chabad Hasidic tradition, the concept of dirah betachtonim is presented as a central doctrine of Judaism by Rabbi Shneur Zalman of Liadi, the first rebbe of Chabad.[10] The concept is later strongly advanced by the fifth rebbe, Rabbi Sholom Dovber Schneersohn, in a series of Hasidic treatises delivered in 1905–06 known as Samech Vov. In this series, this idea is pronounced as the ultimate purpose and meaning of creation.[11] The idea was subsequently advanced and developed by Rabbi Menachem Mendel Schneerson, the seventh Chabad rebbe, as a guiding principle for social action,[4][12] and is linked to the concept of the sublimation of physical aspects of existence to divinity.[13] Additionally, the concept is presented within the Chabad philosophical system in paradoxical form. Despite being revealed through creation's unfolding, the deepest essence of God remained veiled. Yet, it is in the humblest realm, the physical world inhabited by corporeal beings, that this divine essence will manifest most fully functioning as a paradoxical sanctuary where the highest meets the lowest.[14][15]

In Chabad philosophy, dirah betachtonim is compared to the type of divine manifestation in the World of Atzilut, a realm or sphere of existence theorised in the writings of kabbalah. The divine presence in Atzilut is thought to be especially profound; dirah betachtonim is presented as the attempt to mimic that manifestation within the World of Assiah, the lowest sphere of existence as theorised in kabbalah.[16] Rabbi Menachem Mendel Schneerson utilized the concept of dirah betachtonim to provide theological justification and purpose for the relocation of the Chabad movement to the United States in the wake of World War Two.[12] The process of the divine dwelling is strongly linked with ritual action (mitzvot) and religious study (talmud torah); this idea was expanded upon greatly by Shneur Zalman of Liadi.[17][18][19] The concept is also linked to the Jewish hope for the messianic rebuilding of the Temple in Jerusalem as the ultimate manifestation of the divine in the material world.[20]

According to the second Chabad rebbe, Rabbi Dovber Schneuri, this dimension of divine desire to manifest itself, expressed as a desire to bestow kindness to creation, is viewed as an external aspect of the divine will and essence.[21][22]

Reception

The concept of dirah betachtonim is the central focus of the book Heaven on Earth by Rabbi Faitel Levin. According to Levin, it is not a solitary concept in Chabad philosophy, but represents a complete theological approach to the practice of Judaism.[23]

James R. Russell, a scholar and professor in Ancient Near Eastern, Iranian and Armenian Studies, notes the association of the concept with the use of Hasidic parables involving a king and his lost son.[24]

See also

References

  1. ↑ See Jewish English Lexicon entry "DIRA BETACHTONIM" for alternate spellings.
  2. ↑ Also formulated as "lower indwelling", see Karlin, M. (2014). " To Create a Dwelling Place for God" Life Coaching and the Chabad-Lubavitch Hasidic Movement in Contemporary America (Doctoral dissertation, Emory University).
  3. ↑ Rubin, E. (2018). Traveling and Traversing Chabad’s Literary Paths: From Likutei torah to Khayim gravitser and beyond. In Geveb: A Journal of Yiddish Studies. October 9, 2018.
  4. 1 2 Meadvin, G. B. M. (2021). The Counterculture to Chabad Lubavitch: The Search for Truth (Doctoral dissertation, Yeshiva University). Retrieved from https://repository.yu.edu/handle/20.500.12202/6630.
  5. ↑ Gurary, G. (1997). Chasidism: Its development, theology, and practice. Jason Aronson.
  6. ↑ Hebrew: אמר רבי שמואל בר נחמן, בשעה שברא הקדוש ברוך הוא את העולם, נתאוה שיהא לו דירה בתחתונים כמו שיש בעליונים. via Sefaria.org.
  7. ↑ Jacobson, Simon. Yom Tov Shel Rosh Hashanah - Tof Reish Samech Vov Archived 2014-04-07 at the Wayback Machine Meaningful Life Center. Accessed April 1, 2014.
  8. ↑ Midrash Tanchumah. Naso 16.
  9. ↑ Seidenberg, D. (2015). Further theological reflections. In Kabbalah and Ecology: God's Image in the More-Than-Human World (pp. 332-340). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  10. ↑ Likkutei Amarim (Tanya). Ch. 36-37.
  11. ↑ Paltiel, Yosef Y. Samech Vav. Archived 2014-04-07 at the Wayback Machine Inside Chassidus. insidechassidus.org. Accessed April 1, 2014.
  12. 1 2 Wexler, P., & Rubin, E. (2020). “The Lower Half of the Globe”: Kabbalah and Social Analysis in the Lubavitcher Rebbe’s Vision for Judaism’s American Era. In Kabbalah in America (pp. 292-315). Brill.
  13. ↑ Levin, Faitel. A Synopsis of the Dirah Betachtonim System. Chabad.org. Accessed April 15, 2014.
  14. ↑ Rapoport-Albert, A. (2013). From woman as Hasid to woman as “Tsadik” in the teachings of the last two Lubavitcher rebbes. Jewish History, 27, 435-473.
  15. ↑ Persico, T. (2022) The end of man philosophical consummation in Jewish meditative tradition. In Rick Repetti (Ed.) Routledge Handbook on the Philosophy of Meditation. Routledge.
  16. ↑ Altein, Leibel. "Dirah Betachtonim". Reshmos. Kovetz Haaros Ubiurim. Oholei Torah. Brooklyn: New York. 1999. Accessed April 15, 2014.
  17. ↑ Dein, S. (2019). The End of Suffering: Mysticism, Messianism, and Medicine in Lubavitch. Journal of Religion & Society, 21.
  18. ↑ Tworek, W. (2015). Time in the teachings of Rabbi Shneur Zalman of Liadi (Doctoral dissertation, UCL (University College London)).
  19. ↑ Rothschild, Zalman (May 2022). "Sovereignty, Reason, and Will: Carl Schmitt and Hasidic Legal Thought". Journal of Law and Religion. 37 (2): 317–331. doi:10.1017/jlr.2022.14. ISSN 0748-0814.
  20. ↑ Loewenthal, N. (1996). The Neutralisation of Messianism and the Apocalypse. Jerusalem Studies in Jewish Thought/מחקרי ירושלים במחשבת ישראל, 59-73.‎
  21. ↑ Schneuri, D. (2015). Ner Mitzvah v'Torah Ohr: Shaar Emunah, 11b. Brooklyn, NY: Kehot Publication Society.
  22. ↑ Hebrew: וזהו שבא חבקוק והעמידן על אחת כו' דמאחר שמה שהיה חפץ חסד מעצמו להיות לו דירה בתחתונים ע"י תו"מ אינו רק בבחי' חיצוניות לגבי גלוי פנימית מהו"ע ע"י העלאת מ"ן דאמונה פשוטה דוקא כנ"ל
  23. ↑ Exploring the Rebbe's Theology. Lubavitch.com. July 16, 2002. Accessed April 15, 2014.
  24. ↑ Russell, J. R. On a Hasidic Tale and its Buddhist Source. Заметки об одной хасидской притче и ее буддистском источнике.

See also

  • Dahan, Alon (2006) Dira batahtonim: The Messianic doctrine of Rabbi Menahem Mendel Schneersohn (the Lubavitcher Rebbe)
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