Dublin

The Malleys moved to Dublin in 1906 when Ernie was still a boy.^[19][20] The 1911 census lists them living at 7 Iona Drive, Glasnevin, a northern suburb.^[21] His father obtained a post with the Congested Districts Board and later became a senior civil servant.^[22][23] O'Malley considered that he received a reasonably good education at school, where he "rubbed shoulders with all classes and conditions".^[20] He was later to win a scholarship to study medicine at University College Dublin.^[24] Joseph Devlin, the Belfast nationalist MP, visited O'Malley's Christian Brothers school in North Richmond St and made a very favourable impression on the boy.^[25]

However, he was less impressed by the visit of King Edward VII to Dublin in July 1907, when he was aged ten, noting that he "didn't like the English" and spelt "king" with a small letter.^[26] O'Malley heard James Larkin and James Connolly speak during the great Dublin lock-out of 1913–1914. He witnessed heavy violence by the police and was in favour of the strikers' cause.^[27] He also observed the Irish Citizen Army drilling.^[27] He heard of the Howth gun-running incident that occurred in July 1914 and that three people had been killed in the aftermath.^[28]

Larkin and the Irish Citizen Army

His older brother, Frank, and next younger brother, Albert, joined the Royal Dublin Fusiliers in the British Army at the outbreak of World War I.^[20] O'Malley saw prime minister H. H. Asquith in Dublin, where he had come to urge Irishmen to do their bit for the war effort.^[29] He was initially indifferent to the Irish Citizen Army and the Irish Volunteers, whom he had observed drilling in the mountains. At that time, O'Malley was planning to join the British Army, like his friends and brothers.^[30] In August 1915, he saw the body of veteran Irish republican Jeremiah O'Donovan Rossa lying in state and witnessed the funeral procession at Glasnevin Cemetery.^[31][30]

Easter Rising and Irish Volunteers

O'Malley was in his first year of studying medicine at University College Dublin^[32] when the Easter Rising, which was soon to leave an "indelible mark" on him,^[33] convulsed the city in April 1916. He recalls that, on Easter Monday, he saw a new flag of green, white and orange on top of the General Post Office in Sackville Street (now O'Connell Street) and later read the Proclamation of the Republic at the base of Nelson's Pillar.^[34] Of the leaders of the new “Provisional Government of the Irish Republic”, O'Malley had previously met Tom Clarke and Thomas MacDonagh.^[35]

Proclamation of the Irish Republic

O'Malley was almost persuaded by some anti-rising friends to join them in defending Trinity College against the rebels should they attempt to take it.^[36] O'Malley writes that he was offered the use of a rifle if he would return later and assist them. On his way home, he encountered an acquaintance who observed that O'Malley would be shooting fellow Irishmen, for whom he had no hatred, if he took that rifle.^[37] However, O'Malley recalls that his main feeling was one of mere annoyance at the inconvenience the fighting was causing.^[38] O'Malley kept a diary of what he saw during the rising, including looting.^[39]

Ruins of the General Post Office

After some thought, he decided that his sympathies lay with the nationalists: only Irish people had the right to settle Irish questions.^[40] Therefore, he and a school friend attacked British troops with a rifle. "My father was given one, a German Mauser", he was told, "... by a soldier who brought it back from the front". This was O'Malley's first experience of using a weapon, a dangerous action that could have cost him his life. He and his friend made their escape before they were surrounded, but not before agreeing to meet up the following night.^[41][42] The resentment O'Malley felt at the shooting by firing squad of three of the signatories to the proclamation turned to rage at the execution in early May of John MacBride, whom he knew from visits to the family home.^[43]

Soon after the rising, O'Malley became deeply involved in Irish republican activism. In August 1916, he had been invited to join the Irish Volunteers, Dublin 4th Battalion, which operated south of the River Liffey. However, because that battalion was quite a distance away, some time after Christmas 1916 he became a member of the 1st Battalion, F Company,^[44][36] because its base north of the Liffey was much nearer the family home. Later he was assigned to signals.^[45][46][47] From only twelve men in 1916, that company grew steadily during 1917 and 1918 under the captaincy of first Frank McCabe then Liam Archer.^[48]

O'Malley was unable to come and go freely from the family home, to which he was not given a key.^[49] That and his medical studies made it difficult to be on parade, and had to refuse training to become a non-commissioned officer.^[50] His three younger brothers helped keep his activities quiet, and older brother Frank, now a British army officer of whom he was very fond,^[51] knew nothing about his brother's nationalist activities.

F Company engaged in drilling and parades from its secret drill hall at 25 Parnell Square; sometimes senior figures from the battalion staff were present.^[52] During a baton charge in Westmoreland Street, O'Malley and his colleagues knocked over a policeman and ran off with his baton.^[53] In the second half of 1917, he joined the Gaelic League.^[54]

O'Malley paid £4, a considerable sum, for a rifle of his own. It was a Lee-Enfield .303, which he hid in his bedroom.^[55][56] Later, in order to acquire a modern firearm, O'Malley donned his brother's British Army uniform and, armed with a loaded "bulldog .45" revolver, entered Dublin Castle. He held his nerve sufficiently to obtain a permit to purchase a Smith & Wesson .38 revolver and 200 rounds of ammunition.^[57][58]

Field organiser

O'Malley was finding it increasingly difficult to hide his activities from his parents,^[59] who queried the motives of the Irish Volunteers. Eventually, in early March 1918, he left both his studies and the family home^[60] and went on the run,^[61][62] working full-time for the Irish Volunteers, later called the IRA.^{[44][lower-alpha 3]} It would be more than three years until he would see his family again.^[64]

At the time he became attached to General Headquarters (GHQ) Organisational Staff under Michael Collins, there were not more than ten people who worked full-time for the Volunteers. While he was told which brigade area he was to work in and his best local contacts, O'Malley was given no detailed orders; instead, he was largely left to his own devices in organising rural brigades.^[65][66] This duty brought him to at least 18 brigade areas around Ireland. On one occasion he attended a meeting of the Ulster Volunteer Force in Derry City for intelligence gathering but picked up nothing.^[67]

GHQ first dispatched O'Malley to assistant chief of staff, Richard Mulcahy, at Dungannon, County Tyrone. He was appointed second lieutenant in charge of the Coalisland district.^[60][68]

Michael Collins, O'Malley's superior at GHQ

In May 1918, Collins sent O'Malley, who had "less than two years of informal training with the Irish Volunteers" to County Offaly. He was instructed "to hold brigade officer elections and develop a fighting unit in an area seventy-five miles south-west of Dublin".^[69] Collins told him to seek out some good men in that county that were "on the run".^[70] He arguably escaped capture or death when stopped by an RIC patrol in Philipstown, in the same county, and narrowly avoided having to draw a concealed pistol.^[71]

From Athlone, where he was planning to seize the magazine fort, an order from Collins in July sent him to help organise brigades in north and south Roscommon on the border with Galway.^[72] The police sought to arrest him and he was twice fired on and wounded.^[73][74] He crossed again to Roscommon and went to ground in the mountains. Using field glasses, O'Malley spied on the Lord Lieutenant, Lord French, at Rockingham House. This could have been hazardous in view of the strong British presence in nearby Carrick-on-Shannon.^[75] Night drilling continued in near silence behind village schoolhouses, but in a number of counties secret organising and planning for raids on RIC barracks to seize weaponry went ahead regardless of risk.^[76]

O'Malley took responsibility for organising over a dozen areas of the country from 1918 to 1921.^[77][78] In visiting many parts of Ireland, both by bicycle and on foot,^[79] O'Malley carried much of what he owned, some 60 lb. weight including his books and notebooks.^[80] Hence, he was obliged to be his own military base and commissariat.^[81] Nonetheless, he had very little money and was totally reliant on local people for his daily needs, including clothing.^[82]

Irish Republican Army

Although officially a "staff captain" (who reported only to GHQ in Dublin),^[83][61] O'Malley continued to act as an organiser and training officer for rural IRA brigades. This was an important duty: with minimal help from GHQ, he was to train recruits to become an effective local fighting force against a strong military opponent once the war against the British got under way in January 1919.^[84]

Black and Tans and Auxiliaries in Dublin

In mid-1919, O'Malley found himself in trouble with Collins for administering the new oath of allegiance to the Irish Republic to a company of IRA men in Santry, County Dublin. Collins had shown him the wording of this oath but it had not yet been officially approved by GHQ.^[85] Nonetheless, his relationship with Collins was one of trust.^[86] Collins later sent O'Malley to London, where he once again dressed in British Army uniform to purchase a small number of revolvers and ammunition.^[87]

In February 1920, Eoin O'Duffy and O'Malley led an IRA attack on the RIC barracks in Ballytrain, County Monaghan.^[88] They were successful in taking it, which was one of the first captures of an RIC barracks in the war.^[89] GHQ had developed this strategy in early 1920 to acquire desperately needed arms and ammunition.^[90]

In early May, O'Malley was assigned by Collins to the Tipperary area at the request of Séumas Robinson and Seán Treacy. He participated actively in attacks on three RIC barracks: Hollyford (11 May), Drangan (4 June) and Rearcross (12 July).^[91][92] He had his hands burnt by a paraffin fire on the roof of Hollyford barracks; had the wind not changed direction at the very last second at Drangan, he would likely have been burnt alive; and he was wounded by shots fired upwards towards the roof by the policemen inside Rearcross barracks.^[93] These attacks made him well known as a man of action with leadership qualities.^[94][95]

On 27 September, O'Malley and Liam Lynch led the Cork No. 2 Brigade in an attack against the military barracks in Mallow, County Cork.^[96] This successful action saw the IRA capture large quantities of firearms and ammunition, partially burning the barracks in the process. In reprisal, soldiers went on a rampage in Mallow the next day.^[97][98][99]

In October, O'Malley served as a judge in the Republican Courts, recently established to undermine British rule.^[100]

Capture and escape

O'Malley was taken prisoner by Auxiliaries in the home of local IRA commandant James O'Hanrahan at Inistioge, County Kilkenny, on the morning of 9 December 1920. He had been planning an attack on the Auxiliary barracks at Woodstock House, an important base in the south-east of the county that he knew to be well guarded.^[101][102] O'Malley had been given an automatic Webley revolver; however, he was still unfamiliar with this new weapon and could not draw it in time.^[103] He had displayed an uncharacteristic lack of care regarding O'Hanrahan's house being a likely British raiding target.^[104] Much to O'Malley's disgust, also seized were notebooks containing the names of members of the 7th West Kilkenny Brigade, all of whom were subsequently detained.^[104] On his arrest, he gave his name as "Bernard Stewart". O'Malley's arrest sheet records him as being from Roscommon and in possession of the loaded weapon and four maps.^[105][106]

O'Malley pictured in Kilmainham Jail

O'Malley was badly beaten during his interrogation at Dublin Castle and, as a self-confessed IRA volunteer,^[107] was in severe danger of execution following recent high-profile attacks on British forces.^[108][109] By early January 1921, O'Malley was imprisoned in Kilmainham Gaol under the name of "Stuart", as recorded by the British.

Newspapers were forbidden there, but he was secretly given a copy of a newspaper article by someone who knew his real identity. It referred to a recent raid on a flat in Dawson St, Dublin, in which many papers had been taken away and the female occupant^{[lower-alpha 4]} of the flat arrested.^[110] That flat had been used by Michael Collins, some of whose papers were captured, while O'Malley had documents in a separate room.

The seizure of O'Malley's papers led to a new name of interest to the British. By late January, a letter from Dublin Castle to senior British military authorities referred to an IRA officer, a "notorious rebel" called "E. Malley", whom they were most anxious to arrest in connection with "many attacks on barracks".^[94] The letter asked about tracing this man's older brother Frank, then an army officer in East Africa, to see if he could provide information on him.^[111][112]

The IRA leadership feared O'Malley could be executed, but thanks to a plan devised by Collins^[113] he managed to escape from Kilmainham Jail on 14 February 1921 along with IRA men Frank Teeling and Simon Donnelly. They were aided by two Welsh British Army soldier-guards who had republican sympathies.^[101]

Opposition to the treaty

O'Malley opposed the Anglo-Irish Treaty^[131] on the grounds that any settlement falling short of an independent Irish Republic, particularly a settlement backed up by British threats of restarting hostilities, was unacceptable.^[132][133] Moreover, he expressed clear opposition to the "Document No. 2", created by de Valera, which proposed "external association" with the British Empire as an alternative to the treaty.^[134] O'Malley offered his resignation as officer commanding the Second Southern Division. Mulcahy, now chief of staff, refused to accept it, telling him that he was "acting prematurely".^[135]

O'Malley's outright hostility to the treaty, which was ratified by Dáil Éireann on 7 January 1922, saw his division become the first to secede from GHQ. In mid-January, he informed Mulcahy in person of this decision.^[136][137] He is described as acting at that period as one of a number of "virtual warlords in their own areas".^[138] However, he was not alone in opposing the treaty: a small majority of GHQ staff and divisional commanders, and a larger majority of IRA volunteers, were against it.^{[139][140][141][142]}

O'Malley outside the Four Courts, April to June 1922

O'Malley was party to early meetings of what became known as the republican "acting military council".^[143][144] That body later established an anti-treaty headquarters staff in which O'Malley became director of organisation and a member of the executive; he was also secretary to the IRA Convention which went ahead on 26 March despite GHQ having banned it.^[145] The IRA was now officially split into pro- and anti-treaty camps.^[146][147]

On 14 April, he was one of the Anti-Treaty IRA officers who occupied the Four Courts in Dublin, an event that helped to widen the split even further prior to the start of the Irish Civil War.^[148] O'Malley also repudiated any efforts at compromise with the pro-treaty side, made by some opponents of the treaty. He considered these as an attempt to create a wedge between the Four Courts garrison and the majority of republicans led by Lynch.^[149] On 26 June, he suggested and carried out the kidnapping of Free State assistant chief of staff, J.J. "Ginger" O'Connell,^[150] and kept him prisoner in the Four Courts.^[151]

Outbreak of civil war

The Four Courts explosion

On 28 June 1922, government forces shelled the Four Courts. O'Malley was in the building when the Records Office was blown up during the advance by Free State troops on 30 June. The explosion cost him all the notes and manuals on training and tactics he had compiled and revised several times.^[152] Of that day he wrote in The Singing Flame:

As we stood near the gate there was a loud shattering explosion … The munitions block and a portion of Headquarters block went up in flames and smoke … The yard was littered with chunks of masonry and smouldering records; pieces of white paper were gyrating in the upper air like seagulls. The explosion seemed to give an extra push to roaring orange flames which formed patterns across the sky. Fire was fascinating to watch; it had a spell like running water. Flame sang and conducted its own orchestra simultaneously. It can't be long now, I thought, until the real noise comes.^[153]

O'Malley, who assumed operational command of the Four Courts occupation after garrison commander Paddy O'Brien was injured by shrapnel,^[154] was ordered by his senior IRA commanders – over his objections – to surrender to the Free State Army on the afternoon of 30 June. That evening he escaped from temporary captivity in the Jameson Distillery along with Seán Lemass and two others. The next day he travelled via the Wicklow Mountains to Blessington, then to County Wexford and finally to County Carlow.^[155] This escape probably saved O'Malley's life, as four of the other senior Four Courts leaders were later executed.^[156]

Assistant chief of staff

On 10 July 1922,^[157] O'Malley was made acting assistant chief of staff and was later appointed to the IRA army council.^[4] He was second-in-command to Liam Lynch,^[158] who had been confirmed as IRA chief of staff when the split in republican ranks was healed on 27 June.^[159] He was also appointed as head of the Eastern and Northern Command, covering the provinces of Ulster and Leinster.^[160][161] O'Malley was disenchanted with being placed over areas he did not know well, instead of going to the west or south where his fighting experience would be put to much better use.^[162]

Liam Lynch, IRA Chief of Staff

In September 1922, O'Malley pressed Lynch to implement Liam Mellows' proposed 10-Point Programme for the IRA, which would have seen it adopt communist policies in an attempt to secure support from left-wing elements in Ireland.^[163] However, even if O'Malley thought highly of Mellows, there is nothing in his civil war-focused writings to indicate that he supported the Communist thrust of Mellows' programme.^{[lower-alpha 5]}

During an inspection of the North, O'Malley was in South Armagh in October. He joined Frank Aiken (commander of the IRA's 4th Northern Division) and Pádraig Ó Cuinn (quartermaster-general) for a planned assault on Free State positions in Dundalk. This operation was designed to rescue IRA men imprisoned after earlier attacks launched by Aiken but it turned out to be abortive.^[164]

O'Malley was forced to live a clandestine existence in Dublin city, where he had to build up a new headquarters command staff.^[165] Moreover, effective military operations in the city were few and far between: O'Malley felt his men there lacked the spirit to carry out his orders and he considered himself a glorified clerk.^[166] From the start, he was frustrated at being cooped up and seeing no action.^[167]

Lack of contact with Lynch was also a major problem: following a meeting of the IRA Executive on 15 July, none was held until 16–17 October.^[163] At that meeting Lynch informed O'Malley, to his relief, that he would be moving IRA GHQ to Dublin and giving O'Malley command in the west; however, this did not happen.^[168] O'Malley also believed that Lynch's strategy of holding a defensive line in the south and locating GHQ in County Cork made no sense:^[169][170] a concerted attack on Dublin should have been an early priority. This lack of ambition, he argued, demoralised both the IRA and its supporters, and it allowed the "Staters" (the Free State Army) to build up their strength in preparation for a gradual take-over of areas of the country dominated by "Irregulars" (the IRA).^[171]

Anti-Treaty IRA men in Co. Waterford

O'Malley expressed the view that, to win the war, guerrilla tactics were insufficient. Rather, the anti-treaty side needed to use more conventional warfare, with larger columns to drive the enemy out of towns and villages.^[172] He told Lynch that the destruction of communications, unless part of an immediate military operation, was folly, as it discouraged a fighting spirit. An uncoordinated struggle of scattered attrition, he wrote, was certain to lead to defeat.^[173]

Hunger strike

The civil war ended with the cessation of hostilities and dumping of arms in May 1923, but most IRA prisoners were not released until much later. On 13 October, O'Malley and many others in Mountjoy Prison went on hunger strike for forty-one days,^[193] in protest at the continued detention of IRA prisoners (see 1923 Irish Hunger Strikes).^[194] After a week O'Malley and the other senior officers^{[lower-alpha 6]} or elected members were moved to Kilmainham Jail.^[195] Against his will, he had been nominated as a Sinn Féin candidate for Dublin North at the 1923 general election^[196] held on 27 August and was elected as a TD.^[197] O'Malley "hated" being a member of the Dáil.^[198]

A corridor in Kilmainham Jail

In early January 1924, O'Malley was the last anti-treaty inmate moved from Kilmainham Jail. He was transferred to St Bricin's military hospital, thence to Mountjoy Prison where at first he spent some time in the hospital wing. Then came a move to the Curragh army camp hospital in late winter before he joined the other anti-treaty prisoners in the huts of the Curragh camp.^[199] By mid-1924, the Free State government heard strong calls in parliament for the release of the final 600-odd anti-treaty prisoners, in the interests of restoring a more normal state of affairs.^[200] Further pressure came from the organisers of the Tailteann Games, which were expected to be attended in early August by tens of thousands of overseas visitors.^[201]

Despite official reservations, the prisoners began to be set free. His period of internment complete, O'Malley was the very last anti-treaty prisoner to be released. He left the Curragh, along with Seán Russell, on 17 July 1924, well over a year after the end of hostilities.^{[202][203][204]}

Europe

O'Malley left Ireland in February 1925 and spent 18 months travelling in Europe to improve his health.^[212][213] He used the alias 'Cecil Edward Smyth-Howard' and secured a British passport in that name.^[214][215] To finance his trip, he had raised some £300 in gifts and loans from sources in Ireland.^[214]

While abroad in the 1920s, O'Malley established connection with the Basque and Catalan nationalists, becoming acquainted with Francesc Macià, leader of the Catalan nationalist group Estat Català.^[216][217] O'Malley was known to French intelligence as a "chief military adviser to Colonel Macià", who was then in exile in Paris. O'Malley likewise appears to have liaised with Basque nationalists around this same period, as they were planning a rebellion in tandem with that of the Catalans.^[218] O'Malley was one of two Irish republicans, the other being Ambrose Victor Martin, to have cooperated with the Basque and Catalan nationalists resident in Paris, then exiled from the Spanish dictatorship of Miguel Primo de Rivera.^[219]

The following excerpt from a letter from O'Malley to Harriet Monroe, dated 10 January 1935, provides an autobiographical summary of the years 1925-1926:

I went to Catalonia to help the Catalan movement for independence; I studied their folklore and cultural institutions. I learned to walk again in the Pyrénées. I became a good mountain climber, covered the frontier from San Sebastian to Perpignan, lived in the Basque country. I walked through a part of Spain, southern and South East France and most of Italy. I did some mediaeval history at Grenoble. I walked through Italy slowly, worked at archeology in Sicily and lived in Rome and Florence for a time. I walked through Germany to Holland and through Belgium and then to North Africa. After some years I returned to the National University to again take up medicine but I did not get my exams. The years abroad taught me to use my eyes in a new way.^[220]

North America

O'Malley returned to University College Dublin to continue his medical studies in October 1926, but these did not progress well.^[221] He was heavily involved in the university hill-walking club and its literary and historical societies; along with literary friends, he founded the college Dramatic Society in spring 1928.^[222]

He left Ireland again in October 1928 without graduating. For eight months in 1928 and 1929, he and Frank Aiken toured the east and west coasts of the USA on behalf of de Valera's plan to raise funds for the establishment of the new, independent pro-republican newspaper, The Irish Press.^[223] O'Malley considered a newspaper that would articulate the anti-treaty position an important development.^[224] That fund-raising effort was successful: the newspaper was published and flourished for many years.

O'Malley spent the next few years based in New Mexico, Mexico and New York. In September 1929, he arrived in Taos, New Mexico. He lived among the literary and artistic community there and close to the Native American pueblo of Taos. He began work on his account of his military experiences that would later become On Another Man's Wound. At that time he fell in with Mabel Dodge Luhan, Dorothy Brett and Irish poet Ella Young.^[225] In May 1930, he moved to Santa Fe, where he gave lectures on Irish culture, history and literature.

Helen Hooker, c. 1925

In 1931, he travelled to Mexico for eight months observing its culture and artists. However, he failed to secure employment there as he had hoped. His US visa having expired, he reputedly swam across the Rio Grande to return to Santa Fe.^[226] From late 1931 to June 1932, O'Malley worked in Taos as a tutor to the children of Helen Golden, widow of leading New York Irish nationalist Peter Golden; when she was hospitalised in early 1932, O'Malley looked after the children.^[227][226] During this period he became good friends with photographer Paul Strand.^[228][229] In June 1932, he travelled to New York, where in 1933 he met 28-year-old Helen Hooker, a wealthy young sculptor^[230] and gifted tennis player,^[231] whom he was later to marry.

Return to Ireland

In 1934, O'Malley was granted a wound and war pension of approximately £330 a year^{[lower-alpha 7][232]} by the Fianna Fáil government for his service in the War of Independence.^[233] In June of that year, it was noted in the Dáil that he was rumoured to be coming back into public life as chief of staff of the Volunteer Force created by the government in April.^[234]

Now possessed of a steady income, he married Hooker in London on 27 September 1935,^[235] before he returned to Ireland to resume his medical studies. The O'Malleys had three children, all born in Dublin: Cathal (a son, 1936), Etain (a daughter, 1940) and Cormac (a son, 1942).^[236] The family divided its time between Dublin and Burrishoole, Newport, County Mayo. Hooker and O'Malley devoted themselves to the arts: she was involved in sculpture, photography and theatre, while he pursued a career in history and the arts as a writer. O'Malley remained in neutral Ireland during World War II. He offered his services to his local defence force in Mayo but was not accepted, likely on account of his poor health.^[237] By the end of the war years the O'Malleys' marriage had begun to fail.^[235]

In summer 1945, Helen O'Malley went to America for six months to see her family and thereafter began to spend more time away from her husband and children. This period included a year in London in 1946–47. After 1948 she returned to the United States. In 1950, Helen took her two elder children out of Coláiste na Rinne, an Irish-language boarding school at Ring, County Waterford. She flew them to the States to live with her. The youngest child was not at school and thus stayed with his father. This incident was referred to as a "kidnapping".^[238] Helen divorced her husband in 1952.^[235]

In 1951, O'Malley acted as a special adviser to John Ford on the set of The Quiet Man and the two became firm friends.^[239]

Illness and death

Throughout his life, O'Malley endured considerable ill-health from the wounds and hardship he had suffered during his revolutionary days. His main weakness, however, was a heart condition that started in childhood.^[240] His brother Kevin, a heart specialist, took care of him in later years, especially after O'Malley suffered a serious heart attack in spring 1953.^[241] Ernie O'Malley died at 9.20 a.m. on Monday 25 March 1957 at his sister Kaye's home in Howth.^[242][243] Contrary to his wishes, he was given a state funeral by the newly elected Fianna Fáil government. It was attended by many of the deceased's comrades from all over Ireland, including President Seán T. O'Kelly, de Valera, Lemass, Aiken and Dan Breen.^[244][245] Sean Moylan delivered the graveside oration while O'Malley's children and ex-wife looked on.^[246]