Republic of East Turkistan
شەرقىي تۈركىستان جۇمھۇرىيىتى (Uyghur)
Sherqiy Türkistan Jumhuriyiti
Motto: شەرقىي تۈركىستان ۋە ئۇنىڭ خەلقىگە ئەركىنلىك ۋە مۇستەقىللىقنى ئەسلىگە كەلتۈرۈش
Sherqiy Türkistan We Uning Xelqige Erkinlik We Musteqilliqni Eslige Keltürüsh
"Restoring Freedom and Independence to East Turkistan and Its Peoples"
Anthem: قۇرتۇلۇش مارشى
Qurtulush Yolida
"March of Salvation"  
The region over which the ETGE claims sovereignty as East Turkistan
The region over which the ETGE claims sovereignty as East Turkistan
Capital
and largest city
Ürümqi (claimed)
HeadquartersSuite 500, 1325 G Street NW, Washington, D.C., United States
Official languagesUyghur (de jure)
Recognized national languages
Religion
Islam
Demonym(s)East Turkistani
TypeGovernment in exile
Government
• President
Dr. Mamtimin Ala
• Vice President
Dr. Sayragul Sauytbay
• Prime Minister
Abdulahat Nur
LegislatureParliament in Exile
EstablishmentSeptember 14, 2004
• claimed exile
December 22, 1949
Time zoneUTC+06:00 (East Turkistan Standard Time)
Website
East-Turkistan.net

The East Turkistan Government-in-Exile (ETGE; Uyghur: شەرقىي تۈركىستان سۈرگۈندى ھۆكۈمىتى), also known as the Government-in-Exile of the Republic of East Turkistan, is a parliamentary-based exile government established and headquartered in Washington, D.C. by Uyghurs, Kazakhs, and other peoples from East Turkistan (Xinjiang). The ETGE claims to be the sole legitimate organization representing East Turkistan and its people on the international stage.[1][2]

Although the East Turkistan Government-in-Exile was declared inside Room HC-6 of the U.S. Capitol Building,[3] the East Turkistan Government-in-Exile and the territory it claims under East Turkistan are unrecognized by the United States.[4] The People's Republic of China has sternly opposed the East Turkistan Government-in-Exile since its creation in September 2004.[5]

Positions

Depending on how large a particular speaker defines the named region, "East Turkistan" has been administered at least in part by the People's Republic of China (PRC) as the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region, a situation that the ETGE considers an illegitimate military occupation. The position of the ETGE is that "East Turkistan and its people have a long history of independence".[6] The ETGE does not consider themselves as "separatists" because they believe that, "you can't separate from something you don't belong to."[7] The position of the PRC holds that the integration of Xinjiang into the PRC in 1949 was a "peaceful liberation", and that the region has "long been a part of China".[8]

The ETGE describes itself as democratically elected parliamentary-based exile government that seeks to end "China's occupation and colonization" of East Turkistan, which overlaps with what China calls the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region, and seeks to "restore the independence of East Turkistan" which would take the form of a democratic parliamentary republic with protections for civil liberties for all people groups of the region.[9] The ETGE has convened nine General Assemblies since its creation in 2004, 2006, 2008, 2009, 2011, 2013, 2015, 2019, and 2023.[10] The government in exile itself is based primarily in Washington, D.C., where a large Uyghur diaspora lives, but has members in over a dozen countries.[11]

Formation

The split of the East Turkistan National Center/Congress (ETNC) over the issue of independence versus autonomy in early 2004 led to the formation of the World Uyghur Congress which rejected independence in favor of autonomy and the East Turkistan Government in Exile which rejected autonomy and advocated for independence.[12] The East Turkistan Government in Exile was formally declared on September 14, 2004, in room HC-6 of the United States Capitol in Washington, D.C. by members of the global East Turkistani community under the leadership of Anwar Yusuf Turani.[13] Ahmat Igambardi, who had previously been the chairman of the first East Turkistan National Congress created in Istanbul, Turkey in 1992, was elected by the delegates present as president and Turani was elected as Prime Minister.[14]

Leadership

Opening Session of the 9th East Turkistan General Assembly in Washington, DC on November 10, 2023

Government leadership

As the Government in Exile is made up of elected representatives from East Turkistani/Uyghur diaspora communities in over 13 countries, its leaders are based in a number of countries. The present leadership took office on November 12, 2023, following elections at the ETGE's 9th General Assembly in Washington, D.C.[15]

Position Name Location
President Dr. Mamtimin Ala Australia
Prime Minister Abdulahat Nur Canada
Vice President Dr. Sayragul Sauytbay Sweden
Minister of Foreign Affairs & Security Salih Hudayar USA
Interior Minister Shukur Samsak Sweden
Spokesperson (Uyghur) & Cabinet Secretary Perhat Abduweli Norway
Finance Minister Ibrahim Emin Belgium
Minister of Education & Religious Affairs Adil Ablimit Netherlands
Minister of Information & Communications Dr. Jurat Obul USA
Minister of Family, Women, Youth & Human Rights Gulvaryam Tokhtiyeva Kazakhstan

Parliamentary leadership

The Parliament is the legislative branch of the ETGE. As the Government in Exile's Parliament is made up of 60 members representing diaspora communities in 13 countries, its leaders are based in a number of countries. The present leadership was announced on November 11, 2023, following elections at the ETGE's 9th General Assembly in Washington, D.C. The Parliament is also made up of six committees that help oversee the government's different ministries.[16][17]

Position Name Location
Speaker (chairman) of the Parliament Yarmemet Baratjan USA
Deputy Speaker (Co-chairman) of the Parliament Abduweli Adem Turkiye
Parliamentary Secretary Elijan Emet Belgium
Chairman of the Committee on Foreign and Legal Affairs Mirqedir Mirzat France
Chairman of the Committee on Diaspora and Internal Affairs Kurbanjan Hisamdin Norway
Chairwoman of the Committee on Communications, Media, and Information Fatmagul Çakan Turkiye
Chairman of the Committee on Culture, Education, Religious Affairs and Research Abdullah Khodja France
Co-Chair of the Committee on Culture, Education, Religious Affairs and Research Abdumutellip Ibrahim France
Chairwoman of the Committee on Family, Women, Youth, and Human Rights Amannissa Mukhlis USA

Previous leadership

Opening of the ETGE's 8th General Assembly, November 10, 2019

2019 - 2023

2015 - 2019

Members of the East Turkistan Government in Exile Convene at the 7th East Turkistan General Assembly in Tokyo on November 11, 2015
  • Prime Minister: Ismail Cengiz; Turkiye (impeached in April 2019)[18]
  • Acting Prime Minister: Abdulahat Nur; Canada (April 2019 - November 2019)
  • President: Ahmatjan Osman; Canada (impeached in October 2018)
  • Acting President: Ghulam Osman Yaghma; Canada (October 2018 - November 2019)
  • Vice President: Hizirbek Gayretullah; Turkiye
  • Speaker of Parliament: Koresh Atahan; Germany

2009 - 2015

  • Prime Minister: Ismail Cengiz; Turkiye
  • President: Ahmet Igemberdi; Australia
  • Vice President: Hizirbek Gayretullah; Turkiye
  • Speaker of Parliament: Dr. Sultan Mahmut Kashgari; Turkiye
The Formal Declaration of the East Turkistan Government in Exile, Held in Room HC-6 of the United States Capitol on September 14, 2004

2006 - 2009

  • Prime Minister: Damiyan Rehmet; Australia
  • President: Ahmet Igemberdi; Australia
  • Vice President: Abdvueli Can; Turkiye
  • Speaker of Parliament: Dr. Sultan Mahmut Kashgari; Turkiye

2004 - 2006

  • Prime Minister: Anwar Yusuf Turani; USA (impeached in 2006)
  • Acting Prime Minister: Damiyan Rehmet; Australia
  • President: Ahmet Igemberdi; Australia
  • Vice President: Abdvueli Can; Turkiye
  • Speaker of Parliament: Dr. Sultan Mahmut Kashgari; Turkiye

Activities

The ETGE engages in a wide range of awareness raising and advocacy campaigns about the human rights situation for Uyghurs, Kazakhs, Kyrgyz, and other Turkic peoples in East Turkistan. It explicitly advocates for the establishment of an independent East Turkistan[19] concentrating on the United States Congress in Washington, the Canadian Government, EU member states, NATO, Japan, and India.[20] In March 2020, members of the ETGE and the East Turkistani community, led by newly elected Prime Minister Salih Hudayar, met with Representative Ted Yoho[21] and asked him to deliver a speech on East Turkistan at the US House of Representatives. Congressman Ted Yoho described East Turkistan as an "occupied country" and condemned China for its alleged genocide of Uyghurs, Kazakhs, Kyrgyz, and other Turkic peoples.[22][23]

The ETGE aims to be non-partisan but has received more support on the East Turkistan issue from the Republican Party,[21] and the Prime Minister makes semi-regular appearances on conservative media,[24][25][26] including a guest appearance on Steve Bannon's War Room.[27] In November 2019, retired U.S. Air Force Brigadier General Robert Spalding, the former Director of Strategic Planning, at the U.S. National Security Council and Joseph Bosco, the former China Director at the U.S. Department of Defense along with other American analysts had attended and gave speeches at the ETGE's 8th General Assembly in Washington, D.C.[28]

In June 2020, the ETGE spearheaded an effort by pro-independence Uyghur, Manchu, and Tibetan groups to oppose "Chinese imperialism in all forms" and sent a joint letter to the U.S. State Department, the Council of the European Union, and the Foreign Ministries of India, Japan, and the UK rejecting "Chinese occupation," and calling on the "international community to help bring about a democratic resolution that gives complete national independence for East Turkistan, Manchuria, South Mongolia, and Tibet."[29]

As reported below, on July 6, 2020, the East Turkistan Government in Exile and the East Turkistan National Awakening Movement launched an International Criminal Court (ICC) case against current and former Chinese officials of the People's Republic of China including Xi Jinping. The PRC, however, is not a signatory to the ICC, which is why the case was dropped.[30]

The ETGE praised the passage of the Uyghur Human Rights Policy Act,[31] a law that requires various US government agencies to report on human rights abuses in Xinjiang, and thanked United States President Donald Trump and the United States Congress. The ETGE stated that "we hope this will the first step towards restoring freedom and independence to East Turkistan."[32]

On July 14, 2020, the ETGE signed onto a joint letter by 64 Canadian MPs and 20 organizations urging Canadian Prime Minister Justin Trudeau, his deputy Chrystia Freeland and Global Affairs Minister François-Philippe Champagne to sanction PRC and Hong Kong officials "directly responsible for the human rights atrocities happening in Tibet, occupied East Turkestan (Xinjiang), and Hong Kong."[33]

On August 15, 2020, Salih Hudayar the Prime Minister of the ETGE greeted India on its 74th Independence Day and said that "the decades of prolonged Chinese occupation and genocide in East Turkistan has taught us that without independence there is no way to guarantee or ensure even our most basic human rights, freedoms, and our very survival."[34] Prime Minister Hudayar urged Indians to cherish, defend and honor independence.[35][36][37]

On August 28, 2020, the ETGE held a global demonstration in Adelaide, Tokyo, Frankfurt, The Hague, Paris, New York City, Washington, D.C., and Edmonton to protest what they claim are China's atrocities against Uyghurs and other Turkic peoples and urged the international community to recognize the alleged atrocities as a genocide while also recognizing "East Turkistan as an occupied country."[38][37][36]

International Criminal Court case

On July 6, 2020, the New York Times and The Wall Street Journal reported that the East Turkistan Government in Exile and the East Turkistan National Awakening Movement filed a complaint with the International Criminal Court, urging it to investigate and prosecute PRC officials for genocide and other crimes against humanity.[39][40] The complaint is the first attempt to use an international legal forum to challenge China over allegations of extensive human rights abuses against Muslim Turkic people in East Turkistan.[41][42] The 80-page complaint included a list of more than 30 senior PRC officials, including Chinese Communist Party general secretary Xi Jinping, whom the ETGE hold responsible.[43][44] The next day, ETGE and the East Turkistan National Awakening Movement held an online press conference in Washington, D.C. and The Hague.[45] The ETGE's Prime Minister, Salih Hudayar, told Radio Free Asia's Chinese service that "for too long we have been oppressed by China and its Communist Party and we have suffered so much that the genocide of our people can be no longer ignored."[46]

On July 9, 2020, the US government sanctioned 3 senior PRC officials including Xinjiang Communist Party Secretary Chen Quanguo and Zhu Hailun, who were among the 30 officials mentioned in the complaint to the ICC.[47] ETGE Prime Minister Salih Hudayar told Radio Free Asia that the ETGE welcomed the sanctions and that Uyghurs wanted real justice. He stated that the PRC officials should be tried for human rights abuses by an international court, citing the example the Nuremberg Trials of high-ranking Nazi Party officials after World War II.[48]

Removal of "ETIM" from U.S. Terror List

The ETGE was the only Uyghur group to publicly advocate for the removal of the terrorist designation from the East Turkistan Islamic Movement (ETIM), which the ETGE believes to be fabricated by China to "falsely portray Uyghurs as terrorists."[49][50] On September 11, 2020, the ETGE held a press conferencing denouncing the "ETIM" as a "Chinese fabrication" and claimed that the "greatest victims of terrorism in the 21st century are East Turkistan and its people."[51] The ETGE however also denounced the Turkistan Islamic Party which it suspects of being created by Chinese intelligence in order to hijack the East Turkistan national movement and portray it as a "pan-islamic" movement.[52] In October 2020, then U.S. Secretary of State, Mike Pompeo, gave a directive to delist the East Turkistan Islamic Movement from the United States Department of State list of Foreign Terrorist Organizations. The directive was published on November 5, 2020, and the State Department declared the decision was made because "for more than a decade, there has been no credible evidence that ETIM continues to exist."[53] The ETGE thanked the U.S. Government for removing the ETIM from its terror list and urged other countries to follow suit.[54]

Recognition of China's human rights abuse as genocide

The East Turkistan National Awakening Movement and the East Turkistan Government in Exile were the first Uyghur groups to refer to China's mass surveillance and internment of the inhabitants of Xinjiang/East Turkistan as a genocide. They have actively lobbied for the U.S. and other countries to declare the policies in Xinjiang as genocide.[55][56][57] Over the years, the ETGE and ETNAM held numerous demonstrations, press conferences, and other events urging the world to recognize China's genocide in East Turkistan (Xinjiang).[58][59][60][61] The East Turkistan National Awakening Movement and the East Turkistan Government in Exile filed a complaint urging the International Criminal Court to investigate and prosecute Chinese officials for genocide[39][40] and within months, the ETGE was able to persuade the Canadian Parliament to recognize China's actions as a genocide in October 2020, it thanked the Canadian Parliament for the genocide recognition and urged the Canadian Government to formally recognize it as well.[54] The ETGE also successfully lobbied the U.S. Senate to introduce a genocide resolution[62] and urged the U.S. Government to recognize the genocide.[63]

On January 11, 2021, the ETGE made a press statement urging the Trump Administration to recognize China's actions against Uyghurs and other Turkic peoples in East Turkistan as a genocide before January 20, 2021.[64][65] On January 19, 2021, the U.S. State Department formally designated China's actions against Uyghurs and other Turkic peoples as genocide.[66][67] Salih Hudayar, the Prime Minister of the East Turkistan Government in Exile, told The Wall Street Journal that the ETGE had been pushing for the designation for two years and that the ETGE hopes that this designation will lead to real, strong actions to hold China accountable and bring an end to China's genocide.[68]

The ETGE also called on the U.S. Justice Department to enact 18 U.S. Code Section 1091 and prosecute Chinese diplomats, specifically Chinese Ambassador Cui Tiankai, for genocide.[69] The ETGE further urged countries to follow suit and recognize the genocide, it also urged the Biden Administration to "take a more active approach to resolve the East Turkistan issue" by recognizing East Turkistan as an Occupied Country, boycotting the 2022 Winter Olympics in Beijing[70] and meeting with the East Turkistan Government in Exile like the Trump Administration met with the Tibetan Government in Exile.[71]

Recognition of East Turkistan

The East Turkistan Government in Exile has actively called on the U.S. and other governments and organizations across the globe to recognize East Turkistan as an Occupied Country.[65] The ETGE also denounces the use of the Chinese term "Xinjiang" to refer the Uyghur and Turkic homeland of East Turkistan.,[71]

Recognition of the Circassian genocide

On May 18, 2023, the East Turkestan Government-in-Exile announced its recognition of the Circassian genocide.[72][73]

See also

References

  1. ↑ "About the ETGE". East Turkistan Government in Exile. Archived from the original on January 16, 2020. Retrieved March 10, 2021.
  2. ↑ Bovingon, Gardner (2010). The Uyghurs: Strangers in their own land. New York: Columbia University Press. p. 150. ISBN 9780231519410. Archived from the original on May 11, 2021. Retrieved May 11, 2020.
  3. ↑ Bovingdon, Gardner (2010). The Uyghurs: Strangers in Their Own Land. New York: Columbia University Press. pp. 150, 280. ISBN 9780231519410. Archived from the original on May 11, 2021. Retrieved April 11, 2021.
  4. ↑ "China – No Recognition of Any East Turkestan Government in Exile (Taken Question)". U.S. Department of State. November 22, 2004. Archived from the original on November 17, 2017. Retrieved March 13, 2021. The U.S. Government does not recognize any East Turkestan government-in-exile, nor do we provide support for any such entity.
  5. ↑ "China Protests Establishment of Uighur Government-in-Exile in Washington". Voice of America. September 21, 2004. Archived from the original on June 17, 2020. Retrieved June 14, 2020.
  6. ↑ "Uyghurs urge US Congress to recognize East Turkistan as an Occupied Country". East Turkistan Government in Exile. May 28, 2020. Archived from the original on June 14, 2020. Retrieved June 14, 2020.
  7. ↑ Fink, Kathryn (December 23, 2019). "'For Their Own Good': The Detention Of Muslim Ethnic Groups In China". NPR. Archived from the original on June 14, 2020. Retrieved June 14, 2020.
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  21. 1 2 Ted, Yoho. "Congressman Yoho Tweet". Archived from the original on March 10, 2020. Retrieved May 11, 2020 – via Twitter.
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  60. ↑ Pasquini, Elaine (December 2020). "East Turkistan Uyghurs Fear Annihilation by China". Washington Report on Middle East Affairs (November/December 2020): 52. Archived from the original on November 30, 2020. Retrieved January 25, 2021.
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