A Boeing 777-200LR of Dubai-based Emirates, one of the two flag carriers of the United Arab Emirates.

A flag carrier is a transport company, such as an airline or shipping company, that, being locally registered in a given sovereign state, enjoys preferential rights or privileges accorded by the government for international operations.

Historically, the term was used to refer to airlines owned by the government of their home country and associated with the national identity of that country.[1] Such an airline may also be known as a national airline or a national carrier, although this can have different legal meanings in some countries. Today, it is any international airline with a strong connection to its home country or that represents its home country internationally, regardless of whether it is government-owned.[2][3]

Flag carriers may also be known as such due to laws requiring aircraft or ships to display the state flag of the country of their registry.[4] For example, under the law of the United States, a U.S. flag air carrier is any airline that holds a certificate under Section 401 of the Federal Aviation Act of 1958 (i.e., any U.S.-based airline operating internationally),[5] and any ship registered in the United States is known as a U.S. flag vessel.[6]

Background

A Douglas DC-4 owned and operated by El Al - the flag carrier of Israel - in 1948

The term "flag carrier" is a legacy of the time when countries established state-owned airline companies. Governments then took the lead due to the high capital costs of establishing and running airlines. However, not all such airlines were government-owned; Pan Am, TWA, Cathay Pacific, Union de Transports Aériens, Canadian Pacific Air Lines and Olympic Airlines were all privately owned. Most of these were considered to be flag carriers[7] as they were the "main national airline"[8] and often a sign of their country's presence abroad.[9][10]

The heavily regulated aviation industry also meant aviation rights are often negotiated between governments, denying airlines access to an open market. These Bilateral Air Transport Agreements similar to the Bermuda I and Bermuda II agreements specify rights awardable only to locally registered airlines, forcing some governments to jump-start airlines to avoid being disadvantaged in the face of foreign competition. Some countries also establish flag carriers such as Israel's El Al[11] or Lebanon's Middle East Airlines[12] for nationalist reasons or to aid the country's economy, particularly in the area of tourism.[13]

In many cases, governments would directly assist in the growth of their flag carriers typically through subsidies and other fiscal incentives. The establishment of competitors in the form of other locally registered airlines may be prohibited or heavily regulated to avoid direct competition.[14] Even where privately run airlines may be allowed to be established, the flag carriers may still be accorded priority, especially in the apportionment of aviation rights to local or international markets.[15]

Near the end of the 20th century, many of these airlines have been corporatized as a public company or a state-owned enterprise, while others have been completely privatized.[16] The aviation industry has also been gradually deregulated and liberalized,[17] permitting greater freedoms of the air particularly in the United States and in the European Union with the signing of the Open Skies agreement.[18] One of the features of such agreements is the right of a country to designate multiple airlines to serve international routes with the result that there is no single "flag carrier".[19]

List of flag-carrying airlines

The chart below lists airlines considered to be a "flag carrier", based on current or former state ownership or other verifiable designation as a national airline.

Country or Region Airline Details of current state ownership Details of former state ownership
 AfghanistanAriana Afghan Airlines[20]State-owned[21]
 AlbaniaAir Albania[22]
 AlgeriaAir Algérie[23]State-owned[24]
 AngolaTAAG Angola Airlines[25]Majority[26]
 ArgentinaAerolíneas Argentinas[27]State-owned[27]
 ArmeniaFly Arna[28][29]
 ArubaAruba Airlines[30]None
 AustraliaQantas[31]NoneState-owned until 1992.[32]
 AustriaAustrian Airlines[33]None – owned by LufthansaState-owned until 5 December 2008.[34]
 AzerbaijanAzerbaijan Airlines[35]
 BahamasBahamasair[36]State-owned[37]
 BahrainGulf Air[38]State-owned[39]
 BangladeshBiman Bangladesh Airlines[40]Public limited companyState-owned until 23 July 2007.
 BelarusBelavia[41]State-owned[42]
 BelgiumBrussels Airlines[43]None – owned by Lufthansa[44]State-owned in its original incarnation (SN Brussels Airlines)
 BhutanDruk Air[45]None
 BoliviaBoliviana de Aviación[46]State-owned[47]
 BotswanaAir Botswana[48]State-owned[48]
 BruneiRoyal Brunei Airlines[49]State-owned[49]
 BulgariaBulgaria Air[50]Minority state-owned (0.01%)[51]
 Burkina FasoAir BurkinaState-owned[52]
 CambodiaCambodia Angkor Air[53]Majority (51%)[54]
 CameroonCamair-Co[55]State-owned[56]
 CanadaAir Canada[57]Minority state-owned by the Government of Canada (Estimated 6.4%)[58]State-owned until privatization in 1989.[59]
 Cape VerdeTACV[60]
 Cayman IslandsCayman AirwaysState-owned [61]
 ChileLATAM Chile[62][63]NoneState-owned until September 1989.[64]
 ChinaAir China[65]Majority (51.7%): 40.98% through CNAHC and 10.72% through CNACG[66]: 10  State-owned until 2004.[67]
 ColombiaAvianca[68]None
 Costa RicaAvianca Costa Rica[69]
 CroatiaCroatia Airlines[70]Majority (98%)[71]
 CubaCubana de Aviación[72]State-owned[73]
 CyprusCyprus Airways[74]None - 40% owned by Malta-based SJC Group[75]
 Czech RepublicCzech Airlines[76]None[76]
 DR CongoCongo Airways[77]State-owned[77]
 DenmarkScandinavian Airlines[78]Joint venture[nb 1] 
 Norway
 Sweden
 DjiboutiAir Djibouti[81]Joint venture
 Dominican RepublicArajet[82]None
 EgyptEgyptair[83]State-owned[84]
 Equatorial GuineaCEIBA Intercontinental[85]
 EritreaEritrean AirlinesState-owned
 EswatiniEswatini Air[86]
 EthiopiaEthiopian Airlines[87]State-owned[88]
 Faroe IslandsAtlantic Airways[89]
 FijiFiji Airways[90]Majority (51%)[91]
 FinlandFinnair[92]Majority (55.8%)[93]
 FranceAir France[94]Minority (18% share)[95]
 French PolynesiaAir Tahiti Nui[96]Majority[97]
 GeorgiaGeorgian AirwaysNone
 GermanyLufthansa[98]NoneState-owned until 1994;[99] remaining government shares were sold in 1997.[100]

Minority (20.05%) in the Lufthansa Group acquired in 2020[101][102] was sold in 2022.[103]

 GreeceAegean Airlines[104]
 GreenlandAir Greenland[105]
 GuernseyAurigny[106]State-owned[107]
 GuyanaCaribbean Airlines[108][109][110]None
 JamaicaMinority (16%)
 Trinidad and TobagoMajority (84%)[111]
 Hong KongCathay Pacific[112]Minority (6.08% by Hong Kong Government) + 28.17% through Air China Limited[113]
 IcelandIcelandair[114]None - owned by Icelandair Group[115]
 IndiaAir India[116]None - owned by Tata Group[117]State-owned until November 2021[116][118][119]
 IndonesiaGaruda Indonesia[120]Majority (60.536%)[121]State-owned until February 2011.[122]
 IranIran Air[123]State-owned[124]
 IraqIraqi Airways[125]
 IrelandAer Lingus[126][127]None – owned by International Airlines GroupState-owned until September 2006.[128]
 IsraelEl Al[129]Minority (~1.1%)[130]State-owned until June 2004.
 ItalyITA Airways[131]State-owned, succeeded Alitalia starting from 15 October 2021[132][133][134]
 Ivory CoastAir Côte d'Ivoire[135]Minority (49%)
 JapanJapan Airlines[136]NoneState-owned until 1987.[137][138]
 JordanRoyal Jordanian[139]
 KazakhstanAir Astana[140]Majority (51%)[141]
 KenyaKenya Airways[142]Minority (29.8%)[143]
 KiribatiAir Kiribati[144]
 KuwaitKuwait Airways[145]State-owned[146]
 LaosLao Airlines[147]State-owned[148]
 LatviaairBaltic[149]Majority (80.05%)[150]
 LebanonMiddle East Airlines[151]Majority (99%)[151]
 LibyaAfriqiyah Airways[152]State-owned[153]
Libyan Airlines[154]State-owned[154]
 LuxembourgLuxair[155]Majority (73.86%)[156]
 MacauAir Macau[157]Minority (5%)
 MadagascarMadagascar Airlines[158]Majority
 MalawiMalawi Airlines[159]Majority (51%)[159]
 MalaysiaMalaysia Airlines[160]State-owned through Khazanah Nasional[161]
 MaldivesMaldivian
 MaltaAir Malta[162]Majority[163]
 Marshall IslandsAir Marshall Islands[164]
 MauritaniaMauritania Airlines[165]State-owned[166]
 MauritiusAir Mauritius[167] 
 MexicoAeroméxico[168]NoneState-owned until 2007.
 MongoliaMIAT Mongolian Airlines[169]State-owned[170]
 Montenegro Air Montenegro[171] State-owned[172]
 MoroccoRoyal Air Maroc[173]State-owned[174]
 MozambiqueLAM Mozambique Airlines[175]State-owned
 MyanmarMyanmar National Airlines[176]State-owned[177]
 NauruNauru Airlines[178]State-owned[178]
   NepalNepal Airlines[179]State-owned
 NetherlandsKLM[180]Minority (14%)[181]
 New CaledoniaAircalinMajority (99%)[182]
 New ZealandAir New Zealand[183]Majority (53%)[184]State-owned until 1989, partially re-nationalized in 2001.[185][186][187]
 North KoreaAir Koryo[188]State-owned[189]
 OmanOman Air[190]Majority[191]
 PakistanPakistan International Airlines[192]State-owned[193]
 PanamaCopa Airlines[194]None
 Papua New GuineaAir Niugini[195]
 ParaguayLATAM Paraguay[196]
 PeruLATAM Perú[197]
 PhilippinesPhilippine Airlines[198]
 PolandLOT Polish Airlines[199]State-owned[200]
 PortugalTAP Air Portugal[201]Majority (72%) [202]
 QatarQatar Airways[203]State-owned
 RéunionAir Austral[204]
 RomaniaTAROM[205]Majority (95%)[206]
 RussiaAeroflot[207]Majority (51%)[208]
 RwandaRwandAir[209]State-owned[209]
 Saint Vincent and the GrenadinesSVG Air
 SamoaSamoa Airways[210]State-owned[211]
 São Tomé and PríncipeSTP AirwaysNone
 Saudi ArabiaSaudia[212]Majority
 SenegalAir Senegal[213]
 SerbiaAir Serbia[214]Majority (51%)[215]
 SeychellesAir Seychelles[216]State-owned (100%)[217]
 Solomon IslandsSolomon Airlines[218]State-owned[219]
 SingaporeSingapore Airlines[220]Majority (54.5% through Temasek Holdings[221])
 South AfricaSouth African Airways[222]State-owned[223]
 South KoreaKorean Air[224]None[225] – owned by Hanjin[226]State-owned until 1969.[227][228][229]
 SpainIberia[230]None – owned by International Airlines Group
 Sri LankaSriLankan Airlines[231]State-owned[232]
 SudanSudan AirwaysState-owned[233]
 SurinameSurinam Airways[234]State-owned[235]
  SwitzerlandSwiss International Air Lines[236]None – owned by Lufthansa[237]
 SyriaSyrian Air[238]State-owned
 TaiwanChina Airlines[239]Majority[240]State-owned until 1991. 51.28% held by non-profit Civic Aviation Development Foundation.[241]
 TajikistanTajik Air[242]State-owned
 TanzaniaAir TanzaniaState-owned
 ThailandThai Airways International[243]Minority (47.86%)[244]
 TunisiaTunisair[245]Majority[245]
 TurkeyTurkish Airlines[246]Minority (49%)
 TurkmenistanTurkmenistan Airlines[247]State-owned[248]
 TuvaluAir Tuvalu[249]State owned
 UgandaUganda Airlines[250]
 UkraineUkraine International Airlines[251] 
 United Arab EmiratesEtihad Airways[252]State-owned by the Government of Abu Dhabi[253][254]
Emirates[255]State-owned by the Government of Dubai through the Investment Corporation of Dubai.[256]
 United KingdomBritish Airways[257]None – owned by International Airlines GroupState-owned until 1987.[258]
 UzbekistanUzbekistan Airways[259]Majority
 VenezuelaConviasa[260]
 VietnamVietnam Airlines[261]Majority (86.2%)[261]
 VanuatuAir Vanuatu[262]State-owned[263]
 YemenYemenia[264]Majority
 ZambiaZambia Airways[265]
 ZimbabweAir Zimbabwe[266]State-owned[266]

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ SAS is partly owned by the governments of Denmark and Sweden, and was partly owned by the government of Norway until June 2018. SAS is the flag carrier for all three nations.[78][79][80]

References

  1. ↑ Morris, Hugh (17 March 2019). "The slow death of the flag carrier: Could state-owned airlines become a thing of the past?". The Telegraph. Archived from the original on 12 January 2022. Malaysia is the latest nation to see its flag carrier – a label that in times gone by indicated a government-owned airline, and one that embodied a country's national identity – teeter on the brink.
  2. ↑ McMurtry, Ian (25 May 2018). "Palestinian Airlines: The Homeless Flag Carrier". AirlineGeeks.com. Retrieved 12 June 2019.
  3. ↑ Moores, Victoria (24 May 2019). "Interview: CEO aims to make Virgin Atlantic UK's second flag carrier". atwonline.com. Retrieved 12 June 2019.
  4. ↑ "flag carrier definition". Businessdictionary.com. Archived from the original on 23 October 2013. Retrieved 22 May 2009.
  5. ↑ "List of U.S. Flag Air Carriers". www.dartmouth.edu. Retrieved 12 June 2019.
  6. ↑ "USOcean.com – U.S. Flag Carrier". Retrieved 12 June 2019.
  7. ↑ Paul Stephen Dempsey (1991). "Airline Management; Strategies for the 21st Century". Coast Aire Publication. p. 299.
  8. ↑ "flag airline definition". [MacMillan Dictionary]. Archived from the original on 7 July 2012. Retrieved 9 December 2012.
  9. ↑ Henry Ladd Smith (1991). "Airways Abroad; The Story of American World Air Routes". Smithsonian History of Aviation Series.
  10. ↑ Sampson, Anthony (1984). "Empires of the Sky; The Politics, Contests and Cartels of World Airlines". Hodder and Stoughton.
  11. ↑ Sherman, Arnold (1972). "To the Skies: The El Al Story". Bantam Books.
  12. ↑ Sampson, Anthony (1984). "Empires of the Sky; The Politics, Contests and Cartels of World Airlines". Hodder and Stoughton. p. 82.
  13. ↑ Tim Pat Coogan (2002). "Wherever Green Is Worn: The Story of the Irish Diaspora". Palgrave Macmillan. p. 265.
  14. ↑ David Warnock-Smith and Peter Morrel (2008). "Air transport liberalisation and traffic growth in tourism-dependent economies: A case-history of some US-Caribbean markets". Journal of Air Transport Management 14. p. 230.
  15. ↑ R.E.G. Davies (1987). "Rebels and Reformers of the Airways". Airlife England. pp. 250–254.
  16. ↑ M. Staniland (2003). "Government birds: air transport and the state in Western Europe". Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. p. 68.
  17. ↑ Tai Hoon Oum and A.J. Taylor (1995). "Emerging Patterns in Intercontinental Air Linkages and Implications for International Route Allocation Policy". Transportation Journal, Vol. 34, No. 4 (SUMMER 1995). pp. 5–27.
  18. ↑ "Open Skies Partners". [U.S. State Department]. Retrieved 6 December 2012.
  19. ↑ Mastalerek, Joanna (2006). "The Future of the Open Skies Agreements after the ECJ judgements – Legal and Economic Aspects". GRIN Verlag. p. 12.
  20. ↑ "EU To Impose Ban On Afghan Planes". Airwise News. 22 November 2010. Archived from the original on 24 May 2013. Kabul-based Safi is the country's No. 2 airline after national carrier Ariana Afghan Airlines.
  21. ↑ De Luce, Dan; Kube, Courtney (8 June 2022). "Biden admin relies on Taliban-controlled airline to help Afghans flee Afghanistan". NBC News. Retrieved 17 March 2023. the Biden administration indirectly purchases plane tickets in bulk from Ariana Afghan Airlines, the country's state-owned airline
  22. ↑ Dron, Alan (18 September 2018). "New national carrier for Albania launched". Air Transport World. Archived from the original on 19 September 2018.
  23. ↑ "Air Algerie Eyeing African Tie-Ups – CEO". Airwise News. 29 April 2008. Archived from the original on 24 May 2013. Algeria's national airline Air Algerie is considering tie-ups...
  24. ↑ "Air Algerie to spend $762 million upgrading its fleet". Middle East Online. 14 December 2013. Archived from the original on 25 June 2014.
  25. ↑ "TAAG Angola Airways boosts capacity, justifying Angola's investment in airport infrastructure". CAPA Centre for Aviation. 22 July 2013. Archived from the original on 6 October 2014. The investment is beginning to pay dividends with flag carrier TAAG Angola Airlines increasing capacity by nearly 40% in the past year. 
  26. ↑ Hofmann, Kurt (6 May 2016). "TAAG Angola Airlines' new 777-300ER to fly on Portugal route". Air Transport World. Archived from the original on 6 May 2016. The Angolan government is the majority shareholder in TAAG. 
  27. 1 2 "Argentina: Aerolineas Argentinas faces a tough turnaround with government's new liberal mindset". CAPA Centre for Aviation. 19 September 2016. Archived from the original on 22 September 2016. At the same time, Argentina's state-owned flag carrier Aerolineas Argentinas is attempting to transition to a more commercially minded airline after years of bleeding cash and being propped by the former Argentinian government.
  28. ↑ "Armenia's National Airline Fly Arna Reveals Initial Plans". routesonline.com. Retrieved 7 May 2023.
  29. ↑ "Armavia founder set to start new carrier". ch-aviation.com. Retrieved 7 May 2023.
  30. ↑ "The World's Shortest International Jet Flight? Aruba Airlines Launches 8-Minute Flight To Punto Fijo". Airways Magazine. 19 May 2018. Retrieved 16 October 2022.
  31. ↑ Dron, Alan (1 September 2017). "Brisbane named second Qantas 787-9 base". Air Transport World. Archived from the original on 2 September 2017.
  32. ↑ "Accelerating Change in the 1990s". Qantas. 31 March 2002. Archived from the original on 22 January 2014. Retrieved 16 August 2013.
  33. ↑ Hofmann, Kurt (8 August 2017). "Austrian Airlines completes Embraer E195 deliveries". Air Transport World. Archived from the original on 8 August 2017.
  34. ↑ "AUA-Verkauf besiegelt: Kranich soll Flügel verleihen". Diepresse.com. 31 March 2010. Archived from the original on 16 December 2008. Retrieved 16 August 2013.
  35. ↑ Blachly, Linda (17 June 2015). "Bahamasair orders five ATR -600 aircraft". Air Transport World. Archived from the original on 17 June 2015. Bahamasair, the national flag carrier of Bahamas, has placed a firm order for two 70- seat ATR 72-600s and three 50-seat ATR 42-600s. 
  36. ↑ "Gov't considers Bahamasair withdrawal from local market". ch-aviation GmbH. 2 June 2017. Archived from the original on 10 September 2023.
  37. ↑ Dron, Alan (6 April 2018). "Gulf Air reveals new branding, prepares for first 787". Air Transport World. Archived from the original on 13 April 2018.
  38. ↑ "Gulf Air". Mumtalakat. Retrieved 7 December 2019.
  39. ↑ Dron, Alan (23 February 2018). "UK restores Bangladesh cargo link, with caveats". Air Transport World. Archived from the original on 2 March 2018. Bangladesh Biman, the national carrier, was the sole airline that handled direct cargo flights to the UK.
  40. ↑ Borodina, Polina (26 June 2014). "Belavia orders three Boeing 737-800s". Air Transport World. Archived from the original on 27 June 2014. This is the first direct purchase of Boeing aircraft for the Belarus flag carrier.
  41. ↑ "Belarus aims to privatise Belavia in 2013, with Russian carriers the most likely suitors". Centre for Aviation. 10 May 2012. Archived from the original on 12 May 2012.
  42. ↑ Moores, Victoria (22 May 2017). "Brussels Airlines to buy seven Airbus A330ceos". Air Transport World. Archived from the original on 22 May 2017. Belgian flag carrier Brussels Airlines has decided to replace seven of its 10 Airbus A330s, but is sticking with A330ceos for its fleet renewal and long-haul expansion.
  43. ↑ Moores, Victoria (15 May 2018). "Pilot strike forces Brussels Airlines to cancel 75% of flights". Air Transport World. Archived from the original on 16 May 2018. Lufthansa took full control of Brussels Airlines through its parent SN Airholding in late 2016 and replaced top management Feb. 5, as the group revamps the airline to be more closely integrated with Lufthansa Group's Eurowings low-fare division.
  44. ↑ Blachly, Linda (20 April 2018). "Aircraft Briefs-20 April 2018". Air Transport World. Archived from the original on 24 April 2018. Drukair, the flag carrier of Eastern Himalayan Kingdom of Bhutan, has signed a purchase agreement for one Airbus A320neo to support its growth plans and complement its existing fleet of three A319s.
  45. ↑ Clark, Oliver (24 April 2016). "ROUTES: Air Nostrum still keen on Latin American growth post-Sol". Kraków: Flightglobal. Archived from the original on 21 August 2016. BoA Regional, a new joint venture in Paraguay with Bolivia's national carrier Boliviana de Aviacion, is "going well" and the airline is busy "developing new routes and working on new traffic rights to Brazil", says Oliver.
  46. ↑ "Boliviana de Aviacion set to expand as re-launch of Aerosur is unlikely due to government roadblocks". Centre for Aviation. 30 June 2012. Archived from the original on 9 July 2012. Retrieved 29 June 2012. Even though BoA now has a monopoly on domestic trunk routes, it is unlikely the government owned carrier will abuse its new dominant position.
  47. 1 2 Dron, Alan (3 January 2019). "Air Botswana receives first of two Embraer E170s". Air Transport World. Archived from the original on 8 January 2019.
  48. 1 2 "Royal Brunei Airlines takes another step forward as it becomes first 787 operator in Southeast Asia". Centre for Aviation. 19 June 2013. Archived from the original on 24 June 2013.
  49. ↑ "Bulgaria Air strengthens its European network with new E-Jets, but cost reduction is also essential". 4 June 2012. Archived from the original on 18 June 2012. Retrieved 15 June 2012. As the national carrier of Bulgaria, Bulgaria Air is based at Sofia Airport and operates scheduled services, ad hoc charter services and business jet transportation.
  50. ↑ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 23 December 2015. Retrieved 22 December 2015.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  51. ↑ "Air Burkina prend son envol avec le gouvernement burkinabè". VOA (in French). 28 May 2017. Retrieved 19 January 2021.
  52. ↑ "Cambodia poised for more double-digit growth as Cambodia Angkor Air expands and Qatar Airways enters". Centre for Aviation. 18 January 2013. Archived from the original on 22 January 2013.
  53. ↑ "Cambodia launches national carrier with Vietnam's help". Manila Bulletin. Reuters. 28 July 2009. Archived from the original on 3 April 2012. Retrieved 16 July 2012.
  54. ↑ "New Cameroon national carrier Camair-Co fails to reach first year targets, but continues to grow". Centre for Aviation. 30 April 2012. Archived from the original on 2 May 2012.
  55. ↑ "À propos de la companie (french)". Camair-co.
  56. ↑ Blachly, Linda (31 July 2015). "Aircraft News-31 July 2015". Air Transport World. Archived from the original on 1 August 2015. The Canadian flag carrier took delivery of its first Dreamliner in May 2014 and will receive a total of 29 new 787-9s by 2019, in addition to eight 787-8 aircraft already in operation. 
  57. ↑ "Canadian Taxpayers Now Own Part of Air Canada". TravelPulse. Retrieved 12 October 2021.
  58. ↑ "Air Canada Timeline". CBC News. 20 June 2005. Archived from the original on 19 May 2013.
  59. ↑ Dron, Alan (11 August 2017). "Loftleidir Icelandic to manage TACV Cabo Verde". Air Transport World. Archived from the original on 12 August 2017.
  60. ↑ "Cayman Airways – Our History". Archived from the original on 27 March 2014. Retrieved 4 August 2012.
  61. ↑ "BOC Aviation to lease one new A320-200 to LAN". Air Transport World. 3 December 2010. Retrieved 14 February 2012. This deal marks the second time that BOC has worked with Chile's flag carrier.
  62. ↑ "LATAM Kicks Off Regular Flights, Announces Johannesburg". Airways News. 5 May 2016. Archived from the original on 9 May 2016. Retrieved 11 May 2016.
  63. ↑ "History". LAN Cargo. Retrieved 1 June 2014.
  64. ↑ Kaminski-Morrow, David (7 January 2016). "Air China to take six more 777-300ERs". Flightglobal. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Chinese flag-carrier Air China has reached an agreement to acquire six Boeing 777-300ERs. 
  65. ↑ "Air China Interim Report 2017" (PDF). Air China. 15 September 2017. Archived from the original (PDF) on 7 October 2017.
  66. ↑ Air China Transfers Ownership from State-owned to Shareholding. Beijing:Sino-Cast, 7 October 2004, reprinted in Highbeam Business. Retrieved on 1 July 2011. Archived 31 October 2013 at the Wayback Machine
  67. ↑ Blachly, Linda (4 January 2017). "Aircraft Briefs-4 Jan. 2017". Air Transport World. Archived from the original on 7 January 2017. Boeing delivered the 500th 787 Dreamliner, a 787-8 to Colombia flag carrier Avianca, during the week of Dec. 22, 2016.
  68. ↑ "Avianca Costa Rica Airline Profile - CAPA - Centre for Aviation".
  69. ↑ Dron, Alan (30 April 2018). "Croatia again seeks airline partner". Air Transport World. Archived from the original on 30 April 2018. This is the third time in the past five years that the small central European state has tried to find a way of divesting itself of a controlling interest in the national carrier.
  70. ↑ "Croatia Airlines: could its network attract a bidder?". Centre for Aviation. 29 August 2013. Archived from the original on 18 September 2013.
  71. ↑ "First direct Brazil flight to take off in July". Cuba Standard. 29 June 2013. Archived from the original on 18 January 2018. Flag carrier Cubana de Aviación is resuming direct flights to Brazil with a Havana-São Paulo route on July 10, the tourism ministry said in a press release.
  72. ↑ Urribares, Ruben. "The Cuban Civil Aviation after the Revolution of 1959". Cuban Aviation. Retrieved 23 March 2022.
  73. ↑ "Cyprus Airways opens partner office in the UK". Travel Daily News. 29 September 2021. Retrieved 28 February 2022.
  74. ↑ "Cyprus Airways confirms acquisition by SJC Group". Centre for Aviation. 1 July 2021. Retrieved 28 February 2022.
  75. 1 2 Hofmann, Kurt (9 October 2017). "Leisure carrier Travel Service is CSA Czech Airlines new owner". Air Transport World. Archived from the original on 11 October 2017.
  76. 1 2 "Congo Airways to make international debut in mid-4Q". ch-aviation GmbH. 5 August 2016. Archived from the original on 3 September 2016. Effective November 1, the state-owned national carrier of the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) plans to operate a multiple-weekly service between Kinshasa N'Djili and Johannesburg O.R. Tambo, South Africa using A320-200 equipment.
  77. 1 2 "SAS aims to capture a larger share of the thriving Scandinavian leisure market". Centre for Aviation. 27 August 2012. Archived from the original on 22 October 2016.
  78. ↑ Moores, Victoria (18 October 2016). "Sweden, Norway sell 7% of SAS Scandinavian Airlines". Air Transport World. Archived from the original on 22 October 2016. This reduces Sweden's stake to 57 million shares, or around 17% of SAS, down from 21%.
  79. ↑ "Norska staten har sålt sitt innehav i SAS" [the Norwegian Government has sold its holdings in SAS] (in Swedish). TT. 27 June 2018. Retrieved 4 July 2018.
  80. ↑ "Africa's Air Djibouti continues re-fleeting". Air Transport World. 11 August 2016. Archived from the original on 13 August 2016. African flag carrier Air Djibouti has taken delivery of its first Boeing 737 as it prepares to launch commercial operations.
  81. ↑ "AraJet, línea aérea comercial local marca el fin de las altas tarifas". 15 March 2022. Archived from the original on 26 January 2023.
  82. ↑ "Egyptair plans further restructuring as losses mount. But outlook may brighten as Egypt stabilises". Centre for Aviation. 15 June 2014. Archived from the original on 24 June 2014.
  83. ↑ "Egyptair contracts Sabre to help implement transformation plan". Air Transport World. 19 December 2014. Archived from the original on 20 December 2014. The state-owned carrier is initiating a major transformation strategy to increase revenues, develop new revenue streams by June 2016 and improve efficiencies. 
  84. ↑ Guinea, Republic of Equatorial. "Equatorial Guinea Airline Inaugurates Service To Europe". www.prnewswire.com (Press release).
  85. ↑ "Eswatini Air:Who We Are". www.eswatiniair.co.sz.
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  242. ↑ Montag-Girmes, Polina (16 November 2016). "International airlines increase capacity, frequencies to Russia". Air Transport World. Archived from the original on 17 December 2016. The Thailand flag carrier ceased Moscow operations in March 2015 because of weak demand.
  243. ↑ "Thai Airways submits bankruptcy request court says". Yahoo! Finance. 26 May 2020. Retrieved 28 May 2020.
  244. 1 2 "Tunisair's sluggish attitude towards change makes it ill-prepared for Open Skies". Centre for Aviation. 21 August 2012. Archived from the original on 4 October 2012. Retrieved 4 December 2012. As a majority state-owned airline in North Africa, Tunisair has retained most of the flag carrier privileges that are cemented in the 1944 Chicago Convention, but those protectionist practices run counter to the present realities of passengers wanting choice and low fares.
  245. ↑ Hofmann, Kurt (12 May 2015). "Turkish Airlines swings to net profit in 1Q". Air Transport World. Archived from the original on 13 May 2015. The Istanbul-based flag carrier flies to 45 domestic and 226 international destinations in 109 countries and operates 274 aircraft, comprising 62 widebody, 202 narrowbody and 10 cargo aircraft. 
  246. ↑ Borodina, Polina (26 March 2014). "Turkmenistan Airlines receives first Boeing 777-200LR". Air Transport World. Archived from the original on 26 March 2014. The flag carrier of Turkmenistan operates scheduled flights on 15 routes in 11 European and Asian countries including Frankfurt, London, Moscow, Beijing and Istanbul.
  247. ↑ "Turkmenistan Airlines finalises B777-300ER purchase". ch-aviation GmbH. 4 September 2023. Archived from the original on 9 September 2023. The aircraft will be the first B777-300ERs in Turkmenistan Airlines' fleet, although the state-owned carrier already operates four B777-200(LR)s.
  248. ↑ "Air Tuvalu Airline Profile". CAPA.
  249. ↑ Nensel, Mark (18 July 2018). "Revived Uganda flag carrier orders CRJ900s, A330neos". Air Transport World. Archived from the original on 18 July 2018.
  250. ↑ "Ukraine International to double international network as Aerosvit restructures". Centre for Aviation. 14 January 2013. Archived from the original on 22 January 2013. While a relatively large country (both in land mass and population – it has about 45 million people), the Ukrainian market (like many other markets in Eastern Europe) cannot easily sustain two large flag carriers, particularly as low-cost competition continues to increase.
  251. ↑ Dron, Alan (17 June 2016). "Etihad, Avianca Brasil ink new codeshare". Air Transport World. Archived from the original on 17 June 2016. United Arab Emirates (UAE) flag carrier Etihad Airways has signed a codeshare agreement with Avianca Brasil in the Abu Dhabi-based carrier's latest move to increase its penetration in the South American market. 
  252. ↑ "Etihad Holds Roadshows To Finance Aircraft". Airwise News. 23 February 2012. Archived from the original on 24 May 2013.
  253. ↑ Shaw-Smith, Peter. "Etihad 'Slightly Ahead' in Plan to Return to Profitability". Aviation International News. Retrieved 7 December 2019.
  254. ↑ "Etihad Suspends Flights To Damascus". Airwise News. Reuters. 30 August 2012. Archived from the original on 3 September 2012. Retrieved 9 October 2012. The website of the UAE's other flag carrier, Emirates, says flights to Damascus remain operational.
  255. ↑ "Emirates and Dnata now under ICD | GulfNews.com". archive.ph. 3 January 2013. Archived from the original on 3 January 2013. Retrieved 7 December 2019.
  256. ↑ Flottau, Jens (4 May 2018). "IAG reports strong 1Q as passenger revenues improve". Air Transport World. Archived from the original on 5 May 2018. UK flag carrier British Airways (BA) continued to be the most profitable unit, with a 9.9% operating margin, followed by Iberia (1%).
  257. ↑ "Profile: British Airways". BBC News. 20 September 2001. Archived from the original on 1 November 2013. In May the airline reported a sharp rise in profits and revealed that it was making more money from each customer than it has done since it was privatised in 1987.
  258. ↑ Montag-Girmes, Polina (31 August 2016). "Uzbekistan Airways takes first Boeing 787". Air Transport World. Archived from the original on 3 September 2016. The flag carrier of the Republic of Uzbekistan has trained 18 pilots and two pilot-instructors for the new aircraft type.
  259. ↑ "Conviasa - El Placer de Volar". www.conviasa.aero.
  260. 1 2 Schofield, Adrian (13 April 2018). "Vietnam Airlines continues to dominate international market". Air Transport World. Archived from the original on 19 April 2018.
  261. ↑ "All About Air Vanuatu". Archived from the original on 1 November 2013.
  262. ↑ "Air Vanuatu's only jet grounded, no spare parts on hand". ch-aviation GmbH. 3 April 2023. Archived from the original on 25 September 2023. The state-owned airline is undergoing a restructuring process under a new board and interim CEO, and is facing significant day-to-day challenges.
  263. ↑ Dron, Alan (30 March 2015). "Yemenia suspends services". Air Transport World. Archived from the original on 31 March 2015. The Yemen national carrier said it was suspending flight operations "until further notice due to the prevalent unfavorable operational situation and restriction imposed on Yemen airspace". 
  264. ↑ "Zambia Airways re-registers its B737". ch-aviation GmbH. 26 October 2023. Archived from the original on 27 October 2023.
  265. 1 2 "flyafrica.com and fastjet give Zimbabwe its first taste of LCCs with local start-up". Centre for Aviation. 2 July 2014. Archived from the original on 2 July 2014. Government-owned flag carrier Air Zimbabwe currently operates only two international routes although it has been trying for some time to resume more international services.
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