Ethiopian liturgical chant, or Zema, is a form of Christian liturgical chant practiced by the Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church.[1][2] The related musical notation is known as melekket.[3] The tradition began after the sixth century and is traditionally identified with Saint Yared. Through history, the Ethiopian liturgical chants have undergone an evolution similar to that of European liturgical chants.

Etymology

Zema means a pleasing sound, a song or a melody in Ge'ez,[1][4] the liturgical language of the Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church.[5]

History

Saint Yared has been credited with the invention of the musical tradition of Ethiopian liturgical chants.[6] Yared, who lived in the sixth century, represents the first known case of indigenous Ethiopian musical notation and religious music.[7] He invented three forms of chanting. They are known as ararai, ezil and geeze.[8] The Synaxarium of the Ethiopian Church attests that Ethiopian liturgical chants are faithful to Yared and divine in nature.[5]

By the beginning of the sixth century, in Yared's lifetime, Ethiopia had been Christianized. Around that period, the Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church already had a corpus of prayers. Ethiopian liturgical chants were developed only after that. Book of Deggua, Ethiopian antiphons, in particular are of much later origin, dating from the second half of the 16th century.[5] Most of the Ethiopian Highlands had been Miaphysite Christian since the fourth century. Ancient chanted liturgy with congregation participating with clapping, ululation and rhythmic movements has been retained from that era.[9]

Ethiopian liturgical chants are based on both written and oral sources,[10] but the isolation of Ethiopia and the lack of source material make it difficult to reconstruct the exact history of Ethiopian church music.[11]

The musical notation (melekket) used for the chants, is not a typical notational system since it does not represent pitch or melody. Rather, it is as a mnemonic. Most studies conclude that there has been impressive consistency since the 1500s. It is likely that Ethiopian liturgical chants have undergone an evolution similar to that of European liturgical chants.[3][10] It can be assumed that the notations have become more and more complex as time has passed. Regional varieties may have become standardized over time, and more symbols and segments of music have become available for composers.[3]

Any form of Ethiopian gospel music was not recorded until the 1950s when priest Mere Geta Lisanework assisted the Ethiopian Radio in recording.[7]

Practice

External media
Audio
audio icon Abetu Fetariachin by former members of Temero Mastemar and Meserete Haimanot Spiritual Associations choir, London, from http://www.ethiopianorthodox.org, retrieved 1 April 2017
audio icon Meskle Teshekemen, St. Mary Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church in Los Angeles, from http://www.ethiopianorthodox.org, retrieved 1 April 2017
Video
video icon Saint Yared's Hymn for the Feast of Saint Stephen on YouTube, recorded by Beide Mariam Ejigu Retta at St Stephen's Church in Addis Ababa, retrieved 1 April 2017

Students of Ethiopian liturgical chants study the Ge'ez language, and begin practicing singing in childhood. Education takes place in liturgical dance schools called aqwaqwam bét and includes, in addition to singing and dancing, training in traditional instruments such as the kebero, drums, tsanatsel, sistrum, and mequamia. Singing students (däqä mermur) become singers (däbtära) and some will eventually become masters (märigéta). A student is considered ready when he has mastered the complicated genre of qené.[5] It has been suggested by Monneret de Villard that liturgical dance, that always accompanies the music, has its origins in the Ancient Egyptian dance.[11]

Ethiopian Orthodox Christians form approximately 43.5% of the population of modern day Ethiopia.[12] Ethiopian Church music remains tightly bounded within the communities and rarely attracts attention by outsiders. Ethiopian Christian music is largely sustained by communities of descent.[13]

United States

Since the mid-1970s, large-scale emigration of Ethiopians has created a diaspora in the United States. The emigrants brought their secular and liturgical music traditions with them. There is a large concentration of qualified priests (qes) and musicians (däbtära) in Washington, D.C. However, Ethiopian Churches in smaller communities face challenges in maintaining the liturgical cycle and musical tradition.[13]

Notational system

Terms for rates of speed[8]
1. Mereged Comparable to largo and grave. Very slow.
2. Nuis-mereged Comparable to adagio. Slow.
3. Abiy-tsefat Comparable to allegretto. Moderately fast.
4. Tsefat Comparable to allegro. Fast.
5. Arwasti Comparable to prestissimo. Very fast.
Notational signs[8] (ቅርጽ)
1. Yizet (ይዘት) ᎐ Comparable to staccato.
2. Deret (ደረት) ᎑ Low and deep voice. Humming at the lowest range of the male voice.
3. Kinat (ቅናት) ᎕ Comparable to upward glissando.
4. Chiret (ጭረት) ᎖ Comparable to downward glissando.
5. Difat (ድፋት) ᎔ Usually means a change to an octave lower.
6. Kurt (ቁርጥ) ᎙ Comparable to coda.
7. Rikrik (ርክርክ) ᎓ Comparable to tremolo.
8. Hidet (ሂደት) ᎗ Comparable to simultaneous accelerando, crescendo and portamento.

See also

References

  1. 1 2 "Ethiopian chant | vocal music | Britannica". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 19 January 2022.
  2. ↑ "Zema for Christ". Music In Africa. Retrieved 1 April 2017.
  3. 1 2 3 Scelta, Gabe F. (2011). "Ethiopian Christian Liturgical Chant & Historical Context" (PDF). University of London. Archived (PDF) from the original on 22 February 2017. Retrieved 1 April 2017.
  4. ↑ Jacob Olupona; Regina Gemignani (1 May 2007). African Immigrant Religions in America. NYU Press. p. 213. ISBN 978-0-8147-6212-7.
  5. 1 2 3 4 "Choeur Saint Yared: Chants de L'église Éthiopienne" [Choir of Saint Yared: Songs of the Ethiopian Church] (in French). Maison des Cultures du Monde. Archived from the original on 10 April 2017. Retrieved 1 April 2017.
  6. ↑ Howard, Sarah (4 January 2011). Ethiopia - Culture Smart!: The Essential Guide to Customs & Culture. Kuperard. p. 64. ISBN 978-1-85733-620-7.
  7. 1 2 "Zema for Christ". Music In Africa. Retrieved 1 April 2017.
  8. 1 2 3 "The Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church". Archived from the original on 1 April 2017. Retrieved 1 April 2017.
  9. ↑ Tribe, Tania (1 January 2000). "Ethiopian Christian Liturgical Chant". Journal of Religion in Africa. Leiden. 30 (487): 487–490. doi:10.1163/157006600X00438. Archived from the original on 19 January 2022. Retrieved 1 April 2017.
  10. 1 2 Kay Kaufman Shelemay; Peter Jeffery; Ingrid Monson (January 1993). "Oral and Written Transmission in Ethiopian Christian Chant" (PDF). Early Music History. Cambridge University Press. 12: 55–117. doi:10.1017/S0261127900000140. S2CID 193208295. Archived (PDF) from the original on 10 April 2017. Retrieved 1 April 2017.
  11. 1 2 Tamrat, Taddesse (1985). "A short Note on the Ethiopian Church Music". Annales d'Ethiopie. 13 (1): 137–143. doi:10.3406/ethio.1985.928.
  12. ↑ "2007 Ethiopian census, first draft" (PDF). Ethiopian Central Statistical Agency. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 June 2012. Retrieved 6 May 2009.
  13. 1 2 Shelemay, Kay Kaufman (2009). Music in the Ethiopian American Diaspora: A Preliminary Overview (PDF). Trondheim: Norwegian University of Science and Technology. Archived from the original (PDF) on 1 April 2016. Retrieved 5 April 2017.

Further reading

  • Ashenafi Kebede (1980). "The Sacred Chant of Ethiopian Monotheistic Churches: Music in Black Jewish and Christian Communities". The Black Perspective in Music. 8 (1): 20–34. doi:10.2307/1214519. JSTOR 1214519.
  • Ayele Bekerie (29 November 2007). "St. Yared: The Great Ethiopian Composer". Tadias Magazine.
  • Shelemay, Kay Kaufman; Jeffery, Peter, eds. (1993). Ethiopian Christian liturgical chant: An Anthology: Part 1: General introduction; Dictionaries of notational signs. A-R Editions, Inc. ISBN 978-0-89579-285-3.
  • Shelemay, Kay Kaufman; Jeffery, Peter, eds. (1994). Ethiopian Christian liturgical chant: An anthology: Part 2: Performance Practice; The Liturgical Portions. A-R Editions, Inc. ISBN 978-0-89579-294-5.
  • Shelemay, Kay Kaufman; Jeffery, Peter, eds. (1997). Ethiopian Christian liturgical chant: An anthology: Part 3: History of Ethiopian Chant. A-R Editions. ISBN 978-0-89579-285-3.
  • Velimirović, Miloš (1990). "Christian Chant in Syria, Armenia, Egypt, and Ethiopia". In Crocker, Richard; Hiley, David (eds.). The New Oxford History of Music: The Early Middle Ages to 1300. Vol. 2. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-316329-2.
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