Ethnolinguistic map of China

The Han people are the largest ethnic group in mainland China. In 2010, 91.51% of the population were classified as Han (~1.2 billion).[1] Besides the Han Chinese majority, 55 other ethnic (minority) groups are categorized in present-day China, numbering approximately 105 million people (8%), mostly concentrated in the bordering northwest, north, northeast, south and southwest but with some in central interior areas.

The major ethnic minorities in China are the Zhuang (19.6 million), Uyghurs (11 million), Hui (11.4 million), Miao (11 million), Manchu (10.4 million), Yi (9.8 million), Tujia (9.6 million), Tibetans (7 million), Mongols (6.3 million), Buyei (3.5 million), Dong (3.5 million), Yao (3.3 million), Bai (2 million), Koreans (1.7 million), Hani (1.7 million), Li (1.6 million), Kazakhs (1.5 million), and Dai (1.2 million).[2] At least 126,000 people from Canada, the United States, and Europe are living in mainland China.[3] In addition, there are a number of unrecognized ethnic groups which together comprise over 730,000 people.

Ethnic groups recognized by the People's Republic of China

Bilingual propaganda poster using Zhuang language

Officially recognized ethnic groups receive or have received certain benefits over Han Chinese under the regional ethnic autonomy system, including affirmative action, exemptions from the one-child policy, designated seats in political organs and government support to preserve their culture. Ethnic minority autonomous areas receive additional state subsidies.[4][5] Languages of officially recognized minorities are used in official government documents.[6]

Soon after the establishment of the People's Republic of China, 39 ethnic groups were recognized by the first national census in 1954. This further increased to 54 by the second national census in 1964, with the Lhoba group added in 1965. The last change was the addition of the Jino people in 1979, bringing the number of recognized ethnic groups to the current 56. The following are the 56 ethnic groups (listed by population) officially recognized by the People's Republic of China.[7]

English Name
Standard Romanization
CodeA
Simplified Chinese
Mandarin Pinyin
2020 National Shares 2020 PopulationB 2010 PopulationB
2000 PopulationB
1990 PopulationB
Year of recognitionC
Han1HanHA汉族Hànzú91.1098% 1,284,446,3891,220,844,5201,139,773,0081,042,482,1871954
ZhuangZhuangZH壮族Zhuàngzú1.3801% 19,568,54616,926,38116,187,16315,489,6301954
UyghurUygurUG维吾尔族Wéiwú'ěrzú0.8352% 11,774,53810,069,3468,405,4167,214,4311954
Hui2HuiHU回族Huízú0.8070% 11,377,91410,586,0879,828,1268,602,9781954
Miao3MiaoMH苗族Miáozú0.7851% 11,067,9299,426,0078,945,5387,398,0351954
ManchuManMA满族Mǎnzú0.7394% 10,423,30310,387,95810,708,4649,821,1801954
YiYiYI彝族Yízú0.6973% 9,830,3278,714,3937,765,8586,572,1731954
TujiaTujiaTJ土家族Tǔjiāzú0.6801% 9,587,7328,353,9128,037,0145,704,2231964
Tibetan4ZangZA藏族Zàngzú0.5008% 7,060,7316,282,1875,422,9544,593,3301954
MongolMongolMG蒙古族Měnggǔzú0.4461% 6,290,2045,981,8405,827,8084,806,8491954
BouyeiBouyeiBY布依族Bùyīzú0.2537% 3,576,7522,870,0342,973,2172,545,0591954
Dong5DongDO侗族Dòngzú0.2480% 3,495,9932,879,9742,962,9112,514,0141954
YaoYaoYA瑶族Yáozú0.2347% 3,309,3412,796,0032,638,8782,134,0131954
BaiBaiBA白族Báizú0.1484% 2,091,5431,933,5101,861,8951,594,8271954
Hani6HaniHN哈尼族Hānízú0.1229% 1,733,1661,660,9321,440,0291,253,9521954
KoreanChosŏnCS朝鲜族Cháoxiǎnzú0.1207% 1,702,4791,830,9291,929,6961,920,5971954
LiLiLI黎族Lízú0.1136% 1,602,1041,463,0641,248,0221,110,9001954
KazakhKazakKZ哈萨克族Hāsàkèzú0.1108% 1,562,5184,447,5884,251,0233,111,7181954
Dai7DaiDA傣族Dǎizú0.0943% 1,329,9851,261,3111,159,2311,025,1281954
LisuLisuLS傈僳族Lìsùzú0.0541% 762,296702,839635,101574,8561954
SheSheSH畲族Shēzú0.0529% 746,385708,651710,039630,3781964
DongxiangDongxiangDX东乡族Dōngxiāngzú0.0550% 774,947621,500513,826373,8721954
GelaoGelaoGL仡佬族Gēlǎozú0.0481% 677,521550,746579,744437,9971964
LahuLahuLH拉祜族Lāhùzú0.0354% 499,167485,966453,765411,4761954
SuiSuiSU水族Shuǐzú0.0352% 495,928411,847407,000345,9931954
WaWaWA佤族Wǎzú0.0306% 430,997429,709396,709351,9741954
Nakhi8NaxiNX纳西族Nàxīzú0.0230% 323,767326,295309,477278,0091954
QiangQiangQI羌族Qiāngzú0.0222% 312,981309,576306,476198,2521954
TuTuTU土族Tǔzú0.0200% 281,928289,565241,593191,6241954
Mulao9MulaoML仫佬族Mùlǎozú0.0197% 277,233216,257207,464159,3281964
KyrgyzKirgizKG柯尔克孜族Kē'ěrkèzīzú0.0145% 204,402186,708160,875141,5491954
XibeXibeXB锡伯族Xībózú0.0136% 191,911190,481189,357172,8471954
SalarSalarSL撒拉族Sālāzú0.0117% 165,159130,607104,52187,6971954
Jingpo10JingpoJP景颇族Jǐngpōzú0.0114% 160,471147,828132,158119,2091954
DaurDaurDU达斡尔族Dáwò'ěrzú0.0094% 132,299131,992132,747121,3571964
BlangBlangBL布朗族Bùlǎngzú0.0090% 127,345119,63991,89182,2801964
Maonan11MaonanMN毛南族Máonánzú0.0088% 124,092101,192107,18471,9681964
Tajik12TajikTA塔吉克族Tǎjíkèzú0.0036% 50,89651,06941,05633,5381954
PumiPumiPM普米族Pǔmǐzú0.0032% 45,01242,86133,62829,6571964
AchangAchangAC阿昌族Āchāngzú0.0031% 43,77539,55533,95427,7081964
NuNuNU怒族Nùzú0.0026% 36,57537,52328,77027,1231964
EvenkiEwenkiEW鄂温克族Èwēnkèzú0.0025% 34,61730,87530,54526,3151954
Vietnamese13GinGI京族Jīngzú0.0024% 33,11228,19922,58418,9151964
JinoJinoJN基诺族Jīnuòzú0.0018% 26,02523,14320,89918,0211979
BonanBonanBO保安族Bǎo'ānzú0.0017% 24,43420,07416,50512,2121954
De'ang14DeangDE德昂族Dé'ángzú0.0016% 22,35420,55617,93515,4621964
RussianRussRS俄罗斯族Éluósīzú0.0011% 16,13615,39315,63113,5041954
YugurYugurYG裕固族Yùgùzú0.0010% 14,70614,37813,74712,2971954
UzbekUzbekUZ乌孜别克族Wūzībiékèzú0.0009% 12,74210,56912,42314,5021954
MonbaMonbaMB门巴族Ménbāzú0.0008% 11,14310,5618,9287,4751964
OroqenOroqenOR鄂伦春族Èlúnchūnzú0.0007% 9,1688,6598,2166,9651954
DerungDerungDR独龙族Dúlóngzú0.0005% 7,3106,9307,4315,8161964
Hezhen15HezhenHZ赫哲族Hèzhézú0.0004% 5,3735,3544,6644,2451964
LhobaLhobaLB珞巴族Luòbāzú0.0003% 4,2373,6822,9702,3121965
TatarsTatarTT塔塔尔族Tǎtǎ'ěrzú0.0003% 3,5443,5564,8954,8731954
Gaoshan16GaoshanGS高山族Gāoshānzú0.0002% 3,4794,0094,4882,9091954
Undistinguishednone未识别民族Wèi Shìbié Mínzú0.0593% 836,488640,101734,438749,341
Naturalized Citizennone外国人加入中国籍Wàiguórén Jiārù Zhōngguójí0.0012% 16,5951,4489413,421

AGB 3304-91 "Names of ethnicities of China in romanization with codes";[8]
BThe population only includes mainland China;
CFor ethnic groups officially recognised in 1964 or earlier, this is the year of first inclusion in the national census, which were in 1954[9] and 1964;[10]
1Also included are the Chuanqing;
2Also includes Utsuls of Hainan, descended from Cham refugees;
3One subset of which is also known as Hmong and other include Hmu, Xong and A-Hmao. Some of the related languages and groups of peoples are not necessarily classified under the Miao umbrella, which makes this term somewhat vague;
4including Amdowa and Khampa, as well as roughly half of Pumi speakers, the remainder of whom are classified as a separate Pumi ethnicity;
5Also known as Kam;
6Also included are the Sangkong;
7This category includes several different Tai-speaking groups historically referred to as Bai-yi. In fact, the Dai nationality consists of speakers of varieties of Shan languages. For instance, the Tai Lue and Tai Nuea peoples are actually subgroups of the Shan people. Despite this, speakers of Bumang are also included in the Dai nationality;
8Also included are the Mosuo;
9Also included are the Qago (木佬人);
10Known as Kachin in Myanmar;
11Also included are the Then;
12They are not Tajik people but Pamiri people;
13The same group as Vietnamese or Kinh people in Sino-Vietnamese;
14Known as Palaung in Myanmar;
15The same group as Nanai on the Russian side of the border;
16A collective name for all Taiwanese aborigine groups in Taiwan. In fact, the numbers of Gaoshan in census covers only those who lives in mainland China (mainly in Fujian) and consists of Amis (autonym: Pangcah), Paiwan and Bunun peoples.

Taiwanese aborigines

The People's Republic of China government officially refers to all Taiwanese aborigines (Chinese: 原住民族; pinyin: Yuánzhùmínzú) as Gaoshan (Chinese: 高山族; pinyin: Gāoshānzú), whereas the Republic of China (Taiwan) recognizes 16 groups of Taiwanese aborigines.[11] The term Gaoshan has a different connotation in Taiwan than it does in mainland China.

"Unrecognized" ethnic minority groups

Part of a poster in Beijing showing the 56 ethnic groups of China

This is a list of ethnic groups in China that are not officially recognized by the government of the People's Republic of China.

  • Äynu (艾努人 Àinǔrén)
  • Altaians (Oirots) are classified as Mongols[12]
  • Fuyu Kyrgyz are classified as Kyrgyz
  • Gejia (家人 Gèjiārén)
  • Bajia (八甲人 Bājiǎrén)
  • Deng (僜人 Dèngrén)
  • Hu (户人 Hùrén)
  • Khmu (克木人 Kèmùrén)
  • Kucong (Yellow Lahu / Lahu Shi; 苦聪人 / 苦聰人 Kǔcōngrén)
  • Mang (芒人 Mángrén)
  • Ili Turks (土尔克人 / 土爾克人)
  • Sherpas (夏尔巴人 / 夏爾巴人 Xià'ěrbārén)
  • Tankas (疍家人 / 蜑家人 Dànjiārén) including Fuzhou Tanka
  • Tebbu (迭部人 Diébùrén)
  • Tuvans (图瓦人 Túwǎrén) are considered part of the Mongol ethnicity[13]
  • Waxiang (瓦乡人 Wǎxiāng rén)
  • Jews (犹太人 / 猶太人 Yóutàirén) (Jewish people of China and Jews in general)
  • Macanese (土生葡人 Tǔshēng púrén), mixed race Catholic Portuguese speakers who lived in Macau since 16th century of various ethnic origins
  • Utsuls (回辉人 Huíhuīrén), descendants of Cham Muslims who fled Vietnamese invasions of Champa

During the Fifth National Population Census of the People's Republic of China (2000), 734,438 persons in the Chinese mainland, 97% of them in Guizhou, were specifically recorded as belonging to "Undistinguished ethnic groups".[14] Presumably, other members of such groups may have been counted within larger "recognized" groups.

Ethnic groups in Hong Kong and Macau

Hong Kong and Macau are special administrative regions of the People's Republic of China. The governments of Hong Kong and Macau do not use the official PRC ethnic classification system, nor does the PRC's official classification system take ethnic groups in Hong Kong and Macau into account. Minority groups such as Western Europeans (mainly English and Portuguese), and Southern or Southeastern Asians (mainly Filipinos, Indians, Indonesians, Nepalese, and Pakistanis) live in Hong Kong.[15] Macau's main ethnic groups are of Chinese and Portuguese descent, but other ethnicities also live in the territory.[16]

See also

References

  1. "Han Chinese proportion in China's population drops: census data". Xinhua News (English). 28 April 2011. Archived from the original on 11 July 2016. Retrieved 1 September 2015.
  2. "index". www.stats.gov.cn.
  3. "Expats in China: Nationalities and in which cities they settle".
  4. Jarmuth, Anna (2020-09-22). "Ethnic Minorities and the Fight against Poverty in China: The Case of Yunnan". Institute for Security and Development Policy. Retrieved 2023-10-19.
  5. Lai, Hongyi. "China's Ethnic Policies and Challenges" (PDF).
  6. "White Paper 1999: Ethnic Minorities Policy in China". un.china-mission.gov.cn. Retrieved 2023-10-19.
  7. 胡鸿保; 张丽梅 (2009). 民族识别原则的变化与民族人口 [Changes in Ethnic Identification Principles and Ethnic Population]. Southwest University for Nationalities University Press (in Chinese) (4).
  8. GB 3304-91 Names of nationalities of China in romanization with codes Archived 2009-11-01 at the Wayback Machine.
  9. First National Population Census of the People's Republic of China
  10. Second National Population Census of the People's Republic of China
  11. "Gov't officially recognizes two more aboriginal people groups". China Post. CNA. 27 June 2014. Archived from the original on 11 November 2014. Retrieved 13 December 2014.
  12. Olson, James S. (1998). "Altai". An Ethnohistorical Dictionary of China. Westport, Conn: Greenwood Press. pp. 9–11. ISBN 0-313-28853-4.
  13. Mongush, M. V. (1996). "Tuvans of Mongolia and China". International Journal of Central Asian Studies (1): 225–243.
  14. 第五次人口普查数据(2000年). 表1—6. 省、自治区、直辖市分性别、民族的人口 ( Fifth National Population Census of the People's Republic of China (2000). Table 1-6: Population of provinces, autonomous regions, and municipalities by ethnicity). (in Chinese)
  15. Paul O'Connor (2018). "Ethnic Minorities and Ethnicity in Hong Kong". Routledge Handbook of Contemporary Hong Kong. Routledge. pp. 59–274. ISBN 9780367580605.
  16. João de Pina Cabral. "THE 'ETHNIC' COMPOSITION OF MACAO". Cultural Bureau of Macau. Retrieved 2023-11-29.

Further reading

This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.