Emma Amos
Amos in her studio in the 1990s
Born(1937-03-16)16 March 1937
Atlanta, Georgia, US
Died20 May 2020(2020-05-20) (aged 83)
Bedford, New Hampshire, US
NationalityAmerican
Education
Known forPostmodernist African-American painter and printmaker
StyleShe combines printmaking, painting and textile in her works, usually on linen and large and unframed.
Websiteemmaamos.com

Emma Amos (16 March 1937 – 20 May 2020) was a postmodern African-American painter and printmaker.

Early life

Amos was born in Atlanta, Georgia in 1937[1] to India DeLaine Amos and Miles Green Amos.[2] She also has an older brother named Larry.[3] Amos took an interest in art at an early age, creating "masses of paper dolls" and learning figure drawing from issues of Esquire and the art of Alberto Vargas, was painting the figure by the age of nine. Her mother had aspirations of Amos studying with Hale Woodruff, but he did not accept many private students and left the area before she had the opportunity to study with him.[4]

At eleven, Amos took a course at Morris Brown College, where she worked on her draftsmanship and took note of the work that African American college students were producing at the time.[5] By high school, Amos was submitting her work to Atlanta University art shows. She graduated from Booker T. Washington High School in Atlanta at the age of 16, and applied to Antioch College, because of their progressive policies.[4]

Her father exposed her to black intelligentsia; Zora Neale Hurston frequently visited and W.E.B. Du Bois once called on the family.[5]

Education

Amos studied at Antioch College in Yellow Springs, Ohio, at the Central School of Art and Design in London and at New York University.[5][6] While at Antioch, Amos worked for half of the year, and studied for the remainder. She worked in Chicago, New York, and in Washington, D.C., which enabled her to visit galleries and museums, which had been less accessible in Atlanta. Her fourth year at Antioch, she went to England and studied at the London Central School of Art, where she learned to print and etch under Anthony Harrison, and began to paint with oils, which she had not done before.[7] Amos received her BFA degree from Antioch in 1958,[8] then went back to London for her degree in etching, which she received in 1959 after two years of study.[8][7] The following year Amos moved to New York City to start working with two printmaking studios.[8] Later on she received her MA at New York University (NYU).[8]

Career

Amos moved to New York City after feeling stunted by the slow move of the Atlanta art scene. Amos was not expecting the level of racism, sexism, and ageism that she encountered upon moving to New York. Galleries would not accept her under the premise that she was too young to show, and studio teaching jobs rejected her on the grounds that, "We're not hiring right now".[9] Amos was told by both Cooper Union and the Art Students League that they were not hiring after she applied for a teaching position.[10] The difficulty of entering work into galleries led her to teach as an assistant at the Dalton School where she met artists and was introduced to the New York and East Hampton art scene, where she experienced difficulty showing her work in a "man's scene." It was also around this time that Emma Amos began her career as a textile designer, working for the weaver and colorist Dorothy Liebes, where her designs were translated into unique carpets.

In New York, Amos joined the printmaking studios of Letterio Calapai (a part of Stanley William Hayter's Paris Atelier 17) and Robert Blackburn's Printmaking Workshop.[10] Despite the difficulty African Americans face in entering the art scene, as there is often a lack of access to dealers and curators, Amos persevered and received her M.A. from New York University in 1966. While at NYU, she became reacquainted with Hale Woodruff, who was a professor there at the time.

At the age of 23, Amos had a meeting with Woodruff for a critique of her prints, and he told her about Spiral. The group was a collective of approximately fifteen prominent African American artists, founded in 1963 by Romare Bearden, Charles Alston, Norman Lewis, and Hale Woodruff. The group was interested in discussions of Négritude, a philosophy born out of opposition to French colonialism and centered around encouraging a common racial identity for black Africans around the world. Spiral was formed out of the Works Progress Administration and the Harlem Renaissance. Woodruff took some of her work to one of their meetings at their rented storefront, and the members of the group liked her work enough to invite her to join as their first and only female member.[11] Amos thought it strange that no other women artists were asked to join the group, even though they were acquainted with the members of Spiral.

Amos felt that joining Spiral would be useful because she did not know many artists in New York at the time. Amos worked full-time as a designer during the day, and studied full-time in the evenings, and made time to paint on the weekends. In May 1965, Spiral rented a gallery space at 147 Christopher Street, where the group had their first and only exhibit. Amos displayed an etching entitled Without a Feather Boa, which has since been lost. This etching was a nude self-portrait bust that depicted Amos "staring indifferently at the viewer from behind a pair of dark sunglasses."[12] Prior to Spiral, Amos was resistant towards the idea of "black art" and galleries that only showed work by African Americans, but she came to understand that these were often the only options available to black artists at the time, and also learned how to integrate race and sex politics into her work without her work becoming dominated by the process of political engagement.

Spiral stopped meeting shortly after 1965, when rising rent prices lost them their gallery and meeting space on the Lower East Side. During the 1970s, Amos went on to teach textile design at the Newark School of Fine and Industrial Arts, weaving on her own looms at Threadbare, a yarn and weaving shop on Bleecker Street and thrived as a weaver due to the propagation of weaving and fabric art within the Feminist Art Movement.[10]

Amos originated and co-hosted Show of Hands, a crafts show for WGBH-TV in Boston in 1977–79, and later became a Professor at the Mason Gross School of the Arts at Rutgers University.[13]

Amos designed the memorial for Ralph David Abernathy a civil rights leader and activist, which is made up of four installations and is located in the Ralph David Abernathy Memorial Park in Atlanta, GA.[14]

Her piece Measuring Measuring (1995)[15] was used as the front cover image for the African American women artists historical text, Creating Their Own Image: The History of the African American Women Artists by Lisa E. Farrington.[16]

Style

Tumbling After (1986) at the Baltimore Museum of Art in 2022

Amos combined printmaking, painting and textile in her self-referential works, usually on linen, large scale, and unframed. She used acrylic paint, etching, silkscreen, collagraph, photo transfer effects with iron-on fabric, and African textiles. She borrowed schema, subject matter and symbols from European art while pictorially quoting artists like Paul Gauguin, Malcolm Morley, Lucian Freud, and Henri Matisse. Amos demonstrated the deconstructive license of postmodernist works in her use of applications from several disciplines on the same picture plane, making a "seamless work of art."[13]

As well as bordering her paintings with African fabric, Amos sewed, appliqued, embroidered and occasionally quilted with her own weavings, Kente cloth and batiks.[17] The scale and textural layering of the work resembles forms often found in European prestige tapestries and the African diaspora.[13]

Art museum director, Sharon Patton, summarizes her oeuvre thus:

[Amos's] sequence of paintings is anecdotal, but the objective of each is the same: to argue constructively against norms in the field of art as well as society. Her responses are reactive and reflexive; she ably uses her paintings as a means to analyze and assess cultural production, authorship, meaning and consumption. Amos is quintessentially postmodern because she questions the validity of canonical traditions and institutions that for so long have been biased against the inclusion of women and artists of color, especially blacks.[13]

Among the variety of mixed media that Amos uses in her work, the main subject is often figurative. Unlike many figurative artists Amos did not like to paint the nude figure. She liked painting clothed figures because she believed that painting the nude figure is sexist, and that clothing shows culture.[11]

During her time at Central School of Art, Amos studied abstract painting, and produced some Abstract Expressionist work for a period. After a while she deemed abstraction too easy and arbitrary, so she returned to painting the figure because it was more challenging. This influence remained present in her figurative work.[11]

Amos used her art to explore themes of race and sex, contending that the very act of being black while an artist is political in nature. She cited well-known White, male artists, such as Picasso and Gauguin, who were praised for including subjects of color into their work, while African American artists were seemingly expected to paint other subjects of color. Amos incorporated white subjects into her art, particularly images of the Ku Klux Klan, challenging this assumption.[10][18]

Feminism

The retrospective Emma Amos: Color Odyssey appeared at the Munson-Williams-Proctor Arts Institute in Utica, New York in 2021[19]

Amos admitted that being from the South, as an African American woman, she had always been aware of the adversities she faced in her everyday life. However, in relation to Feminism, Amos did not become actively involved until the late 1980s.[11] Before this time, in the early 1970s, while raising children, Amos was invited to join a Feminist Group of artists that met in New York City parks. When choosing whether or not to attend, Amos stated, "From what I heard of feminist discussions in the park, the experiences of black women of any class were left out. I came from a line of working women who were not only mothers, but breadwinners, cultured, educated, and who had been treated as equals by their black husbands. I felt I could not afford to spend precious time away from studio and family to listen to stories so far removed from my own."[7]

It was not until the early 1980s, after she began teaching at Mason Gross of Arts at Rutgers University in New Jersey where she decided to participate in the feminist group Heresies. Within this group, women worked together, from all backgrounds, to publish pieces of artwork and writing of unknown women artists, published in a series of magazines and discussions. When speaking on the group, she declared, "And that's what Heresies became for me. All of my disdain for white feminists disappeared, because we were all in the same boat. We just came to the boat from different spaces."[20] She edited the collective's journal Heresies: A Feminist Publication on Art and Politics.[21]

Emma Amos was also a member of the anonymous feminist group Guerilla Girls and used the pseudonym Zora Neale Hurston.[22] Amos was also briefly involved with A.I.R. or Artists in Residency Gallery,[23] known for being the first artist-run gallery for women in the United States of America.[24] For numerous years, Amos also attended meetings with the group, Fantastic Women in the Arts. This group also explored the artwork and writings of many female artists, but also focused on how the revolution in the 1960s and 1970s, concerning education on racism and sexism, failed to actually make any difference for black Americans or women. It is in this group that Amos discussed the privilege of white Americans, and how that was evident in the arts in everyday life.[7] Amos stayed active in her involvement in these issues and providing education to younger generations, however, keeping groups going seemed to her to be the hardest challenge.[7] Amos felt that "artists who are not white, young, and straight, and who are openly political, and feminist, seem to still be on the margins. [She] hope[s] we all will see more change soon."[7]

Legacy

Amos retired from teaching in 2008 and made a point to visit her students' exhibitions to support them. Her works in the 2017 Soul of a Nation Tate show inspired a collection from designer Duro Olowu.[21]

Amos died of complications of Alzheimer's disease on May 20, 2020 at the age of 83.[25][26] In 2021, Emma Amos: Color Odyssey, a retrospective of her work organized by Shawnya Harris, opened at Georgia Museum of Art before traveling.[27][28]

Amos' work was included in the 2022 exhibition Women Painting Women at the Modern Art Museum of Fort Worth.[29]

Notable works in public collections

References

  1. ↑ "Emma Amos". The Museum of Modern Art. Retrieved 2 June 2020.
  2. ↑ Klacsmann, Karen T. "Emma Amos (b. 1937)". New Georgia Encyclopedia. Retrieved 14 March 2017.
  3. ↑ "Oral history interview with Emma Amos, 2011 November 19-26". www.aaa.si.edu. Retrieved 2 December 2021.
  4. 1 2 Murray, Al (3 October 1968). "Interview with Emma Amos". aaa.si.edu. Archives of American Art, Smithsonian Institution. Retrieved 24 February 2018.
  5. 1 2 3 Farris, Phoebe (1999). Women artists of color: a bio-critical sourcebook to 20th century artists in the Americas. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press. pp. 231–238. ISBN 978-0-313-09111-7. OCLC 607117768. Retrieved 24 February 2018.
  6. ↑ Painter, Nell Irvin (2006). Creating Black Americans: African-American history and its meanings, 1619 to the present. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 418. ISBN 9-780195137552. OCLC 607522345.
  7. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Lippard, Lucy R. (1991). "Floating Falling Landing: An Interview with Emma Amos". Art Papers. 15 (6): 13–16.
  8. 1 2 3 4 Marter, Joan (20 October 2006). "Amos, Emma". Grove Art Online. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/gao/9781884446054.article.t2021445.
  9. ↑ Farrington, Lisa E. (2005). Creating Their Own Image: the history of African-American women artists. Oxford & New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 157–163. ISBN 978-0-19-516721-4. OCLC 1148590525 – via Internet Archive.
  10. 1 2 3 4 Farrington, Lisa E. "Emma Amos: Art as Legacy." Woman's ArtJournal 28, no. 1 (2007): 3-11.
  11. 1 2 3 4 Thompson, Mildred. "Interview: Emma Amos." Art Papers 19 (1999): 21-23. Print.
  12. ↑ Farrington, Lisa E. (1 January 2007). "Emma Amos: Art as Legacy". Woman's Art Journal. 28 (1): 3–11. JSTOR 20358105.
  13. 1 2 3 4 Patton, Sharon F. "Emma Amos: Thinking Paint" catalogue notes, Oxford University Press, 1998. Print.
  14. ↑ "City of Atlanta, Mayor's Office of Cultural Affairs | We Will Not Forget". Retrieved 2 December 2021.
  15. ↑ "Measuring, Measuring | Birmingham Museum of Art". 9 November 2021. Retrieved 7 December 2021.
  16. ↑ "Creating Their Own Image". Hurston/Wright Foundation. Retrieved 7 December 2021.
  17. ↑ Farrington, Lisa (2005). Creating Their Own Image. New York, New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 161. ISBN 978-0-19-516721-4.
  18. ↑ Weathers, Diane, Essence. Emma Amos: `Painting white'. Sep 1994, Vol 25. Issue 5.
  19. ↑ "Emma Amos: Color Odyssey". Munson Williams Proctor Arts Institute. Retrieved 19 August 2021.
  20. ↑ The Heretics. Dir. Joan Braderman. Prod. Crescent Diamond. No More Nice Girls Productions, 2009. Web.
  21. 1 2 Durón, Maximilíano (30 April 2021). "How Emma Amos's Art and Activism Powerfully Confronted Racism and Sexism". ARTnews.com. Retrieved 4 February 2022.
  22. ↑ "America Goddam :: AEQAI". Retrieved 27 November 2021.
  23. ↑ "NY ARTIST PROGRAM". A.I.R. Retrieved 2 December 2021.
  24. ↑ "Oral history interview with Emma Amos, 2011 November 19-26". www.aaa.si.edu. Retrieved 2 December 2021.
  25. ↑ Greenberger, Alex (22 May 2020). "Emma Amos, Imaginative Painter Who Attacked Racism Through Figuration, Is Dead at 83". ARTnews.com. Retrieved 2 June 2020.
  26. ↑ Cotter, Holland (29 May 2020). "Emma Amos, Painter Who Challenged Racism and Sexism, Dies at 83". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2 June 2020.
  27. ↑ Salisbury, Stephan (29 November 2021). "Emma Amos' artwork is celebrated in a traveling retrospective at the Philadelphia Museum of Art". inquirer.com. Retrieved 4 February 2022.
  28. ↑ "Emma Amos: Color Odyssey". Georgia Museum of Art at the University of Georgia. Retrieved 4 February 2022.
  29. ↑ "Women Painting Women". Modern Art Museum of Fort Worth. Retrieved 14 May 2022.
  30. ↑ "Without Feather Boa". ClevelandArt. Cleveland Museum of Art. 7 December 2021. Archived from the original on 7 July 2022. Retrieved 26 December 2022.
  31. ↑ "Without Feather Boa". MoMA. Museum of Modern Art. Archived from the original on 26 December 2022. Retrieved 26 December 2022.
  32. ↑ "Without Feather Boa". Whitney. Whitney Museum. Archived from the original on 26 December 2022. Retrieved 26 December 2022.
  33. ↑ "Baby". Whitney. Whitney Museum. Archived from the original on 26 December 2022. Retrieved 26 December 2022.
  34. ↑ "Flower Sniffer". Brooklyn Museum. Archived from the original on 17 May 2022. Retrieved 26 December 2022.
  35. ↑ "Godzilla". MWPAI. Munson-Williams-Proctor Arts Institute. Archived from the original on 26 December 2022. Retrieved 26 December 2022.
  36. ↑ "Summer, 1968". MMAA. Minnesota Museum of American Art. Archived from the original on 26 December 2022. Retrieved 26 December 2022.
  37. ↑ "3 Ladies". ArtIC. Art Institute of Chicago. 1970. Archived from the original on 15 December 2022. Retrieved 26 December 2022.
  38. ↑ "3 Ladies". MoMA. Museum of Modern Art. Archived from the original on 27 May 2022. Retrieved 26 December 2022.
  39. ↑ "3 Ladies". PhilaMuseum. Philadelphia Museum of Art. Archived from the original on 26 December 2022. Retrieved 26 December 2022.
  40. ↑ "Sandy and Her Husband". ClevelandArt. Cleveland Museum of Art. 30 October 2018. Archived from the original on 8 August 2022. Retrieved 26 December 2022.
  41. ↑ "American Girl". British Museum. Archived from the original on 25 June 2022. Retrieved 26 December 2022.
  42. ↑ "American Girl". LOC. Library of Congress. Archived from the original on 26 December 2022. Retrieved 26 December 2022.
  43. ↑ "American Girl". MoMA. Museum of Modern Art. Archived from the original on 15 January 2022. Retrieved 26 December 2022.
  44. ↑ "American Girl". PhilaMuseum. Philadelphia Museum of Art. Archived from the original on 1 July 2022. Retrieved 26 December 2022.
  45. ↑ "American Girl". SI. Smithsonian Institution. Archived from the original on 26 December 2022. Retrieved 26 December 2022.
  46. ↑ "Dream Girl". MFAH. Museum of Fine Arts, Houston. Archived from the original on 26 December 2022. Retrieved 26 December 2022.
  47. ↑ "Pool Lady". NGA. National Gallery of Art. 1980. Archived from the original on 26 December 2022. Retrieved 26 December 2022.
  48. ↑ "Sand Tan". LOC. Library of Congress. Archived from the original on 26 December 2022. Retrieved 26 December 2022.
  49. ↑ "To Sit (With Porchoir)". ArtBMA. Baltimore Museum of Art. Archived from the original on 26 December 2022. Retrieved 26 December 2022.
  50. ↑ "To Sit (With Porchoir)". PhilaMuseum. Philadelphia Museum of Art. Archived from the original on 1 July 2022. Retrieved 26 December 2022.
  51. ↑ "To Sit". Princeton Art Museum. Princeton University. Archived from the original on 26 December 2022. Retrieved 26 December 2022.
  52. ↑ "Out in Front". ArtsMIA. Minneapolis Institute of Art. Archived from the original on 26 December 2022. Retrieved 26 December 2022.
  53. ↑ "Winning". SI. Smithsonian Institution. Archived from the original on 26 December 2022. Retrieved 26 December 2022.
  54. ↑ "Black Dog Blues". ArtIC. Art Institute of Chicago. 1983. Archived from the original on 17 August 2022. Retrieved 26 December 2022.
  55. ↑ "Take One". MoMA. Museum of Modern Art. Archived from the original on 1 July 2022. Retrieved 26 December 2022.
  56. ↑ "Equals". DIA. Detroit Institute of Arts. Archived from the original on 26 December 2022. Retrieved 26 December 2022.
  57. ↑ "Mississippi Wagon 1937". British Museum. Archived from the original on 26 December 2022. Retrieved 26 December 2022.
  58. ↑ "Baggage". Wadsworth Atheneum. Archived from the original on 26 December 2022. Retrieved 26 December 2022.
  59. ↑ "Reminders GA & FL". Williams. Williams College. Archived from the original on 26 December 2022. Retrieved 26 December 2022.
  60. ↑ "Sold". Whitney. Whitney Museum. Archived from the original on 20 October 2021. Retrieved 26 December 2022.
  61. ↑ "Sold". Yale Art Gallery. Yale University. Archived from the original on 26 December 2022. Retrieved 26 December 2022.
  62. ↑ "Tightrope". ArtsMIA. Minneapolis Institute of Art. Archived from the original on 26 December 2022. Retrieved 26 December 2022.
  63. ↑ "About Whiteness (Red)". Whitney. Whitney Museum. Archived from the original on 26 December 2022. Retrieved 26 December 2022.
  64. ↑ "Measuring, Measuring". ArtsBMA. Birmingham Museum of Art. Archived from the original on 19 December 2022. Retrieved 26 December 2022.
  65. ↑ "Solo". SFMoMA. San Francisco Museum of Modern Art. Archived from the original on 31 August 2021. Retrieved 26 December 2022.
  66. ↑ "Crown". ArtsMIA. Minneapolis Institute of Art. Archived from the original on 29 September 2020. Retrieved 26 December 2022.
  67. ↑ "Crown". NGA. National Gallery of Art. Archived from the original on 26 December 2022. Retrieved 26 December 2022.
  68. ↑ "Crown". Princeton Art Museum. Princeton University. Archived from the original on 26 December 2022. Retrieved 26 December 2022.
  69. ↑ "Miss Otis". PhilaMuseum. Philadelphia Museum of Art. Retrieved 26 December 2022.
  70. ↑ "Miss Otis". Telfair. Telfair Museums. Archived from the original on 26 December 2022. Retrieved 26 December 2022.
  71. ↑ "Identity". MoMA. Museum of Modern Art. Archived from the original on 25 April 2021. Retrieved 26 December 2022.
  72. ↑ "Identity". Five Colleges Museum. Mount Holyoke College. Archived from the original on 26 December 2022. Retrieved 26 December 2022.
  73. ↑ "Identity". Zimmerli. Rutgers University. Archived from the original on 26 December 2022. Retrieved 26 December 2022.

Further reading

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