Golden Summer, Eaglemont, painted in 1889 by Heidelberg School artist Arthur Streeton, shows the then-rural suburb of Heidelberg during an El Niño drought. The area has since undergone urbanisation as part of the city's continued sprawl outwards.

Like many urban areas, Melbourne, the capital city of Victoria, Australia, faces environmental issues, many related to the city's large urban footprint and urban sprawl and the demand for infrastructure and services.

Impact of drought

One such issue is the impact of drought on water supply. Periodic droughts and consistently high summer temperatures deplete Melbourne's water supplies, and climate change may exacerbate the long-term impact of these factors.[1]

During the Millennium drought, the Bracks Government implemented water restrictions and a range of other options including water recycling, incentives for household water tanks, greywater systems, water consumption awareness initiatives, and other water-saving and reuse initiatives. But as water storages continued to fall further measures were required; in June 2007 the Bracks Government announced the construction of the $3.1 billion Wonthaggi desalination plant,[2] and the so-called North-South Pipeline from the Goulburn Valley in Victoria's north to Melbourne. Neither project was used extensively before the drought broke during 2010, and therefore both have been criticised as 'white elephants'.[3]

Response to climate change

In response to attribution of recent climate change, in 2002 the City of Melbourne set a target to reduce carbon emissions to net zero by 2020[4] and Moreland City Council established the Zero Moreland program. Not all metropolitan municipalities have followed suit, with the City of Glen Eira notably deciding in 2009 not to become carbon-neutral.[5]

Melbourne has one of the largest urban footprints in the world due to its low-density housing, resulting in a vast suburban sprawl, with a high level of car dependence and minimal public transport outside of inner areas.[6]

Much of the vegetation within the city is non-native species, most of European origin, including many invasive species and noxious weeds.[7] Significant introduced urban pests include the common myna,[8] feral pigeon,[9] brown rat,[10][11] European wasp,[12] common starling and red fox.[13] Many outlying suburbs, particularly towards the Yarra Valley and the hills to the northeast and east, have gone for extended periods without regenerative fires leading to a lack of saplings and undergrowth in urbanised native bushland. The Department of Sustainability and Environment partially addresses this problem by regularly burning off.[14][15] Responsibility for regulating pollution falls under the jurisdiction of the EPA Victoria and several local councils.

Air quality, by world standards, is classified as good.[16] Summer and autumn are the worst times of year for atmospheric haze in the urban area.[17][18]

Dredging in Melbourne

An environmental issue that was raised in Melbourne in 2008 was the Victorian government project of channel deepening Melbourne Ports by dredging Port Phillip Bay—the Port Phillip Channel Deepening Project. It was subject to controversy and strict regulations among fears that beaches and marine wildlife could be affected by the disturbance of heavy metals and other industrial sediments.[19][20]

Other issues

Other major pollution problems in Melbourne include levels of bacteria including E. coli in the Yarra River and its tributaries caused by septic systems,[21] as well as litter. Up to 350,000 cigarette butts enter the storm water runoff every day.[22] Several programs are being implemented to minimise beach and river pollution.[19][23] In February 2010, The Transition Decade, an initiative to transition human society, economics and environment toward sustainability, was launched in Melbourne.[24]

References

  1. ↑ "Water Storages: Water Report". Melbourne Water. 26 June 2009. Archived from the original on 27 October 2009. Retrieved 21 June 2010.
  2. ↑ Rood, David (20 September 2007). "Desal plant to be public-private deal". The Age. Melbourne: Fairfax Media. Retrieved 18 July 2008.
  3. ↑ "Victoria's desalination plant to take 33 extra years to pay off under Melbourne Water plan". Australian Broadcasting Corporation. 17 July 2015. Retrieved 12 January 2017.
  4. ↑ "Re-directing to Home Page". Melbourne Water. Archived from the original on 11 October 2010. Retrieved 21 June 2010.
  5. ↑ Riordan, Paul. "Glen Eira against green tide". News. Archived from the original on 9 October 2009. Retrieved 21 June 2010.
  6. ↑ Cardew, R; Fanning, P; George, J (1998). Urban Footprints and Stormwater Management: A Council Survey. Australian Institute of Urban Studies. pp. 16–25.
  7. ↑ "Target Species for Biological Control". Australian Weeds Committee. Archived from the original on 15 October 2008. Retrieved 29 September 2008.
  8. ↑ Thompson, Jeremy (1 July 2002). "Scientists declare war on Indian mynah". Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved 18 July 2008.
  9. ↑ Bradbury, Garth (7 September 2004). "Update on Pigeon Management Issue" (PDF). City of Melbourne. Archived from the original (PDF) on 1 October 2008. Retrieved 22 October 2008.
  10. ↑ "Victoria a Rat's Nest". Herald Sun. News Corporation. 1 August 2009. Retrieved 7 July 2012.
  11. ↑ Benson, Eugene (21 July 2009). "Rodent Rampage". Fairfax. Archived from the original on 16 October 2009. Retrieved 21 June 2010.
  12. ↑ "The picnickers nightmare: European wasp". CSIRO. Retrieved 18 July 2008.
  13. ↑ Marks, C.A. & Bloomfield, T.E. (1999) Distribution and density estimates for urban foxes (Vulpes vulpes) in Melbourne: implications for rabies control
  14. ↑ "Fire and Biodiversity: The Effects and Effectiveness of Fire Management". Australian Government — Department of environment. Archived from the original on 2 August 2008. Retrieved 29 September 2008.
  15. ↑ Murray, Robert; White, Kate; Kock, P. (1995). State of Fire: A History of Volunteer Firefighting and the Country Fire Authority in Victoria. Hargreen. pp. 339 pages. ISBN 0-949905-63-1.
  16. ↑ Environment (2022-10-27). "Victorian Air Quality Strategy". Environment. Retrieved 2023-12-18.
  17. ↑ Lucas, Clay; Millar, Royce (11 March 2008). "Victoria: the garden state or greenhouse capital?". The Age. Melbourne. Retrieved 29 September 2008.
  18. ↑ CSIRO: Marine and atmospheric research. "Urban and regional air pollution". CSIRO. Archived from the original on 23 February 2008. Retrieved 18 July 2008.
  19. 1 2 "Beach Report 2007–08" (PDF). EPA. Archived from the original (PDF) on 1 October 2008. Retrieved 29 September 2008.
  20. ↑ "Garrett approves Port Phillip Bay dredging". ABC News. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. 5 February 2008. Retrieved 18 July 2008.
  21. ↑ Gardiner, Ashley (31 May 2008). "E coli running riot in Yarra River". Herald Sun. Melbourne: News Corporation. Retrieved 18 July 2008.
  22. ↑ Australian Institute of Urban Studies and City of Melbourne. "AIUS Indicators". Environmental indicators for Metropolitan Melbourne. Australian Institute of Urban Studies. Archived from the original on 13 November 2007. Retrieved 18 July 2008.
  23. ↑ "Victoria's Litter reduction Strategy" (PDF). State Government of Victoria. Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 July 2008. Retrieved 29 September 2008.
  24. ↑ "Transition decade launch". Beyond Zero Emissions. 19 January 2010. Archived from the original on 12 February 2010. Retrieved 21 June 2010.
This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.