Encrusted Pottery culture
Geographical rangeHungary, Croatia, Serbia, Romania
PeriodBronze Age
Datesca. 2000 BC - 14th century BC
Preceded byKisapostag culture, Somogyvár-Vinkovci culture
Followed byVatin culture, Tumulus culture, Urnfield culture

The Encrusted Pottery culture was an archaeological culture of the Early to Middle Bronze Age (c. 2000-1400 BC) originating in the Transdanubian region of western Hungary.[1][2] It emerged from the Kisapostag culture, which was preceded by the Somogyvár-Vinkovci culture.[3] The Encrusted Pottery culture expanded eastwards and southwards along the Danube into parts of Croatia, Serbia, Romania and Bulgaria in response to migrations from the northwest by the Tumulus culture, resulting in the emergence of groups such as Dubovác–Žuto Brdo in Serbia and Gârla Mare–Cârna in Romania, which are considered to be southern manifestations of the Encrusted Pottery culture.[4][5] The culture was named after its distinctive pottery decorated with incised designs inlaid with white lime, and southern groups are notable for the production of figurines or idols decorated in the same style. Stylistic similarities have also been noted between Encrusted Pottery artefacts and artefacts from Mycenaean Greece.[6]

Genetic profile

Four Y-DNA testings from the Balatonkeresztúr mass grave burial dated to the Encrusted Pottery Culture can be assigned to I2a-M223>>L1229 which is I2a2a1b (group I2a-M223 was present in Megalithic cultures from the British Isles to today’s Czechia), while two males' Y-DNA could be assigned to the R1b-Z2103 clade, which appears in contemporaneous populations such as in Bell Beaker period samples from Hungary or a Vucedol culture associated individual from Croatia (in whichever case the most ancient samples come from the Pontic steppes). The ancestry composition of the eight individuals buried was ~29% hunter-gatherer, ~46% European farmer, ~25% western steppe herder. Some individuals had up to ~47% Mesolithic hunter-gatherer ancestry, despite this component being thought to be highly diluted by the time of the Early Bronze Age.[7]

See also

References

  1. ↑ Kiss, Viktória (2012). Middle Bronze Age Encrusted Pottery in Western Hungary. Archaeolingua. ISBN 978-963-9911-37-6.
  2. ↑ Szeverényi, Vajk; Fischl, Klara (January 2013). "Transformations in the Carpathian Basin around 1600 BC". In Meller, Harald; Bertemes, Francois (eds.). 1600 – Cultural change in the shadow of the Thera-Eruption?. Landesamt für Denkmalpflege und Archäologie Sachsen-Anhalt. pp. 355–371.
  3. ↑ Kulcsár, Gabriella (2003). "The Early Bronze Age". In Visy, Zsolt (ed.). Hungarian Archaeology at the Turn of the Millennium (PDF). Ministry of National Cultural Heritage. pp. 148–149. ISBN 9638629185. The close of the Early Bronze Age saw the arrival of new, southern population groups to the territory earlier occupied by the Somogyvár–Vinkovci culture. These groups blended with the local population, giving rise to the Kisapostag culture. ... It is difficult to draw a sharp boundary between the Early and Middle Bronze Age since the layer sequence of certain tells indicates a peaceful and continuous development, although ethnic, economic and historic changes can be noted, as a result of which three major cultural and regional units can be distinguished in the Middle Bronze Age (19th–14th centuries B.C.): the Encrusted Pottery culture of Transdanubia, practicing a Central European economy, the tell cultures of the Tisza region and the Vatya culture – distributed partly in Transdanubia and partly in the Danube–Tisza interfluve – the latter two both part of the southern cultural koine.
  4. ↑ Kiss, Viktória (2011). "The role of the Danube in the Early and Middle Bronze Age of the Carpathian Basin". In Kovács, Gy.; Kulcsár, G. (eds.). Ten Thousand years along the Danube. Archaeolingua. pp. 226–231.
  5. ↑ Cavazzuti, Claudio (2022). "The First 'Urnfields' in the Plains of the Danube and the Po". Journal of World Prehistory. 35: 45–86. doi:10.1007/s10963-022-09164-0. hdl:10831/85720. S2CID 247555868. The first group that meets all essential criteria of the Urnfield package in the Danube area is Dubovac–Žuto Brdo–Gârla Mare (DŽG), a southern manifestation of the large supra-regional phenomenon known as 'Danubian Encrusted Pottery'
  6. ↑ Boardman, John; Edwards, I.E.S; Hammond, N.G.L; Sollberger, E., eds. (1982). "1. The Prehistory of Romania, VII. The Bronze Age". The Cambridge Ancient History, Volume 3, Part 1 (Second ed.). p. 179. ISBN 978-0521224963. In the formation of the Dubovac—Zuto Brdo group an important role must certainly have been played by the influence of the neighbouring West Pannonian encrusted pottery. The great similarity between the idols of this group and those of Mycenaean art has often been pointed out. Moreover, the link between the Dupljaja cart and the Hyperborean myth of Apollo, as well as the appearance of Greek meanders on pottery and the discovery at the Ceramicus cemetery in Athens of later vessels and figurines with similar ornamentation, suggests connexions with the world of Greece. For the present the question remains open whether one sees here a wider spiritual koine in the Balkan Peninsula or the participation of the bearers of our group in Aegean migrations farther south.
  7. ↑ Gerber, Dániel; et, alii (2022), Interdisciplinary analyses of Bronze Age communities from Western Hungary reveal complex population histories, doi:10.1101/2022.02.03.478968
  8. ↑ Kiss, Viktória (2012). Middle Bronze Age Encrusted Pottery in Western Hungary. Archaeolingua. p. 220. ISBN 978-963-9911-37-6. the stray gold lock-rings found in transdanubia are usually linked to the Encrusted Pottery culture, together with the hoards brought to light at uzdborjád/Kölesd–Hangospuszta, nagyberki–Kisberki and in the Pécs area (Fig. 5).


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