Demographics of Panama
Population pyramid of Panama in 2020
Population4,337,768 (2022 est.)
Growth rate1.53% (2022 est.)
Birth rate13.9 births/1,000 population (2022 est.)
Death rate4.7 deaths/1,000 population (2022 est.)
Life expectancy77.62 years
 • male74.76 years
 • female80.66 years
Fertility rate2.02 children per woman (2021 est.)
Infant mortality rate16.44 deaths/1,000 live births
Net migration rate3.42 migrant(s)/1,000 population
Age structure
0–14 years25.44%
15–64 years65.66%
65 and over8.90%
Nationality
NationalityPanamanian
Major ethnicMestizo - 65%
Language
OfficialSpanish

This is a demography of the population of Panama including population density, ethnicity, education level, health of the populace, economic status, religious affiliations, and other aspects of the population.

Population

Panama's population was 4,351,267 people in 2021, compared to 860,000 in 1950.[1][2] The proportion of the population aged below 15 in 2010 was 29%. 64.5% of the population were aged between 15 and 65, with 6.6% of the population being 65 years or older.[3]

Total population
(x 1000)		 Proportion
aged 0–14
(%)		 Proportion
aged 15–64
(%)		 Proportion
aged 65+
(%)
1950 86040.255.74.1
1955 98341.854.14.1
1960 1 13642.952.84.3
1965 1 31943.851.84.4
1970 1 52643.951.84.3
1975 1 75442.852.84.4
1980 1 99040.455.04.6
1985 2 23337.657.64.7
1990 2 48735.259.95.0
1995 2 75733.361.55.2
2000 3 05531.862.65.5
2005 3 36630.463.75.9
2010 3 67829.064.56.6
2015 4 08028.164.67.3

Structure of the population

Population Estimates by Sex and Age Group (01.VII.2013) (Data refer to projections based on the 2010 Population Census.):[4]
Age Group Male Female Total %
Total 1 934 264 1 916 471 3 850 735 100
0-4 187 797 179 822 367 619 9.55
5-9 184 487 176 909 361 396 9.39
10-14 180 579 173 379 353 958 9,19
15-19 170 895 164 639 335 534 8,71
20-24 160 414 155 878 316 292 8.21
25-29 154 493 150 986 305 479 7.93
30-34 147 618 144 488 292 106 7.59
35-39 140 942 138 936 279 878 7.27
40-44 130 725 130 042 260 767 6.77
45-49 113 877 114 213 228 090 5.92
50-54 96 564 98 076 194 640 5.05
55-59 76 084 78 641 154 725 4.02
60-64 58 974 62 105 121 079 3.14
65-69 45 360 48 700 94 060 2.44
70-74 33 839 37 313 71 152 1.85
75-79 23 622 27 020 50 642 1.32
80-84 14 944 17 956 32 900 0.85
85-89 8 174 10 458 18 632 0.48
90-94 3 573 4 938 8 511 0,22
95-99 1 119 1 678 2 797 0.07
100+ 184 294 478 0.01
Age group Male Female Total Percent
0-14 552 863 530 110 1 082 973 28.12
15-64 1 250 586 1 238 004 2 488 590 64.63
65+ 130 815 148 357 279 172 7.25
Population Estimates by Sex and Age Group (01.VII.2021) (Data based on the 2010 Population Census.): [5]
Age Group Male Female Total %
Total 2 173 761 2 163 645 4 337 406 100
0–4 188 707 180 605 369 312 8.51
5–9 188 786 180 836 369 622 8.52
10–14 186 177 178 516 364 693 8.41
15–19 184 931 177 805 362 736 8.36
20–24 179 023 173 354 352 377 8.12
25–29 166 836 163 323 330 159 7.61
30–34 158 793 156 785 315 578 7.28
35–39 152 777 150 905 303 682 7.00
40–44 145 734 144 050 289 784 6.68
45–49 136 697 136 413 273 110 6.30
50–54 121 428 122 735 244 163 5.63
55–59 102 281 105 070 207 351 4.78
60–64 82 346 86 597 168 943 3.90
65-69 61 869 67 091 128 960 2.97
70-74 45 329 50 809 96 138 2.22
75-79 31 963 37 293 69 256 1.60
80-84 20 693 25 375 46 068 1.06
85-89 11 689 15 209 26 898 0.62
90-94 5 433 7 528 12 961 0.30
95-99 1 894 2 777 4 671 0.11
100+ 375 569 944 0.02
Age group Male Female Total Percent
0–14 563 670 539 957 1 103 627 25.44
15–64 1 430 846 1 417 037 2 847 883 65.66
65+ 179 245 206 651 385 896 8.90

2020 Statistics

Population Distribution (2016 vs 2020)
Age Group Year % Change
85+ 2016
  
 0.88% 0.13
2020
  
 1.01%
80-84 2016
  
 0.92% 0.11
2020
  
 1.03%
75-80 2016
  
 1.41% 0.15
2020
  
 1.56%
70-75 2016
  
 1.97% 0.19
2020
  
 2.16%
65-69 2016
  
 2.61% 0.29
2020
  
 2.89%
60-64 2016
  
 3.39% 0.40
2020
  
 3.78%
55-59 2016
  
 4.35% 0.37
2020
  
 4.72%
50-54 2016
  
 5.27% 0.28
2020
  
 5.55%
45-49 2016
  
 6.14% 0.15
2020
  
 6.29%
40-44 2016
  
 6.79% -0.08
2020
  
 6.71%
35-39 2016
  
 7.15% -0.12
2020
  
 7.03%
30-34 2016
  
 7.47% -0.15
2020
  
 7.32%
25-29 2016
  
 7.76% -0.15
2020
  
 7.61%
20-24 2016
  
 8.12% 0.01
2020
  
 8.13%
15-19 2016
  
 8.67% -0.23
2020
  
 8.44%
10-14 2016
  
 8.92% -0.42
2020
  
 8.50%
5-9 2016
  
 9.01% -0.38
2020
  
 8.62%
0-4 2016
  
 9.18% -0.54
2020
  
 8.64%
Percentage of Total Male & Female per age group
Age Group Male Female Total %[6]
Total 2,144,802 2,133,698 4,278,500 100
85+ 18,483 24,818 43,301 1.01
80-84 19,871 24,313 44,184 1.03
75-80 30,773 35,841 66,614 1.56
70-75 43,590 48,775 92,365 2.16
65-69 59,351 64,385 123,736 2.89
60-64 78,840 82,999 161,839 3.78
55-59 99,474 102,273 201,747 4.72
50-54 118,116 119,439 237,555 5.55
45-49 134,702 134,564 269,266 6.29
40-44 144,249 142,660 286,909 6.71
35-39 151,334 149,273 300,607 7.03
30-34 157,658 155,574 313,232 7.32
25-29 164,397 161,047 325,444 7.61
20-24 176,772 171,243 348,015 8.13
15-19 184,134 177,065 361,199 8.44
10-14 185,734 178,125 363,859 8.50
5-9 188,401 180,480 368,881 8.62
0-4 188,923 180,824 369,747 8.64


Age Group Male. in 1000s Female in 1000s % of Total[6]  % Males of total Males % Females of total Females
Total
2,144 / 4,278 (50%)
2,133 / 4,278 (50%)
4,278 / 4,278 (100%)
2,144 / 2,144 (100%)
2,133 / 2,133 (100%)
85+
18 / 43 (42%)
24 / 43 (56%)
43 / 4,278 (1%)
18 / 2,144 (0.8%)
24 / 2,133 (1%)
80-84
20 / 44 (45%)
24 / 44 (55%)
44 / 4,278 (1%)
20 / 2,144 (0.9%)
24 / 2,133 (1%)
75-80
31 / 67 (46%)
36 / 67 (54%)
67 / 4,278 (2%)
31 / 2,144 (1%)
36 / 2,133 (2%)
70-75
44 / 92 (48%)
49 / 92 (53%)
92 / 4,278 (2%)
44 / 2,144 (2%)
49 / 2,133 (2%)
65-69
60 / 124 (48%)
64 / 124 (52%)
124 / 4,278 (3%)
60 / 2,144 (3%)
64 / 2,133 (3%)
60-64
79 / 162 (49%)
83 / 162 (51%)
162 / 4,278 (4%)
79 / 2,144 (4%)
83 / 2,133 (4%)
55-59
99 / 202 (49%)
102 / 202 (50%)
202 / 4,278 (5%)
99 / 2,144 (5%)
102 / 2,133 (5%)
50-54
118 / 238 (50%)
119 / 238 (50%)
238 / 4,278 (6%)
118 / 2,144 (6%)
119 / 2,133 (6%)
45-49
135 / 269 (50%)
135 / 269 (50%)
269 / 4,278 (6%)
135 / 2,144 (6%)
135 / 2,133 (6%)
40-44
144 / 287 (50%)
143 / 287 (50%)
287 / 4,278 (7%)
144 / 2,144 (7%)
143 / 2,133 (7%)
35-39
151 / 301 (50%)
149 / 301 (50%)
301 / 4,278 (7%)
151 / 2,144 (7%)
149 / 2,133 (7%)
30-34
158 / 313 (50%)
156 / 313 (50%)
313 / 4,278 (7%)
158 / 2,144 (7%)
156 / 2,133 (7%)
25-29
164 / 325 (50%)
161 / 325 (50%)
325 / 4,278 (8%)
164 / 2,144 (8%)
161 / 2,133 (8%)
20-24
177 / 348 (51%)
171 / 348 (49%)
348 / 4,278 (8%)
177 / 2,144 (8%)
171 / 2,133 (8%)
15-19
184 / 361 (51%)
177 / 361 (49%)
361 / 4,278 (8%)
184 / 2,144 (9%)
177 / 2,133 (8%)
10-14
186 / 364 (51%)
178 / 364 (49%)
364 / 4,278 (9%)
186 / 2,144 (9%)
187 / 2,133 (9%)
5-9
188 / 369 (51%)
180 / 369 (49%)
369 / 4,278 (9%)
188 / 2,144 (9%)
180 / 2,133 (8%)
0-4
189 / 370 (51%)
181 / 370 (49%)
370 / 4,278 (9%)
189 / 2,144 (9%)
181 / 2,133 (8%)

[lower-alpha 1]

Population distribution

More than half the population lives in the Panama City-Colón metropolitan corridor.

Province Capital city Population
(2010 Est.)[7]		 Population
(2020 Est.)[6]
Bocas del ToroBocas del Toro118,405179,990
CocléPenonomé237,840266,969
ColónColón250,802298,344
ChiriquíDavid426,790464,538
DariénLa Palma46,01157,818
HerreraChitré112,538118,982
Los SantosLas Tablas90,98495,557
PanamáCiudad de Panamá1,796,6741,656,339
VeraguasSantiago226,847248,325
Comarca Capital city Population
Emberá-WounaanUnión Choco9,49713,016
Kuna de MadugandíN/DN/DN/D
Kuna YalaEl Porvenir37,54547,341
Kuna de WargandíN/DN/DN/D
Ngäbe-BugléBuabidi150,550224,823
Population of Panama 2020 by Province[6]
Population of Panama 2020 by Province[6]

Ethnic groups

Ethnic groups in Panama (2010 est.)[8]

  Mestizos (mixed Amerindian and European/White) (65%)
  Native Panamanians (Ngabe 7.6%, Kuna 2.4%, Embera 0.9%, Bugle 0.8%, other 0.4%, unspecified 0.2%) (12.3%)
  Black or African descent (9.2%)
  Mulattos (6.8%)
  White or European descent (6.7%)

The culture, customs, and language of Panama are predominantly Caribbean Spanish. In 2010 the population was 65% Mestizo (mixed European and Amerindian), 12.3% Native Panamanians, 9.2% black, 6.8% mulattoes, and 6.7% white.[8]

European Panamanians

European Panamanians or Caucasian ethnic groups in Panama include Spanish, British and Irish, Dutch, French, Germans, Italians, Portuguese, Poles, Russians or Ukrainians (a large number are Jews), Greeks, and Americans.

Indigenous Panamanians

Population of Panama according to ethnic group[9]
Ethnic
group		 Census 1990Census 2000Census 2010
Number %Number %Number %
Non-indigenous2,135,06091.72,553,94690.02,988,25487.7
Amerindian194,2698.3285,23110.0417,55912.3
Total2,329,3292,839,1773,405,813
Indigenous population of Panama according to ethnic group[9]
Ethnic
group		 Census 1990Census 2000Census 2010
Number %Number %Number %
Ngäbe (Guaymi)123,62663.6169,13059.3260,05862.3
Buglé (Bokota)3,7841.918,7246.626,8716.4
Guna47,29824.361,70721.680,52619.3
Emberá14,6597.522,4857.931,2847.5
Wounaan2,6051.36,8822.47,2791.7
Teribe/Naso2,1941.13,3051.24,0461.0
Bribri2,5210.91,0680.3
Other1030.14600.1
Not declared4770.25,9671.4

Asian Panamanians

Panama has a considerable population of Asians origin; in particular Chinese, West Asians (Lebanese, and Palestinians and Syrians) and South Asians (from India and Pakistan). The first Chinese immigrated to Panama from southern China in the 19th century to help build the Panama Railroad. There followed several waves of immigrants, especially after the 1970s, when the ensuing decades saw up to 80,000 immigrants from all over China. At least 50,000 Panamanians are ethnically Chinese, though some estimates count as many as 135,000. Most of the Chinese population reside in the province of Chiriquí. Some studies suggest that almost 1 million Panamanians have at least one Chinese ancestor.[10][11]

African Panamanians

Afro-Panamanians first arrived during the colonial era. They are intermixed in the general population or live in small Afro-Panamanian communities along the Atlantic Coast and in villages within the Darién jungle. Most of the people in Darien are fishermen or small-scale farmers growing crops such as bananas, rice and coffee as well as raising livestock. Other Afro-Panamanians descend from later migrants from the Caribbean who came to work on railroad-construction projects, commercial agricultural enterprises, and (especially) the canal. Important Afro-Caribbean community areas include towns and cities such as Colón, Cristobal and Balboa, in the former Canal Zone, as well as the Río Abajo area of Panama City. Another region with a large Afro-Caribbean population is the province of Bocas del Toro on the Caribbean coast just south of Costa Rica.[12]

Most of the Panamanian population of West Indian descent owe their presence in the country to the monumental efforts to build the Panama Canal in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Three-quarters of the 50,000 workers who built the canal were Afro-Caribbean migrants from the British West Indies. Thousands of Afro-Caribbean workers were recruited from Jamaica, Barbados and Trinidad.[12]

Languages

Many languages, including seven indigenous languages, are spoken in Panama, although Spanish is the official and dominant language. The local variant is Panamanian Spanish. English is sometimes spoken by many professionals and those working in the business or governmental sectors of society.

Indigenous languages include Guaymí, Kuna, Northern Embera and Teribe. Bocas del Toro Creole is also spoken.

Religion

Religion in Panama (2013) [13]

  Roman Catholic (85%)
  Protestants (15%)

The majority of Panamanians are Christian; most are Roman Catholics as a result centuries of Spanish colonial influence. Other faiths exist in Panama by the country's tolerance and freedom of religion, there are large Protestant, Jewish, Bahá'í, Muslim and Hindu religious groups in Panama.

Vital statistics

Registration of vital events is in Panama not complete. The Population Departement of the United Nations prepared the following estimates.[3]

Period Live births
per year		 Deaths
per year		 Natural change
per year		 CBR* CDR* NC* TFR* IMR* Life expectancy
total		 Life expectancy
males		 Life expectancy
females
1950-195538 00011 00027 00041.412.029.55.769256.855.957.8
1955-196044 00011 00033 00041.710.631.15.878059.558.660.5
1960-196550 00011 00039 00040.99.231.65.796862.161.163.3
1965-197055 00012 00044 00038.88.130.75.415864.363.265.6
1970-197559 00011 00048 00036.17.029.24.884866.765.168.5
1975-198061 00011 00050 00032.55.926.64.193969.267.271.5
1980-198562 00011 00051 00029.55.424.13.633471.068.673.7
1985-199064 00012 00053 00027.35.122.33.242972.469.675.4
1990-199567 00013 00054 00025.54.920.62.962673.670.876.5
1995-200071 00014 00057 00024.64.819.82.872474.672.277.2
2000-200574 00015 00059 00023.14.818.32.762075.673.078.3
2005-201075 00017 00058 00021.34.916.42.621776.473.679.5
2010-201519.85.014.82.48
2015-202018.45.113.32.36
* CBR = crude birth rate (per 1000); CDR = crude death rate (per 1000); NC = natural change (per 1000); IMR = infant mortality rate per 1000 births; TFR = total fertility rate (number of children per woman)

Births and deaths

[4][14]

Year Population Live births Deaths Natural increase Crude birth rate Crude death rate Rate of natural increase TFR
1952 905,050 29,013 6,791 22,222 36.0 8.4 27.6
1953 929,425 31,428 7,638 23,790 37.9 9.2 28.7
1954 954,952 33,521 7,511 26,010 39.3 8.8 30.5
1955 981,686 34,592 8,059 26,533 39.4 9.2 30.2
1956 1,009,696 35,582 8,352 27,230 39.3 9.2 30.1
1957 1,039,038 37,743 8,656 29,087 40.5 9.3 31.2
1958 1,069,783 37,733 8,364 29,369 39.3 8.7 30.6
1959 1,101,997 40,296 8,959 31,337 40.8 9.1 31.7
1960 1,135,703 42,359 8,827 33,532 39.9 8.3 31.6 5.254
1961 1,170,572 44,207 8,851 35,356 40.4 8.1 32.3
1962 1,206,608 46,274 8,239 38,035 41.1 7.3 33.8
1963 1,243,015 46,656 9,239 37,417 40.2 8.0 32.2
1964 1,280,333 47,419 8,743 38,676 39.6 7.3 32.3
1965 1,318,567 48,377 9,035 39,342 39.2 7.3 31.9 5.191
1966 1,357,739 49,394 9,184 40,210 38.9 7.2 31.7
1967 1,397,854 50,795 8,938 41,857 38.8 6.8 32.0
1968 1,438,933 52,489 9,568 42,921 38.9 7.1 31.8
1969 1,480,988 52,799 9,791 43,008 38.0 7.0 31.0
1970 1,524,445 53,287 10,225 43,062 37.1 7.1 30.0 5.041
1971 1,568,674 54,948 9,857 45,091 37.2 6.7 30.5
1972 1,613,452 54,910 9,076 45,834 36.0 6.0 30.0
1973 1,658,734 52,091 9,161 42,930 33.2 5.8 27.4
1974 1,704,363 52,772 9,001 43,771 32. 6 5.6 27.0
1975 1,750,317 53,790 8,683 45,107 32.3 5.2 27.1 4.254
1976 1,796,453 53,002 8,564 44,438 30.8 5.0 25.8
1977 1,842,719 52,722 8,036 44,686 29.8 4.5 25.3
1978 1,889,061 53,040 7,555 45,485 29.1 4.1 25.0
1979 1,935,383 52,919 8,192 44,727 28.2 4.4 23.8
1980 1,981,562 52,626 7,959 44,667 26.9 4.1 22.8 3.443
1981 2,029,834 53,873 7,976 45,897 26.9 4.0 22.9
1982 2,078,394 54,491 8,142 46,349 26.7 4.0 22.7
1983 2,127,000 55,222 8,499 46,723 26.4 4.1 22.3
1984 2,175,942 56,659 8,250 48,409 26.5 3.9 22.6
1985 2,225,132 58,038 8,991 49,047 26.6 4.1 22.5 3.199
1986 2,274,440 57,655 8,942 48,713 25.9 4.0 21.9
1987 2,323,965 57,647 9,105 48,542 25.3 4.0 21.3
1988 2,373,821 58,459 9,382 49,077 25.2 4.0 21.2
1989 2,423,924 59,069 9,557 49,512 25.1 4.1 21.0
1990 2,474,119 59,904 9,799 50,105 25.0 4.1 20.9 2.884
1991 2,527,391 60,080 9,683 50,397 24.6 4.0 20.6
1992 2,581,476 59,905 10,143 49,762 24.1 4.1 20.0
1993 2,636,079 59,191 10,669 48,522 23.3 4.2 19.1
1994 2,691,244 59,947 10,983 48,964 23.2 4.3 18.9
1995 2,746,944 61,939 11,032 50,907 23.5 4.2 19.3 2.718
1996 2,803,853 63,401 11,161 52,240 23.7 4.2 19.5
1997 2,861,700 68,009 12,179 55,830 25.0 4.5 20.5
1998 2,920,591 62,351 11,824 50,527 22.6 4.3 18.3
1999 2,980,088 64,248 11,938 52,310 22.9 4.2 18.7
2000 3,040,701 64,839 11,841 52,998 22.7 4.1 18.6 2.672
2001 3,102,268 63,900 12,442 51,458 21.3 4.1 17.2 2.509
2002 3,164,354 61,671 12,428 49,243 20.2 4.1 16.1 2.393
2003 3,226,535 61,753 13,248 48,505 19.8 4.3 15.5 2.368
2004 3,288,733 62,743 13,475 49,268 19.8 4.2 15.6 2.379
2005 3,351,007 63,645 14,180 49,465 19.7 4.4 15.3 2.388
2006 3,413,399 65,764 14,358 51,406 20.0 4.4 15.6 2.441
2007 3,475,741 67,634 14,775 52,589 19.4 4.3 15.1 2.477
2008 3,537,986 68,759 15,115 53,644 19.4 4.3 15.1 2.506
2009 3,600,000 68,364 15,498 52,866 19.0 4.3 14.7 2.466
2010 3,661,835 67,955 16,542 51,413 18.6 4.5 14.1 2.430
2011 3,723,821 73,292 16,367 56,925 19.7 4.4 15.3 2.466
2012 3,787,511 75,486 17,350 58,136 19.9 4.6 15.3 2.511
2013 3,850,735 73,804 17,767 56,037 19.2 4.6 14.6 2.428
2014 3,913,275 75,183 18,171 57,012 19.2 4.6 14.6 2.447
2015 3,975,404 75,901 18,182 57,919 19.1 4.6 14.5 2.445
2016 4,037,043 75,184 18,882 56,302 18.6 4.7 13.9 2.424
2017 4,098,135 76,166 19,482 56,684 18.6 4.8 13.8 2.403
2018 4,158,783 76,863 19,720 57,143 18.5 4.7 13.8 2.400
2019 4,218,808 72,456 20,049 52,407 17.2 4.8 12.4 2.240
2020 4,278,500 69,945 25,151 44,794 16.3 5.9 10.4 2.142
2021 4,337,406 66,498 24,663 41,835 15.3 5.7 9.6 2.020
2022 4,395,414 63,920 20,639 43,281 14.5 4.7 9.8 1.923

Census

Panama's census has been postponed by one year due to the COVID-19 pandemic but the government are currently assessing additional implications. They are evaluating the preparatory processes that can begin now, such as procurement.[15]

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ This is an attempt to dynamically display a population pyramid for this data. The pyramid is canted to the left and the Male Data is made negative to create the image as close to what is desired as possible.

References

  1. ↑ "World Population Prospects 2022". population.un.org. United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division. Retrieved July 17, 2022.
  2. ↑ "World Population Prospects 2022: Demographic indicators by region, subregion and country, annually for 1950-2100" (XSLX). population.un.org ("Total Population, as of 1 July (thousands)"). United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division. Retrieved July 17, 2022.
  3. 1 2 "Population Division of the Department of Economic and Social Affairs of the United Nations Secretariat". World Population Prospects (2012 Revision ed.). 2012. Archived from the original on 6 May 2011.
  4. 1 2 "Demographic Yearbook". United Nations Statistics Division.
  5. ↑ "UNSD — Demographic and Social Statistics". unstats.un.org. Retrieved 2023-05-10.
  6. 1 2 3 4 5 "Algunas características de la división política administrativa indígena y distrito: Año 2020 en la República de Panamá, según provincia, comarca" [Some features of the indigenous administrative political division and district: Year 2020 in the Republic of Panama, according to province, comarca] (PDF) (in Spanish). Panama: National Institute of Statistics and Census of Panama. Retrieved 11 March 2023.
  7. ↑ "Estimaciones y proyecciones de la población en la República de Panamá, por provincia, comarca indígena y distrito, según sexo y edad: Años 2000-2015 y 2020" [Estimations and projections of the population in the Republic of Panama, by province, indigenous region, and district, according to sex and age: years 2000-2015 and 2020.] (PDF) (in Spanish). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2009-11-13. Retrieved 2010-04-11.
  8. 1 2 "CIA - The World Factbook -- Panama". CIA. Retrieved 2013-10-07.
  9. 1 2 http://www.contraloria.gob.pa/inec/Default.aspx Instituto Nacional de Estadistica y Censo (INEC)
  10. ↑ Jackson, Eric (May 2004). "Panama's Chinese community celebrates a birthday, meets new challenges". The Panama News. 10 (9). Archived from the original on September 16, 2007. Retrieved November 7, 2007.
  11. ↑ "President Chen's State Visit to Panama". Government Information Office, Republic of China. October 2003. Archived from the original on August 14, 2007. Retrieved November 7, 2007.
  12. 1 2 "Panama : Afro-Panamanians". Minority Rights Group International. Archived from the original on December 3, 2012. Retrieved June 26, 2010.
  13. ↑ "Central America and Caribbean :: PANAMA". CIA The World Factbook. 7 April 2022.
  14. ↑ "EEstadísticas Vitales - Volumen II - Nacimientos Vivos y Defunciones Fetales". Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Censo - INEC. Retrieved 12 December 2019.
  15. ↑ Technical Brief on the Implications of COVID-19 on Census (PDF). UNFPA. 2020.

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