Wellington Harbour, 1894
by J. M. Nairn

Ferries within Wellington's harbour carry commuters and tourists on Wellington Harbour and form a part of the Wellington public transport system. They operate between central Wellington, Days Bay (near Eastbourne), Seatoun, and Matiu/Somes Island. Until 2016, services also ran to Petone on weekends. Historically they also served Lowry Bay and Rona Bay—the ferries belonged to the Eastbourne Borough Council from 1913 to 1950—and briefly, until 1913, Miramar and Karaka Bay. The development of road connections around the harbour's edge, particularly once they were paved during the 1920s, reduced the importance of ferries to the city's transport network, but regular services still run.

Some of the most notable vessels were the SS Cobar and SS Duchess. Cobar was the longest serving, 42 years from 1906 to 1948 when all services ended because Cobar was badly damaged by fire. Duchess was specially built for Port Nicholson in 1897 but licensed to carry 1,029 against Cobar's 745 passengers she had to be first to go when commuters switched to the buses in the 1920s. She was laid up by the council in 1929 and sold in 1930.

Map of ferry routes in Wellington in 2007, blue representing daily services, green represents weekend-only services

Routes

A ferry service to Days Bay began in 1893 and later served Eastbourne (at Rona Bay). The service was taken over by the Eastbourne Borough Council in 1913 and continued to operate until 1948.

In 1989, a new ferry service was established to Days Bay. It is the only commuter ferry in operation in Wellington. It is run by the private company East by West, with a subsidy from local authorities.

Ferry services from central Wellington to Miramar, Seatoun and Karaka Bay began in 1901. There were several runs each day, operated by a private company, Wellington Harbour Ferries. A second company, the Miramar Ferry Company, began operations the following year, but was bought out by Wellington Harbour Ferries in 1906. Improvements to road connections, notably the construction of the Seatoun Tunnel, made road journeys substantially quicker and easier, and caused patronage to drop—regular services ceased in 1913. In 2006, weekend services to Seatoun resumed followed in March 2008 by a commuter service.[1]

Attempts have been made in recent years to establish a ferry service from central Wellington to Petone, on the northern coast of the harbour. Although there is a major road and rail corridor connecting Petone and Wellington, a ferry service might reduce congestion and possibly provide a faster journey. A trial commuter service was withdrawn in the mid-2000s after failing to attract the level of patronage expected, but Petone continued to be served by a weekend "Harbour Explorer" service until the wharf was damaged in the 2016 Kaikōura earthquake. The Hutt City Council planned in 2017 to spend NZ$8 million on repairing the wharf. Both the East by West ferry company and the mayor of Lower Hutt, Ray Wallace, expressed interest in reintroducing a commuter service.[2][3]

Although Matiu/Somes Island has never had a substantial population its establishment as a nature reserve generated demand for a ferry service. The island opened to the public in 1995 and off-peak and weekend ferries call on request.

Vessels

These vessels also carried Wellington Harbour Board's pilots and towed large vessels within the harbour.

Name Operator In service Retired Max Passengers Gross Tons Length (meters) Speed (knots) Notes
Admiral[4] 616[5] Placed on the coastal trade.[6]
Aorere Eastbourne Borough Council Purchased for cargo-carrying; the service was not a success.[6]
Awaroa[7] Wellington Harbour Ferries 1911[8] Built c. 1908 in Sydney for Auckland owners for the Northern Wairoa run
City Cat East by West Ferries 2000 91 14.5 20
Cobar Wellington Harbour Ferries[9] 1906[10] 1948 900[11] 159 Built by George de Fraine, Laurieton, New South Wales in 1903 for William Longworth of Sydney and Cobar Mining, bought 1906 by Wellington Harbour Ferries Company, only authorised to transport 745 passengers.[5] Cobar collided with the Duchess in the early evening of 30 March 1910. A magisterial enquiry decided both masters were equally at fault and their master's certificates were suspended for one year.[5] Burned overnight at Days Bay wharf March 1948 and taken out of service.
Cobar Cat East by West Ferries 2005 99 17 22
Countess[4] Wellington Harbour Ferries 1901[12] 1910[13] 141 30.8 HP steam engine.[13] Launched by Messrs Logan's, Auckland 27 November 1900 for the Wellington Ferry Company's Day's Bay service.[14] Engines were placed on board by A & G Price at Thames. Sold to Napier for a trawler in 1910 and later to Sanford Limited in Auckland. She became a hulk and sank at her Shoal Bay moorings in 1934.[13]
Duchess[4] Wellington Harbour Ferries 1897[9] 1929 1,200[11] 308 40.5[15] 12[6] Steel, triple-expansion engines, specially built for Wellington Harbour Ferries by Mackie & Thompson, Glasgow in 1897.[5] Laid up by owners Eastbourne Borough Council in 1929. She was sold to Auckland for the run to Kawau Island in November 1930.[6][7]
Duco[4] 1892 1909[16] 420 Built primarily as a tug on the Clyde in 1892 for J H Williams.[6] Converted to a fishing boat Duco disappeared on a voyage to the Chatham Islands in November 1909.
Himatangi[17]
Ika Rere East by West Ferries 2022 132 19.0 20 Southern hemisphere's first electric ferry[18]
Karaka[6]
Loyalty[17] Miramar Ferry Company 1901 29.0 Ex-French gunboat at Noumea.[19] Kauri, copper-fastened; 95 ft, beam 16 ft, depth of hold 7 ft, draught 5 or 6 ft.
Mana 1886 1897 280 Built by W. R. Williams. Sold to Patea Shipping Company in 1897.[6]
Moa 1880 350 7[10] Served a triple purpose as lighter, tug and excursion steamer taking picnickers to Somes Island. In 1886 Moa was lengthened and greatly altered and placed in the coastal trade. Owner Captain W. R. Williams (father of Captain J. H. Williams) then built the Mana at his yard on Te Aro beach and a wharf at Lowry Bay.[6]
Moturoa
Muritai Eastbourne Borough Council Transport Services[20] 1923 1940 1,500 52.6 13 172 ft 6 ins, length b.p. 165 ft, beam 30 ft, depth 12 ft 3 in. Twin triple-expansion engines, two boilers running on oil or coal. Built at Montrose, Scotland, for the council and launched in December 1922, arrived in May 1923 and called the "Greyhound of Eastbourne's fleet".[21] Taken over in August, 1940, by the New Zealand Division of the Royal Navy for defence purposes[22] and renamed HMS Muritai.[23]
Ocean Cruiser Port Nicholson Launch Company 1951 1951 Re-engined Fairmile, previously in service in Fremantle. Perhaps became HMNZS Maori (P3570).
Opawa[17]
Pilot 150[24] Sold to the North as a tug.[6]
Queen of the South[6]
The ferry Cobar Cat at Queens Wharf
SS Cobar moves alongside Day's Bay wharf before her 1910 collision.
Collier Koranui passing Taiaroa Heads under the Union Steam Ship flag.
East by West's electric ferry Ika Rere approaching Days Bay Wharf to collect passengers.

Owners and operators of steamers

Captain WR Williams

William Robert Williams (1832–1890) was born at Gravesend, England 5 March 1832 and died at his house on Wellington's The Terrace on 17 March 1890. He started out to be a sailor at the age of 12 in vessels trading on the English coast. Moving to Australia in 1856 he involved himself in trade between Melbourne and ports in South Australia then became chief officer on a vessel running to Otago. He acquired an interest in the barque Anne Melhuish in which he brought coal to New Zealand from Newcastle taking timber, kauri gum, and, at the end of the Maori wars, troops the other way. The trans-Tasman coal trade was very profitable. He was soon able to purchase Heversham, Australind, Cyrus, Edwin Bassett, Carlotta, Neptune, Robin Hood, Sophia R Luhrs, G M Tucker, Ellerton, and Mary Bannatyne all forming the nucleus of the Black Diamond Line.

In 1876 he bought the steamer Grafton in Sydney and in 1881 while in England he bought the steamer Westport then being built in Glasgow. The following year, his only son, J. H. Williams, superintended the construction of steamers Koranui and Mawhera in Britain also for the West Coast trade. Other steam vessels belonging to the line were Moa, Manawatu, and Maitai.

Captain Williams moved into coal mining in 1885 forming a company to work a coal lease at Westport then adding the Koranui Coal Company and the Coal Pit Heath mine. However, in 1886, Williams disposed of them to Westport Coal Company and sold his vessels to Union Steam Ship Company (the "Southern Octopus"). He had intended to pay another visit to the Old Country but was found to be suffering from heart disease.

Described as a shrewd man of business he was at one time the largest employer of labour in Wellington. As well as running his line of steamers, he had his shipbuilding yard on the Te Aro foreshore, its site is now on the north side of Halley's Lane in lower Taranaki Street. For some years he was the government's nominee on the Wellington Harbour Board. His obituary in Wellington's Evening Post reported "Although occasionally brusque in his manner Captain Williams possessed a kindly disposition and his acts of benevolence were numerous."[25]

JH Williams

James Herbert Williams (c. 1858–1915), the son of Captain WR Williams, was for many years connected with his father's business. The younger Williams subsequently acquired the local tug and ferry service which he conducted for a number of years. It eventually developed into the Wellington Steam Ferry Company which developed Day's Bay Estate into a popular resort. Williams died at Thorndon, on 19 January 1915.[26] J. H. Williams held the piloting and tugboat contract at Wellington between 1894 and 1899 with the tugs Duco and Mana.[27] In 1900 he sold his business including the resort of Days Bay to his Wellington Steam Ferry Company.[28]

Wellington Steam Ferry Company

Incorporated 1900 (J. H. Williams, manager E. G. F. Zohrab).[6] Williams sold his interest in 1905 to William Watson's syndicate[29] and the company became a subsidiary of Watson's newly formed Wellington Harbour Ferries.

Miramar Ferry Company

Incorporated 1901, plant to Wellington Harbour Ferries in 1906.[29]

Wellington Harbour Ferries

Incorporated 1906 by (Wm. Watson (1846–1938), president of the Bank of New Zealand,[30] and other Seatoun residents, manager E. G. F. Zohrab)[6] to own a controlling share of Wellington Steam Ferry Company and the plant from Miramar Ferry. In 1913, the ferries were sold to the Eastbourne Borough Council, Day's Bay House to Miss Sommerville, the remaining Day's Bay land was bought by Wellington City Council and the companies were eventually wound up.[29]

E. G. F. Zohrab

Zohrab (1871–1933). When the council took over Duchess and Cobar in 1913 he took over Admiral, Karaka, and Pilot using them for towing and general work about the harbour but he ran no ferry services, leaving Karaka Bay and Seatoun without any ferry service at all.[6]

Eastbourne Borough Council

The council committed themselves to the purchase of two vessels on 26 June 1913 and took over Duchess and Cobar on 1 September 1913. The timetable was increased and the service made more convenient for East Harbour residents. In 1923 the council purchased Muritai but it proved an expensive vessel to run. The paving of the Hutt Road and the extension of the bitumen to Muritai lowered ferry custom and the council was obliged to buy a fleet of buses. Duchess was sold in 1934.[6] Muritai was taken over for Defence purposes in August 1940.[22] Cobar was badly damaged by fire in 1948 and sold for a trawler in 1950. Cobar replacement Ocean Cruiser proved unreliable and did not attract the hoped-for custom.

References

  1. ↑ "Chinese investor buys Wellington harbour ferries: "business as usual"" (Press release). Wellington Scoop. 5 February 2014. Retrieved 25 August 2018.
  2. ↑ Boyack, Nicholas (26 March 2017). "Ferry operator looking at a service between Petone and Wellington". Stuff. Retrieved 25 August 2018.
  3. ↑ Boyack, Nicholas (31 July 2018). "Lower Hutt spending $15 million upgrading and demolishing wharves". Stuff. Retrieved 25 August 2018.
  4. 1 2 3 4 Australian politics. Evening Post, Volume LXXI, Issue 130, 2 June 1906, Page 6
  5. 1 2 3 4 Harbour ferry services. Evening Post, Volume LXXIX, Issue 73, 29 March 1910, Page 7
  6. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 Duchess sold. Evening Post, Volume CX, Issue 121, 19 November 1930, Page 13
  7. 1 2 Day's Bay. Evening Post, Volume CXVI, Issue 51, 29 August 1933, Page 9
  8. ↑ New steamer Awaroa. Evening Post, Volume LXXXII, Issue 53, 31 August 1911, Page 3
  9. 1 2 Collision in port. Evening Post, Volume LXXXI, Issue 75, 31 March 1910, Page 3
  10. 1 2 The harbour ferry service. Evening Post, Volume LXXI, Issue 81, 5 April 1906, Page 5
  11. 1 2 A traffic problem. Evening Post, Volume LXXV, Issue 99, 27 April 1908, Page 8
  12. ↑ Day's Bay timetable. Evening Post, Volume LXI, Issue 15, 18 January 1901, Page 6
  13. 1 2 3 Trawler sinks. Evening Post, Volume CXVI, Issue 99, 24 October 1933, Page 3
  14. ↑ Wellington's new ferry steamer. Evening Post, Volume LX, Issue 128, 27 November 1900, Page 6
  15. ↑ Miramar Gasometer, Evening Post, Volume LXXV, Issue 125, 27 May 1908, Page 3
  16. ↑ The missing Duco. Evening Post, Volume LXXVIII, Issue 125, 23 November 1909, Page 3
  17. 1 2 3 The holidays. Evening Post, Volume LXII, Issue 152, 24 December 1901, Page 5
  18. ↑ "Electric Ferry | East by West Ferries".
  19. ↑ Gunboat for ferry purposes Wanganui Herald 7 September 1901 page 2
  20. ↑ Grand Daylight Harbour Excursion. Evening Post, Volume CXVIII, Issue 144, 15 December 1934, Page 4
  21. ↑ Launching the Muritai. Evening Post, Volume CV, Issue 33, 8 February 1923, Page 4
  22. 1 2 Ferry Taken Over. Evening Post, Volume CXXX, Issue 33, 7 August 1940, Page 7
  23. ↑ In a new role. Evening Post, Volume CXXX, Issue 115, 11 November 1940, Page 5
  24. ↑ A complaint and a reply. Evening Post, Volume LXXX, Issue 65, 14 September 1910, Page 8
  25. ↑ Death of Captain W R Williams, Evening Post, Volume XXXIX, Issue 63, 17 March 1890, Page 3
  26. ↑ Personal matters. Evening Post, Volume LXXXIX, Issue 15, 19 January 1915, Page 6
  27. ↑ New Zealand Marine News 1965 Volume 17 Number 2 Pages 35-41
  28. ↑ New Zealand Marine News 1984 Volume 34 Number 2 Pages 54-56
  29. 1 2 3 History of the harbour ferry. Evening Post, Volume CIV, Issue 22, 26 July 1922, Page 5
  30. ↑ Obituary. Evening Post, Volume CXXVI, Issue 11, 13 July 1938, Page 13

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