Ferenc Gebauer (25 June 1888–1958) was an Austrian-born Hungarian firearms designer and pilot during the First World War.

Early life and career

Gebauer was born as Franz Gebauer on 25 June 1888 in Velké Heraltice | (Groß Herrlitz in German) in Austria-Hungary to Wawra Józefa.[1][2] From 1901 to 1911 he worked as a plant manager for a car factory in Germany,[1] then went to work for the Puch motorcycle factory in Graz, Austria from 1911 to 1914.[3] He served in World War I in the Austro-Hungarian Air Force (KuK Luftfahrtruppen) as a car courier officer of the army headquarters (August 21, 1914 to March 1915),[1] a field pilot on the Italian front from May 25, 1916 to September 3, 1917,[1] a factory pilot at the Aspern Phönix Flugzeugwerke aircraft factory from September 3, 1917 to September 1918[1] and finally served as a gunsmith at the Fischamend Air Base in 1918 until the war ended.[3]

In 1920 he worked, in an unofficial capacity, for the Technical Experimental Weapon Division of the Royal Hungarian Honvéd, tasked with developing weapons in secret from the Allied forces. In 1924, Gebauer went to work for Danuvia until 1936. He became a citizen of Hungary and changed his name from the German Franz to the Hungarian Ferenc on February 17, 1930.[1] He worked for the József Nádor University of Technology and Economics (now Budapest University of Technology and Economics) starting in 1939, but was forced to flee from Austria during the German occupation of Hungary. In March 1944, with the invasion of Hungary by the USSR, Gebauer fled to Sweden to work for Bofors, where he worked as the chief designer of the Bofors arms factory until his death in 1958.[2]

He was awarded the following medals during his lifetime:[1]

  • Knight's Cross of the Hungarian Order of Merit
  • Hungarian Crown Bronze Medal on an emerald green ribbon
  • Silver Medal of Valor, First Class
  • Silver Valor Medal, Second Class (Awarded twice)
  • Károly Team Cross
  • Camp Pilot Badge
  • Knight's Cross of the Order of the Italian Crown

Firearms design

An 8 mm Gebauer machine gun from inside a 39M Csaba armoured car's turret.

Noting that the model 07/12 Schwarzlose machine gun was prone to freezing up in the higher altitudes above the Italian Alps, Gebauer decided that the current practice of adapting standard infantry machine guns was outmoded, as the propeller synchronization only controlled the timing, and not the operation, of these weapons. He decided that an aircraft machine gun needed to fire based on the propeller shaft so it was not dependent upon gas-operation.[2][4] Colonel Uzelac of the K.u.K. Luftfahrtruppen – Fliegerarsenal (Austro-Hungarian Aviation Troops) was impressed by the inventor's ideas and pushed through plans for three prototypes to be created over four months.[5] Trials started in 1917, and in June 1918 the test pilots gave favorable results to the third prototype. This resulted in the creation of the Gebauer Machine Gun 1918.M (GMP 1918.M), of which 100 (later 500) were ordered from the Öfam-Sollux Company.[6] While the 1918.M was developed too late for practical use in World War I, it was tested on various types of aircraft, including the Albatros D.III, Halberstadt D.II, Fokker D.VII, and WKF D.I.[5] The 1918.M led to further designs and refinement, eventually culminating in the Gebauer GKM Machine Gun 1940.M. Gebauer held 20 firearm patents, some in his name and others with Danuvia.[7]

Notable weapons

GKM = Gebauer Kényszermeghajtású Motorgéppuska (Gebauer Positive-Driven Motor-Machine Gun)
ModelCaliberFeed TypeLengthWeightRate of FireMuzzle EnergyMuzzle VelocityInstalled OnNotes
Gebauer Machine Gun 1918.M[8][9][10]8×50mmR MannlicherBelt, 500 rounds per barrel1150 mm42.5 kg1,500 rpmWKF D.IDouble-barreled. Not used in combat due to the end of World War I. As it was driven directly by the engine's speed, the rate of fire varied. RoF below represents the maximum rounds/min. On the WKF D.I this also reduced the engine's power by up to 10%.
Gebauer Machine Gun 1926/31.M[8][9] [11]7.92×57mm MauserBelt, 500 rounds per barrel1150 mm15.5 kg (single)
42.5 kg (double)		1,330 rpm (per barrel)Fiat CR.32

IMAM Ro.37

Heinkel He 46

Weiss WM-16 Budapest

Weiss WM-21 Sólyom

 Installed in both single and double barrel configurations.
Gebauer 1934.M GKM[1]7.92×57mm MauserDrum, 100 cartridges1100 mm9.5 kg1,200 rpm3569.87 J730 m/sCaproni Ca.101

Caproni Ca.310

Heinkel He 46

Heinkel He 70K Blitz

Junkers Ju 86 K-2

Weiss WM-16 Budapest

Weiss WM-21 Sólyom

 Designed to be used by aircraft as an observer's weapon, the 1934.M used a gas-operated system, with shells ejecting from the left side,[10] and was fed by a 100-round "Horváth" drum, which offered double the capacity of guns used on other aircraft.[12] On June 11, 1935, Italian technical officers visited Danuvia, where Ferenc Gebauer presented the guests with three machine guns, two of which were the 1934M and 1934/A models.[13]
Gebauer Tank Machine Gun 1934/37.M & 1934/37.A M7.92×57mm Mauser
8×56mmR (A M model)		Drum, 100 cartridges1120 mm11.5 kg (M model)
9.5 kg (A M model)		1,000-1,200 rpm3569.87 J790 m/sStraussler V-4

39M Csaba

38M Toldi

 Version of the 1934.M developed in 1937 for use on tanks and was also used by gunboats in anti-aircraft installations.[1][14][15]
Gebauer GKM Machine Gun 1934/40.M [16]8×56mmRBelt, 100 cartridges1034 mm16.9 kg1,000 rpm3569.87 J730 m/s40M Turán

43M Turán III

44M Tas

 Almost identical to the 1934/37A.M except shorter, a bit heavier, and belt-fed.
Gebauer Machine Gun 1939.M[11] 8×56mmR Belt, 200 rounds for anti-air gun, 500 (possibly 600) rounds for aircraft mounted gun 985 mm 18.2 kg 2,000 rpm 3569.87 J 730 m/s Heinkel He 112

Weiss Manfréd WM-23 Ezüst Nyíl

 Only wing-mounted Gebauer machine gun. Gas-operated. Could fire as fast as 2,038 rpm. Was not developed further and only few were produced as 8 mm machine guns were deemed as too weak for defeating aircraft in 1939.
Gebauer GKM Machine Gun 1940.M[8][9] [11]12.7x81mmSRBelt, 600 rounds (300 per barrel)1290 mm15.5 kg (single)
44 kg (double)		2,000 rpm (double barrel)1,200 J800 m/sFiat CR.42 Falco

MÁVAG Héja II

Weiss Manfréd WM-23 Ezüst Nyíl

 Installed in both single and double barrel configurations. Engine-driven machine gun. Some sources say rate of fire was as high as 2,600 rpm for the double barrel gun (1,300 rpm per barrel). Chambered for the same ammunition as the Italian 12.7 mm Breda-SAFAT. In 1943 Italy purchased the licence to produce the Gebauer 1940.M GKM, although it is unknown if the Italians made any.

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 "ADATTÁR GEBAUER FERENC FEGYVERKONSTRUKTŐR PÁLYAFUTÁSÁHOZ ÉS AZ ÁLTALA TERVEZETT LŐFEGYVEREK KATEGORIZÁLÁSA" (PDF). Epa.oszk.hu. Retrieved July 21, 2022.
  2. 1 2 3 "Austro-Hungarian Weapon Designers' and Builders' Biographies". Hungariae.com. Retrieved 2022-07-11.
  3. 1 2 "Gebauer Ferenc – Névpont 2022". Nevpont.hu. Retrieved 2022-07-11.
  4. ↑ "A Dunánál". Mek.oszk.hu.
  5. 1 2 Hajdú, Ferenc; Sárhidai, Gyula (2005). A Magyar Királyi Honvéd Haditechnikai Intézettől a HM Technológiai Hivatalig: 1920–2005 [From the Military Technical Institute of the Royal Hungarian Army to the HM Technology Office 1920–2005] (in Hungarian). HM Technológiai Hivatalig. ISBN 9789632196664.
  6. ↑ "A Magyar Kiralyi Honved Haditechnikai Intezettol a HM Technologiai Hivatalig" (PDF). Mek.oszk.hu. Retrieved July 21, 2022.
  7. ↑ "A Hadtörténelmi Közlemények repertóriuma 1888–1914" (PDF). Mek.oszk.hu. Retrieved 2022-07-22.
  8. 1 2 3 "Avion". Historyopinion.com.
  9. 1 2 3 "Gebauer 1918.M (26/31.M, 1940.M GKM)". Airwar.ru.
  10. 1 2 "Hungarian Weapons Gebauer Machine Guns, Hungary 1918–45". Hungariae.com.
  11. 1 2 3 Pap, Péter (2012). "ADATTÁR GEBAUER FERENC FEGYVERKONSTRUKTŐR PÁLYAFUTÁSÁHOZ ÉS AZ ÁLTALA TERVEZETT LŐFEGYVEREK KATEGORIZÁLÁSA" (PDF). epa.oszk.hu/ (in Hungarian).
  12. ↑ "Aviation". Hungarianweaponryww2.wixsite.com. 7 August 2018.
  13. ↑ "HADITECHNIKA" (PDF). Real-j.mtak.hu. 2014. Retrieved 10 August 2022.
  14. ↑ "A Dunánál". Mekl.oszk.hu.
  15. ↑ "Csaba armored cars". Hungarianweaponryww2.wixsite.com. 12 April 2018.
  16. ↑ Ness, Lee (2002). Jane's World War II Tanks and Fighting Vehicles. Harper Collins. p. 119. ISBN 978-0-00-711228-9.
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