Edith Bry
Edith Bry and Maurice Benjamin
Photo of Edith Bry and her husband, Maurice Benjamin, undated photo taken in the library of their apartment on Central Park West
Born(1898-11-30)November 30, 1898
St. Louis, Missouri
DiedJanuary 19, 1991(1991-01-19) (aged 92)
New York, New York
Resting placeMount Pleasant Cemetery, Hawthorne, New York
Known forArtist

Edith Bry (1898–1991) was an American painter, printmaker, and glass artist. During her long career she combined technical skill with an impulse to innovate. Critics noted her versatility, pointing to skill in handling oil painting, lithography, etching, drawing, watercolor, and wood carving. Her style ranged from realist to abstract and from what one critic called a "discipline of an inner reticence" to a "more dynamic emotional expressionism."[1] Her early-career still lifes drew praise and a figure-group called "Exiles" received much attention following its acquisition by the Metropolitan Museum of Art. Her mid-career work was more expressive and abstract as she tried, as she put it, to rid herself "from the tyranny of nature."[2] At the end of her career she was particularly known for semi-abstract work in glass and enamel, mainly of religious subjects.

Early life and education

Bry was born in St. Louis on November 30, 1898.[3] In 1910 or soon thereafter her family moved to Manhattan and she subsequently attended the Ethical Culture School on Central Park West.[4][5] Bry showed an early interest in art. In the years before the outbreak of the First World War her parents would take her and her siblings on vacation trips to Europe and during these travels she was able to examine art in capital cities such as Paris and Madrid. In an early effort to teach herself to draw, she would copy the art postcards she bought.[6][7] In 1915 she worked briefly in a New York batik studio.[4] After graduating from high school in 1917 she studied for two years at the Art Students League.[4][7] Her teachers there included J. Alden Weir, Winold Reiss, Guy Pène du Bois, Charles Locke, and Alexander Archipenko.[7][8] During travels in Germany sometime not long after the end of the First World War she studied briefly under Hermann Struck and Siegfried Laboschin.[8] Much later, in speaking of her formal art training, she told an interviewer, "I didn't want to study too long with any one teacher. A teacher can help along a certain line, but too many students stay too long with teachers, and imitate them. It is important for an artist to analyze his own work critically and to work by himself."[7] In the late 1950s she worked with Abraham Rattner, a painter who, like Bry, showed a late-career interest in mosaic and stained-glass.[9]

Career in art

In 1927 Bry showed portraits and abstractions that she called "imaginative creations" in a solo exhibition at a gallery in Corsicana, Texas. The portraits showed George Gershwin, Rebecca West, Irwin Edman, and other well-known people. She told a reporter that by expressing her feelings the abstractions helped her to overcome depression and "turbulent moods."[8] A year later the New York Post included her portrait of Carl Van Doren in its Saturday Gravure section and two of her drawings were included in a show organized by the Opportunity Gallery.[10][11][note 1] Over the next few years her work appeared in group shows at the same gallery and in the gallery of a printer of limited edition books.[13] In 1932 she exhibited with two other women in the G.R.D. Gallery.[note 2] The still lifes in that show drew comment from a critic for the New York Times who praised her "knowing technique" and appreciated her enigmatic titles. ("Atavic," for a still life of red cabbage, beets, and eggplant, was one.)[15] She joined the National Association of Women Painters and Sculptors in 1934 and contributed paintings to some of its exhibitions, but she did not take an active role in that organization.[16] When she showed line drawings in a 1935 exhibition at the National Association's Argent Galleries, a critic praised her skill, writing that her "drawings might bid Picasso look to his laurels.[17] In October 1935 she held a solo exhibition of oil paintings at a commercial gallery in St. Louis. A notice of the show in the St. Louis Star drew attention to her versatility. "Her output," it said, "is large, not only in oil, but in etching, lithography, wood carving, and sanguine crayon."[18]

Edith Bry, Exiled, lithograph, 9 × 11 7/8 inches

The following year she was given a solo exhibition at the Grant Gallery in which she showed still lifes, landscapes, and scenes showing indigenous Mexicans.[19][note 3] In 1937 she showed a lithograph called "Exiled" in the International Print Makers Exhibition at the Los Angeles Museum.[7] The Los Angeles Times headed its article on the show with a reproduction of the print and its critic said it was "grim."[21] This 1936 lithograph and a 1937 painting she made of the same scene were later purchased by the Metropolitan Museum of Art.[22] The lithograph can be seen at right.

Bry joined the nonprofit Studio Guild in 1937.[23][note 4] During the next few years she participated in the Studio Guild's exhibitions. She also helped to arrange Guild-sponsored events that raised money for overseas relief work. In 1938, for example, she organized the sale of works donated by 130 artists for funds to support the work of the Joint Distribution Committee to help European Jews escape Nazi persecution.[26] A year later she contributed works to a Guild exhibition that circulated among museums and galleries around the country.[27] In 1940, when the Metropolitan Museum of Art put "Exiled" on view, a New York Sun reporter interviewed Bry. In the interview, she said she intended the painting to convey a sense of finality and doom. While she recognized that it was topical, she said there was nothing propagandistic in her intent.[7]

In 1941 Bry became active in an artists' advocacy group called the Federation of Modern Painters and Sculptors.[note 5] She showed in its first and in subsequent annual exhibitions and participated in special exhibitions as well.[4][29] Her contribution of a collage called "Equations" in the 35th annual exhibition of 1976 seems to have been her last.[30] She served as recording secretary and vice-president of the organization and in 1945 was elected its president.[31]

Bry continued to participate in group exhibitions during the war years, but she also volunteered her time in war-related work. In 1942 she began art classes for wounded soldiers, a year later she made war bond posters and made skin-draft drawings for a plastic surgeon, and in 1945 she painted irises for artificial eyes.[32][33][34]

Edith Bry, Palin, 1937, lithograph, 12 1/2 x 8 3/4 inches

Before the war Bry had traveled to Guatemala which then became the source of much of her later work. Working from sketches she made then, she finished a lithograph called "Palin" in 1945 (seen at left). Showing Guatemalan Indians grouped around a Ceiba tree, the print was commissioned by a commercial gallery called Associated American Artists.[6] In the post-war years she continued to show oils, watercolors, and prints in group exhibitions held by the associations of which she was a member and in 1951 was given a solo exhibition at the John Heller gallery.[4] The latter drew critics' attention for what one called a shift in her work from "visual sobriety" to expressionistic feeling.[35] Bry explained the transition as an effort to free herself from the "tyranny of nature." She aimed to move from painting subjects "in the customary sense like a figure or scene" toward a more direct expression of emotion.[2] In these deeply felt works she increasingly showed religious subjects.[35]

In the late 1950s Bry began to experiment with works in fused glass and vitreous enamel and thereafter began to make fused glass panels mainly for places of worship.[36] After her death in 1991 she was best known for these works of the 1960s and 1970s.[37] In 1983 the Loeb Student Art Center at New York University gave her a retrospective exhibition.[4]

Artistic style

Edith Bry, Fire Island 3, 1964, watercolor, 5 x 6+1⁄2 inches
Edith Bry, Moonlit Ocean Seascape, about 1980, collage, 35 x 40 inches

Bry was a versatile artist who painted in oils, drew using graphite and crayon, and produced watercolors, and pastels.[7][1] She made lithographs, woodcuts, and etchings.[6] She did wood carving, mosaics, and large works in glass employing fused glass and enamel.[4][36] Although her style evolved considerably during her long career, she avoided non-objectivism. She deployed degrees of abstraction, beginning with social realism and proceeding to a nearly free-form abstract expressionism. The progression was not clear-cut, however. Early in her career she made what she called "imaginative paintings" and in mid-career she made paintings that were, she said, "free harmonies of beautiful glowing colors."[8][2] Late in her career she was still producing realist work such as the watercolor, "Fire Island 3," shown at right. For the most part her work could be described as semi-abstract. Its subjects were discernible, whether easily so, or only on close examination. She was seen as an expressive artist. A critic noted a tension between two styles of expressive work, one that revealed the "discipline of an inner reticence" and another consisting of a "more dynamic emotional expressionism."[1] Critics saw this expressive content in both her realist and the more abstract paintings.[38][39] Her collage, "Moonlit Ocean Seascape," at left, shows her late abstract style.

She was noted for her skill in composition and handling of color. In 1932 a critic praised three still life paintings for "their good spacial design and pleasing relation of color."[40] Another said she arranged "her subject matter in compositions as interesting for their color harmonies as they are for their harmonies of form."[41] A few years later Howard Devree, of the New York Times praised her "growth in compositional conception, and advance in paint values and ... mature and gratifying sureness of approach" and a critic for the New York Post said she had a flair for composition: "she places the objects in her still lifes in pleasing relations of form and space; the flowers in her bouquets have a spacial existence, air flows between the blossoms and around them."[19][42]

When painting in oils Bry usually used a palette knife rather than a brush.[7] During much of her career, she worked five days a week from about 10:00 am to 6:00 pm.[7]

Personal life and family

Bry was born in St. Louis, Missouri, on November 28, 1898. She was the daughter of Louis Bry (1861-1928) and Melanie Scharff Bry (1869-1933). Her siblings were Martin Edwin Bry (1891-1962), Louis Bry, Jr. (1895-1961), Nathan William Bry (1900-1982), and Adolph William Bry (1908-1938). In 1880 Louis Bry, Sr. emigrated to the United States from Rawitsch, Prussia (now Rawicz, Poland) and became a partner of his older brother, Nathan, in running successful department stores in Camden, Arkansas and Memphis, Tennessee.[note 6] The brothers also operated a clothing manufacturing business called Bry & Brother Cloak Company in St. Louis.[46] In 1906 Louis moved to New York.[47] There, he partnered with a relative named Edwin Bry (not his son), in a woolen manufacturing business with offices in Philadelphia and New York.[48][49][note 7][note 8] He later served as a consultant to a business run by his sons Edwin and Louis.[53][note 9] Louis and Melanie were married in St. Louis in 1890.[54]

Edith Bry, Photo of the woodcarving over fireplace in library of her home

Bry married in 1921. Her husband, Maurice Shevelson Benjamin (1896–1984), was an engineer and founder of a brokerage firm called Benjamin, Hill & Company.[37][55] They remained married to each other for the rest of their lives. Their only child, Bry Benjamin, was born in 1924 and died in 2009. [note 10] In 1929 the family moved to a large apartment on an upper floor in the newly opened Beresford building on Central Park West. The apartment had been designed for them in Art Deco style by a well-known architect, Ely Jacques Kahn. Bry carved the wood panel that was set over the fireplace in the library.[37][7] The panel can be seen in the photo at right and in the portrait of Bry and her husband at top. Edith Bry died at home in New York on January 19, 1991.[37]

Notes

  1. ↑ The Opportunity Gallery was founded in 1927 by the artist Gifford Beal and a small group of patrons. Located in the Art Center on East 56th Street in Manhattan, it offered free exhibition space to new artists and sought no profit from sales of their work. Each exhibition was selected by a different artist.[12]
  2. ↑ The G. R. D. Gallery was a nonprofit organization that opened early in 1928. Named in honor of the artist Gladys R. Dick, its founder was the philanthropist Jean S. Roosevelt (Mrs. Philip Roosevelt) and its art director was Kimon Nicolaïdes.[14]
  3. ↑ A collector, author, and former manager of the Anderson Galleries, Walter M. Grant founded and directed the Grant Gallery between 1934 and about 1938.[20]
  4. ↑ Founded in 1924 and managed by Grace Pickett, the Studio Guild aimed to promote the work of artists through its exhibitions. It was supported by donations from wealthy patrons, dues from artist members, and periodic fundraising events, including an annual masked ball.[24][25]
  5. ↑ A group of New York artists formed the Federation of Modern Painters and Sculptors in the spring of 1940. All had resigned from the American Artists' Congress to protest its "Stalinist line" after the congress had endorsed the Soviet invasion of Finland. Founders included include Isabel Bishop, Ilya Bolotowsky, Dorothy Eisner, Anne Goldthwaite, Adolph Gottlieb, and Balcomb Greene.[28]
  6. ↑ Founded by Nathan in 1872, Bry's Department Store was the first business of its type in Camden, establishing a number of innovations that helped it to succeed. A cousin took over management when Nathan and Louis Bry moved to St. Louis in 1893.[43][44] Later, the two brothers founded another Bry's Department Store in Memphis. In a short while it built the business into one of the largest department stores in the American South. The same Bry cousin, Isaac Block, was its first manager.[45]
  7. ↑ This Edwin Bry was the son of Jean Bry who had been born in Berlin and was a fabric importer in Manhattan. The business they ran together was called Edwin & Louis Bry, Inc., incorporated in 1915. Like Martin Edwin Bry, this Edwin Bry had a brother named Louis.[50] It had its main office in Philadelphia.[51][49]
  8. ↑ Louis Bry's brother Nathan, had a son named Martin Erwin Bry (August 23, 1891-September 12, 1955). It is unclear why Louis Bry decided to name one of his sons Martin Edwin. Both sons made their careers in the clothing business, one in St. Louis and the other in New York.[52][53]
  9. ↑ Edwin Bry and Louis Bry, Jr., ran a fabric manufacturing business called Brybro in New York.[53]
  10. ↑ Bry Benjamin graduated from Yale University and Harvard Medical School and established a career in medicine. In 1955 he married Annette Francis Levy.[56] After their divorce he married Marianne V. Gupta, a librarian, in 1981.[57] He died in 2009.[58] He published a book with his first wife, In case of Emergency; What to Do Until the Doctor Arrives (Doubleday, Garden City, N.Y., 1965).

References

  1. 1 2 3 "Art of Edith Bry Causes Controversy by Critics". Kingsport Times. Kingsport, Tennessee. 1953-11-22. p. B7.
  2. 1 2 3 Paul Mocsanyi (1951-10-17). "New York Artist Found Emotional Freedom in Color". Indianapolis Star. Indianapolis, Indiana. p. 89.
  3. ↑ "Obituary for Annette Francis". Find a Grave citing Mount Pleasant Cemetery, Hawthorne, Westchester County, New York, USA. Retrieved 2020-05-18.
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Jules Heller; Nancy G. Heller (19 December 2013). North American Women Artists of the Twentieth Century: A Biographical Dictionary. Taylor & Francis. pp. 323–325. ISBN 978-1-135-63889-4.
  5. ↑ "In the Real Estate Field". New York Times. New York, New York. 1910-02-08. p. 15. Louis Bry of St. Louis is the purchaser of 36 West Seventy-fifth Street, sold last week through L.J. Phillips & Co. The house is a four-story dwelling with dining room extension, on lot 26 by 102.2.
  6. 1 2 3 "Edith Bry". Art of the Print. Retrieved 2020-05-18.
  7. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 "Museum Shows Bry Painting; 1 of 21 by Contemporary American Artists". New York Sun. New York, New York. 1940-08-24. p. 15. Carl Sprinchorn is a still younger man [than Rockwell Kent], a Swede by birth. He too was a storm centre at the recent Academy. You may now see why the authorities did not like his "Ferryboat in Snowstorm." It is because it is a ferryboat in a snowstorm, and not a Venetian sunset; ugly, biting cold, dismal, the waves muddy, the deck awash, the old boat tilting up. In this canvas every canon of academic art is violated by a youth who happened to see things as they are; no wonder the picture got on people's nerves.
  8. 1 2 3 4 via AP (1927-04-30). "Express Moods in Modern Painting". Corsicana Daily Sun. Corsicana, Texas.
  9. ↑ "Rattner, Abraham". Social Networks and Archival Context cooperative. Retrieved 2020-05-20.
  10. ↑ "Saturday Gravure". The New York Post. New York, New York. 1928-10-30. The Classic Face of Carl Van Doren, editor of the Literary Guild, from the new chalk drawing by Edith Bry, American artist.
  11. ↑ "A Round of Galleries". New York Times. New York, New York. 1929-01-20. p. X13. In two line drawings, Edith Bry reveals an accomplished draftsmanship, unhesitatingly resolved into design.
  12. ↑ Edward Alden Jewell (1932-01-04). "American Art on View". New York Times. New York, New York. p. 26.
  13. ↑ "G.R.D. Studio (New York, N.Y.)". The Frick Collection; Archives Directory for the History of Collecting. Retrieved 2019-02-20.
  14. ↑ "Dewey Albinson Offers His Impressions of Abruzzi and the Adriatic". New York Times. New York, New York. 1932-01-30. p. 20.
  15. ↑ "Art Brevities". New York Times. New York, New York. 1934-04-06. p. 26.
  16. ↑ "Various Exhibits of the Week's Calendar". The New York Post. New York, New York. 1935-05-31. Edith Bry's line drawings might bid Picasso look to his laurels.
  17. ↑ "Edith Bry to Hold "One-Man" Exhibit of Oil Paintings". St. Louis Star and Times. St. Louis, Missouri. 1935-10-12. p. 9.
  18. 1 2 Howard Devree (1935-04-07). "The American Scene by George Picken". New York Times. New York, New York. p. X8. Development—Edith Bry is showing flowers, landscapes and Mexican scenes at Walter Grant's. Her work reveals growth in compositional conception, and advance in paint values and a mature and gratifying sureness of approach. Sunlight and airiness are happily captured in much of her work.
  19. ↑ "Walter M. Grant". New York Times. New York, New York. 1950-03-31. p. 31.
  20. ↑ Arthur Millier (1937-03-07). "Americans, British Show Prints". Los Angeles Times. Los Angeles, California. p. 65.
  21. ↑ "New Art on View at Metropolitan: 21 Oil Paintings and Watercolors by Contemporary Americans Shown Today". New York Times. New York, New York. 1940-08-24. p. 6.
  22. ↑ "Art Sale Will Aid Drive". New York Times. New York, New York. 1937-05-02. p. D4.
  23. ↑ "New York Charters". New York Times. New York, New York. 1924-05-21. p. 32.
  24. ↑ "Artists Hold Masked Ball". New York Times. New York, New York. 1928-02-26. p. 35.
  25. ↑ "Artists Aid Relief Work". New York Times. New York, New York. 1937-05-01. p. 157.
  26. ↑ "Studio Guild Exhibit of 21 Oils Is on View at Howard U.: New York Organization Brings Works Of Seven Painters to Gallery at School; Present Show Completing Year's Tour". Washington Post. Washington, D.C. 1940-03-10. p. E7. Edith Bry exhibits "Mexican Night Scene" as one of her three entries, and shows an able use of figures in a composition. There is the broad sense of a mural pattern here, and an agreeable sense of color.
  27. ↑ "News and Notes of Art". New York Times. New York, New York. 1940-06-19. p. 21.
  28. ↑ Edward Alden Jewell (1941-03-12). "Moderns Display Work at Riverside". New York Times. New York, New York. p. 24.
  29. ↑ Maybelle Mann (1976-07-17). "Painters and Sculptors Show Opens". Times Herald Record. Middletown, New York. p. 24.
  30. ↑ "Art Notes". New York Times. New York, New York. 1945-11-28. p. 25.
  31. ↑ "At World Series (Society News)". St.Louis Post-Dispatch. St. Louis, Missouri. 1942-10-04. p. 53.
  32. ↑ "Paints War Bond Poster". St.Louis Post-Dispatch. St. Louis, Missouri. 1943-11-14. p. 47.
  33. ↑ "St. Louis Artist". St.Louis Post-Dispatch. St. Louis, Missouri. 1945-07-22. p. 39.
  34. 1 2 "Art Shows Thrive in Galleries Here: One-Man and Group Displays on View in Number—Bry's Paintings Are Exhibited". New York Times. New York, New York. 1951-09-14. p. 26. The balance between feeling and visual sobriety in Edith Bry's expressionistic paintings at the John Heller Gallery is heavily weighted toward the former; indeed, the emotional turmoils that seethe in vivid reds and blues, and in angry, slashing brushwork on the surfaces of her canvases are often staged at the expense of pictorial coherence. Her subjects, many of them religiously inspired, are obviously deeply felt, which is their first claim to attention.
  35. 1 2 Dore Ashton (1958-04-25). "Artists in Manhattan Group Show Work". New York Times. New York, New York. p. 23.
  36. 1 2 3 4 "Edith Bry, Artist, 92; Noted for Her Glass In a 75-Year Career". New York Times. New York, New York. 1991-01-30. p. D20.
  37. ↑ Edward Alden Jewell (1941-05-22). "Exhibition Is Held by Art Federation". New York Times. New York, New York. p. 24.
  38. ↑ "Group Art Shows at Galleries Here: Summer Displays at Heller's, Schaefer's and Hartley's". New York Times. New York, New York. 1951-06-22. p. 23. To my mind the best painting here is Edith Bry's "One." She has a sound working knowledge of how to make color operate essentially in design.
  39. ↑ "Many Art Gallery Openings This Week". The New York Post. New York, New York. 1932-02-06. Edith Bry contributes a group in which three handsome still lifes make particular impression in their good spacial design and pleasing relation of color. "Atavic," red cabbage, an egg plant and a bunch of beets is the most effective in its plangent scale of chromatic notes. It is difficult to decide whether the atavism implied lies in the vegetables or the source of their production—it matters not; it is an excellent canvas, showing a good integration of color in form.
  40. ↑ "In the Galleries". Brooklyn Daily Eagle. Brooklyn, New York. 1932-01-31. p. E6. Edith Bry, the third member of the group, but not from Brooklyn, is an accomplished still-life painter, arranging her subject matter in compositions as interesting for their color harmonies as they are for their harmonies of form, if the latter is a correct esthetic term. "Jade," for example, is a harmony in green and the materials used are green vegetables—cabbages, peas and chard. "Deep Tones" is a harmony in pinks and purples, eggplant and pinish turnips serving as the material from which she develops the color orchestrations.
  41. ↑ "Edith Bry's Exhibit at the Grant Gallery". The New York Post. New York, New York. 1935-04-06. Edith Bry, who has been showing at various galleries, is holding an exhibition of paintings at the Grant Gallery. Her canvases include flowing pieces, landscapes and figures in landscape (Mexican scenes). This artist, who works, and successfully, in different mediums, has a flair for composition; she places the objects in her still lifes in pleasing relations of form and space; the flowers in her bouquets have a spacial existence, air flows between the blossoms and around them; in her landscapes she finds a scale that gives significance to he slope of valleys and rise of hills.
  42. ↑ G. Wayne Dowdy (2017-12-01). "Bry's store added to Memphis economy". The Best Times. Retrieved 2020-05-15.
  43. ↑ Carolyn Gray LeMaster (1994). Corner of the Tapestry: a History of the Jewish Experience in Arkansas, 1820s-1990s. University of Arkansas Press. p. 199. ISBN 978-1-61075-113-1.
  44. ↑ "Historic Memphis Department Stores are 'History'". Historic Memphis. Retrieved 2020-05-15.
  45. ↑ Albert Nelson Marquis (1912). The Book of St. Louisans: A Biographical Dictionary of Leading Living Men of the City of St. Louis and Vicinity. St. Louis republic. p. 91.
  46. ↑ "Louis Bry, 1906". "United States Passport Applications, 1795-1925," database with images, FamilySearch; citing Passport Application, Missouri, United States, source certificate #9995, Passport Applications, January 2, 1906 - March 31, 1925, 5, NARA microfilm publications M1490 and M1372 (Washington D.C.: National Archives and Records Administration, n.d.). Retrieved 2020-04-28.
  47. ↑ Pennsylvania. Secretary of the Commonwealth (1915). Alphabetical List of Charters of Corporations Enrolled in the Office of the Secretary of the Commonwealth Together with an Alphabetical List of Foreign Corporations Registered. p. 255.
  48. 1 2 "Twenty-Six New Members Elected". Bulletin of the Merchants' Association of New York. The Association. 13 (36): 5. 1924-10-13.
  49. ↑ "New Incorporations". New York Times. New York, New York. 1915-11-17. p. 14. Edwin & Louis Bry, textile fabrics, $5,000 790 Riverside Dr.
  50. ↑ "Pennsylvania". American Wool and Cotton Reporter. 36 (7): 957. 1922-02-16.
  51. ↑ "Dr. M.E. Bry, Member of Stock Exchange". New York Times. New York, New York. 1955-09-12. p. 25.
  52. 1 2 3 "Louis Bry Left $200,000". New York Times. New York, New York. 1928-07-14. p. 17.
  53. ↑ "Society News". St.Louis Post-Dispatch. St. Louis, Missouri. 1890-04-24. p. 3.
  54. ↑ Who's who in Engineering. John W. Leonard Corporation. 1922. p. 13.
  55. ↑ "Annette Levy Married". New York Times. New York, New York. 1955-06-28. p. 22.
  56. ↑ "Marianne Gupta Is the Bride of Dr. Bry Benjamin". New York Times. New York, New York. 1982-01-02. p. 36.
  57. ↑ "Paid Notice: Deaths: Benjamin, Dr". New York Times. New York, New York. 2009-01-25. p. A33.
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