Overview

The FAM214A gene is located on the negative DNA strand (see Sense (molecular biology)) of chromosome 15 between position 52,873,514 and 53,002,014; thus making the gene 97,303 base pairs (bp) long.^[5][8][9] FAM214A has been previously labeled with two other aliases, known as KIAA1370 and FLJ10980.^[5] The FAM214A gene is predicted to contain 12 exons which comprise the final 4231 bp mRNA transcript after transcription has occurred.^[10] It is this mRNA product that is then translated into the final FAM214A protein with the help of the promoter sequence and transcription factors. The promoter for the FAM214A mRNA sequence was predicted and analyzed by the El Dorado program on Genomatix.^[11] This promoter is 601 base pairs long and spans a portion of the 5' UTR.^[11]

FAM214A location on chromosome 15^[5]

Diagram of the FAM214A gene including introns and exons on chromosome 15^[9]

Gene expression

Expression data for FAM214A obtained from Gene Cards^[12]

FAM214A is considered to be ubiquitously expressed (or very nearly so) in low levels according to a number of sources such as BioGPS and the Expression Atlas.^[12][13][14] As can be seen in the BioGPS image below, there is a significantly higher expression level in immune-related cells and tissues, thus suggesting an immune role; however, there has been no specific in situ evidence to support this claim. Expression data has been collected from a number of studies performed on a large range of genes, therefore, some of the data is contradictory in nature.

Expression data for FAM214A obtained from BioGPS^[13]

Overview

The function of the FAM214A protein in humans is still unknown; however, there are three functional term associations including "biological process," "cellular component," and molecular function," that describe the function of this protein on The Gene Ontology which predict implications of its primary function in vivo.^[15][16] The protein product of FAM214A consists of 1076 amino acids (aa), has been predicted to have a molecular mass of 121,700 daltons, and has an isoelectric point around pH 7.7.^[6][17][18] This protein is predicted to remain in the nucleus after transcription based upon its lack of signal peptide sequence and the predictions of the program PSORTII.^[19] Due to alternative splicing, two other isoforms (Q32MH5-2 and Q32MH5-3) have been observed. They differ slightly from the primary product.^[20] Isoform 2 has four different amino acids from bases 960-960 and is missing the end of the sequence from bases 964-1076.^[20] Isoform 3 has seven extra amino acids added to the beginning of the sequence after the methionine.^[20]

After being translated, the FAM214A protein is predicted to remain in the nucleus by more than one type of subprogram on PSORT II.^[19] This protein has a pat4 signal, one of the two "classical" nuclear localization signals (NLSs), starting at residue 709.^[21] Although it does not have the second "classical" NLS, pat7, nor the "non-classical" bipartite NLS it is still predicted to be targeted for the nucleus by the NCNN score.^[21][22] This score predicts whether the protein is targeted for the nucleus or the cytoplasm based upon the amino acid sequence.^[21][22] For the FAM214A protein, the NCNN score predicted nuclear localization with 94.1% certainty.^[21][22] Based upon this information, PSORT generates an overall prediction of the protein's subcellular localization. For FAM214A, the predicted values were 69.6% for the nucleus as compared to 13.0% for the mitochondria, 8.7% for the cytoplasm, and 4.3% for the secretory vesicles and endoplasmic reticulum.^[19]

Post-translational modifications

Predicted phosphorylated sites found within the FAM214A protein^[23]

This protein most likely does not undergo a significant number of post-translational modifications due to the lack of signal peptide sequence predicted by NetNGlyc and NetOGlyc on the ExPASy web server.^[24][25] This is because much of the intracellular machinery performing post-translational modifications requires the protein to move through organelles such as the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus. Without a signal peptide sequence, the protein generally does not leave the nucleus, which was predicted by PSORT II as described above.^[19]

A SAPS analysis of this protein was performed against the swp23s.q database, which indicated the presence of an abnormally large number of serine amino acids and an abnormally small number of alanine amino acids in this protein.^[17] According to a review article by Fayard et al., phosphoinositide-dependent kinase 2 (PDK2) is a serine/threonine kinase that is important for regulating cell cycle. Because the FAM214A protein has a larger number of serine groups than is considered normal, there is the possibility that PDK2 has an important effect on this protein.^[26] In order to determine whether the excessive number of serines were actually predicted to be phosphorylated, the protein sequence was run through the program NetPhos from the ExPASy webserver.^[23] This program predicted the phosphorylation of 69 serines, 14 threonines, and 9 tyrosines.^[23] According to the SAPS analysis from above, there are a total or 134 serines, thus indicating that approximately half are predicted to be phosphorylated in vivo. A diagram of the phosphorylation predictions is shown to the right.

One other type of post-translational modification was predicted for the FAM214A protein by the program NetCorona on ExPASy.^[27] The program predicted a single cleavage site between position 214 and 215 in the FAM214A protein sequence after translation.^[27]

Protein interactions

There are number of transcription factor binding sites predicted for the FAM214A promoter sequence.^[11] A few of the ones with the highest predicted confidence are provided in the table below.^[11]

Possible Transcription Factors Predicted to Bind to the FAM214A Promoter Sequence

FAM214A non-transcription factor predicted protein interaction

The only protein predicted according STRING to interact with the FAM214A protein is called MFSD6L. This protein belongs to the major facilitator superfamily is predicted to be a transmembrane protein. Like FAM214A, the function of this protein has not yet been characterized through experimentation or research.^[28][29] Because this MFSD6L protein is the only FAM214A protein interaction predicted with any certainty, the sequence for it was run through the PSORT II program. The data from the NLS subprogram predicted the presence of a single pat4 and two pat7 NLS sequences, thus indicating possible nuclear localization.^[19][21] The NCNN score, on the other hand, predicted cytoplasmic localiztion with 94.1% certainty, thus leaving the overall PSORT II score at 39.1% plasma membrane, 39.1% endoplasmic reticulum, 4.3% vacuolar, 4.3% vesicles of secretory system, 4.3% Golgi, 4.3% mitochondrial, and 4.3% nuclear.^[21][22] This is contradictory as there are three total nuclear localization signals, but this may be due to the fact that the significant transmembrane nature of the MFSD6L protein may be causing issues with these predictions.^[21]

Small percentage of FAM214A tertiary structure^[30]

Secondary and tertiary structure

The secondary structure of the FAM214A protein consists of a number of alpha helices and beta sheets as predicted by Biology Workbench and Protein Homology/analogY Recognition Engine (PHYRE).^[30][31] The PHYRE program predicts that 66 percent of the FAM214A secondary structure is disordered and therefore unable to be analyzed and converted into a tertiary structure prediction.^[30] It was; however, able to predict approximately 10 percent of the protein's structure with 95 percent significance.^[30] The diagram for this is shown to the left.^[30]

Paralog

A single paralogous gene has been found on chromosome 9 in Homo sapiens and is named FAM214B (family with sequence similarity, B).^[32] FAM214B, although considered a paralog, has a significantly different protein sequence from that of FAM214A. When the two were compared against each other on NCBI's BLAST, the only significant similarity observed was within the last 200 amino acids (where the DUF4210 and Chromosome_Seg domains are located).^[33] Although the similarity between FAM214A and B is low, these two proteins are in the same protein family and contain the same two conserved domains.^[7][34]

Orthologs

The FAM214A protein has a significant number of orthologs across a large number of taxonomic groups including Mammalia, Aves, Reptilia, Amphibia, Actinopterygii, Echinoidea, Insecta, Trematoda, Crustacea, Tricoplacia, Anthozoa, and Eurotiomycetes.^[35] This indicates that the FAM214A protein is well conserved within Eukaryotes but does not appear to be conserved in Bacteria or Archaea. In all orthologs, the most-conserved region was near the end of the protein where the conserved domains are (see below). Orthologs for the human FAM214A protein were found as far back as Tuber melanosporum, Talaromyces stipitatus, and Aspergillus nidulans, which all diverged approximately 1215 million years ago.

Orthologs for the FAM214A Protein

Phylogeny

The evolutionary relationship between FAM214A and its orthologous proteins^[31]

An unrooted phylogenetic tree of 20 orthologs was generated by the CLUSTALW program on Biology Workbench to demonstrate the evolutionary relationship between FAM214A and its orthologs.^[31]

Conserved domains

Within the FAM214A protein, there are three well-conserved regions. These include a well-conserved region near the n-terminus of the protein and two conserved domains including the Domain of Unknown Function 4210 (DUF4210) and a Chromosome_Seg domain near the c-terminus.^[7] A schematic diagram of these three regions is shown below. The well-conserved region near the n-terminus of the protein is not predicted to contain any known domains or motifs; however, the cleavage site predicted by NetCorona above is located within this region and it is well-conserved in a majority of the proteins orthologous to FAM214A.^[27] The two conserved domains located at the end of this protein are the most important portion of the peptide based upon evolutionary history. All organisms in the Ortholog table above except the platypus (which is missing the Chromosome_Seg domain) contain both of these conserved domains within their protein sequence.^[7]

Schematic of the Homo sapiens FAM214A protein diagramming well-conserved regions and their locations