A junior at Eton fagging, illustration by S. P. Hall in C. F. Johnstone's Recollections of Eton (1870)

Fagging was a traditional practice in British public schools and also at many other boarding schools, whereby younger pupils were required to act as personal servants to the eldest boys.[1][2][3] Although probably originating earlier, the first accounts of fagging appeared in the late 17th century.[4]: 23  Fagging sometimes involved physical abuse[4]: 23–25  and/or sexual abuse.[5] Although lessening in severity over the centuries, the practice continued in some institutions until the end of the 20th century.[4]: 23–25 

History

Fagging originated as a structure for maintaining order in boarding schools, when schoolmasters' authority was practically limited to the classroom. Thomas Arnold, headmaster of Rugby from 1828 to 1841, defined fagging as the power given by the authorities of the school to the Sixth Form, to be exercised by them over younger boys.[1] Fagging was a fully established system at St Paul's, Eton, and Winchester in the sixteenth century.[1][6]

Fagging carried with it well-defined rights and duties on both sides. The senior, sometimes called the fag-master, was the protector of his fags and responsible for their happiness and good conduct.[1] In case of any problem outside the classroom, such as bullying or injustice, a junior boy's recourse was to him, not to a form master or housemaster, and, except in the gravest cases, all incidents were dealt with by the fag-master on his own responsibility.[1]

The duties undertaken by fags, the time taken, and their general treatment varied widely. Each school had its own traditions and expectations. Until around 1900, a fag's duties would include such humble tasks as blacking boots, brushing clothes, and cooking breakfasts, and there was no limit as to hours the fag would be expected to work.[1] Later, fagging was restricted to such tasks as running errands and bringing tea to the fag-master's study.[1] The 1911 Britannica details an evolution of the role at Eton.[1] Under school rules, fagging might involve harsh discipline and corporal punishment when those were standard practices.

In 1930, an inquest into the death of a 14-year-old schoolboy from Sedbergh School (then in West Yorkshire) heard that, rather than returning after holidays, he took his life because of his dislike of the fagging system. The jury returned a verdict of suicide and recommended the discontinuation of the practice in public schools.[7][8]

During the late 20th century, fagging became unfashionable in British public schools, as attitudes to boarding education and child development changed. Despite the reluctance of senior boys who had served their time and expected to enjoy the benefits of the system, between the 1960s and 1980s first the duties became less onerous and then the system was abolished at most major public schools.[9] The practice is believed to have become obsolete in Britain.[10]

There is a history of fagging in schools in former British colonies (see India,[11] South Africa) where fagging continues in a limited form at some schools.[12]

In 2017, the actor Simon Williams described how, as a new pupil at Harrow School in 1959, he was required to fag for a prefect four years his senior, involving duties such as spit-shining his shoes, making his bed, serving tea, and even warming the toilet seat.[13]

Sexual abuse

Fagging was sometimes associated with both consensual sexual service and sexual abuse.[4]: 215–244 [5] Christopher Tyerman, writing about the history of Harrow School, stated that in some situations, fagging could either encourage or conceal sexual activity between students, and that, at Harrow, fagging began to decline around the same time as the school started actively discouraging homosexual behaviour[14]: 477  but continued in formal school life until the 1990s.[14]: 440 

In memoirs, literature and art

Many authors have written of the experience of the harsh regimes experienced within public or boarding schools; some in novels and others in memoirs.[15]

  • Percy Bysshe Shelley, who entered Eton College in 1804,[16] was bullied for refusing to aid his assigned prefect.[17]
  • Fagging is depicted in the 1857 novel Tom Brown's School Days by Thomas Hughes, which is set at Rugby School.[18]
  • George Augustus Sala in his 1859 book Twice Round the Clock describes the most noble Marquis of Millefleurs, aged ten, at Eton, tending to Tom Tucker, 'an army clothier's son' as a fag. He has to clean his shoes but also prepare his bacon and toast for breakfast.[19]
  • E. W. Hornung's stories about fictional gentleman thief A. J. Raffles (created in 1898) are narrated by Raffles's companion Bunny Manders, who fagged for Raffles in their school years.[20]
  • C. S. Lewis's partial autobiography, Surprised by Joy (1955), mentions fagging (see Chapter VI, pp. 94–95).[21]
  • Some characters in P. G. Wodehouse's school stories are fags, such as Reginald Robinson in The Pothunters (1902) and Thomas Renford in The Gold Bat (1904).[22]
  • In his 1984 autobiography, Roald Dahl states that when he was a young fag, he was instructed to warm toilet seats for older boys at Repton School, and he wrote a fictional account of the experience of fagging in his short story "Galloping Foxley".[23]
  • Yana Toboso's manga series Black Butler showcases the fagging system in its Public School Arc, with the main protagonist, Ciel Phantomhive, becoming a fag when he enrolls to investigate events at Weston College.
  • If.... (1968) shows life in a public school and the fagging system, specifically how junior boys are made to act as personal servants for the eldest boys and are discussed as sex objects.

See also

Look up fag in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Fagging" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 10 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 125.
  2. ↑ Brown, Tamara L.; Parks, Gregory; Phillips, Clarenda M. (2005). African American Fraternities and Sororities: The Legacy and the Vision. University Press of Kentucky. ISBN 978-0-8131-2344-8.
  3. ↑ Report of Her Majesty's Commissioners Appointed to Inquire Into the Revenues and Management of Certain Colleges and Schools, and the Studies Pursued and Instruction Given Therein: With an Appendix and Evidence. London: G.E. Eyre and W. Spottiswoode. 1864. Retrieved 22 August 2020.
  4. 1 2 3 4 Schaverien, Joy (2015). Boarding School Syndrome: The psychological trauma of the 'privileged' child. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-317-50659-1. Retrieved 22 August 2020.
  5. 1 2 "When I was at school ..." The Guardian. 12 October 2005. Retrieved 26 May 2011.
  6. ↑ Johnson's New Universal Cyclopædia: A Scientific and Popular Treasury of Useful Knowledge. A. J. Johnson. 1877. p. 7. Retrieved 22 August 2020.
  7. ↑ Nash, Paul (1961). "Training an Elite: The prefect-fagging system in the English Public School". History of Education Quarterly. 1 (1): 14–21. doi:10.2307/367195. ISSN 0018-2680. JSTOR 367195. S2CID 147032008. Retrieved 23 August 2020.
  8. ↑ "Suicide - Dislike of Fagging". The Times. 10 May 1930. p. 9. Retrieved 23 August 2020.
  9. ↑ UPI (4 March 1977). "Eton students want to carry on fagging tradition". Nashua Telegraph.
  10. ↑ Barekat, Houman (29 June 2018). "Posh Boys by Robert Verkaik review – how public schools ruin Britain" – via www.theguardian.com.
  11. ↑ Agarwala, Vishant (31 August 2014). "Lights out, bullies are out". The Times of India. Retrieved 23 August 2020.
  12. ↑ Löser, Dylan Thomas (2016). "The Classics, the Cane and Rugby: The Life of Aubrey Samuel Langley and his Mission to Make Men in the High Schools of Natal, 1871-1939" (PDF). pp. 55, 63. Retrieved 23 August 2020.
  13. ↑ Williams, Simon (8 December 2017). "The Archers' Simon Williams on public school 'fagging'". The Telegraph. Retrieved 22 August 2020.
  14. 1 2 Tyerman, Christopher (October 2000). A History of Harrow School, 1324-1991. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-822796-0. Retrieved 22 August 2020.
  15. ↑ Renton, Alex (8 April 2017). "School of hard knocks: the dark underside to boarding school books". The Guardian. Retrieved 22 August 2020.
  16. ↑ Bieri, James (2004). Percy Bysshe Shelley: A Biography: Youth's Unextinguished Fire, 1792–1816. Newark: University of Delaware Press. p. 81. ISBN 9780874138702.
  17. ↑ Brooke-Smith, James (2019). Gilded Youth: Privilege, Rebellion and the British Public School. Reaktion Books. pp. 36, 44. ISBN 9781789140927.
  18. ↑ "Tom Brown's Schooldays, by Thomas Hughes". Project Gutenberg. Retrieved 23 August 2020.
  19. ↑ Sala, George Augustus; McConnell, William (1859). Twice round the clock; or, The hours of the day and night in London. The Library of Congress. London, Houlston and Wright.
  20. ↑ Hornung, E. W. (2003) [1899]. Richard Lancelyn Green (ed.). Raffles, the Amateur Cracksman (Annotated ed.). London: Penguin Books. p. 3. ISBN 978-1856132824.
  21. ↑ Lewis, C.S. (1955). Surprised by Joy. Harcourt, Brace and World. ISBN 0-15-687011-8.
  22. ↑ Garrison, Daniel H. (1989) [1987]. Who's Who in Wodehouse (Revised ed.). Peter Lang Publishing. pp. 162, 164. ISBN 1-55882-087-6.
  23. ↑ Dahl, Roald (1984). Boy: Tales of Childhood. Puffin Books. ISBN 978-0-14-130305-5.

Further reading

This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.