Forest Landscape Integrity Index 2019 map of the Earth. 0 = Most modification; 10= Least.

The Forest Landscape Integrity Index (FLII) is an annual global index of forest condition measured by degree of anthropogenic modification.[1][2][3][4][5] Created by a team of 48 scientists, the FLII, in its measurement of 300m pixels of forest across the globe, finds that ~17.4 million km2 of forest has high landscape-level integrity (with a score from 9.6–10), compared to ~14.6 million with medium integrity (6–9.6) and ~12.2 million km2 with low integrity (0–6).

The FLII finds that most remaining high-integrity forest landscapes are found in Canada, Russia, Rocky Mountains, Alaska, the Amazon, the Guianas, southern Chile, Central Africa, and New Guinea. Low integrity forests, on the other hand, are found in Western and Central Europe, the American Southeast, South-East Asia west of New Guinea, the Andes, much of China and India, the Albertine Rift, West Africa, Mesoamerica, and the Atlantic Forests of Brazil.

The results are meant to help decision-makers at all levels achieve their commitments to the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD), Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD), and the Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC).[1]

Forest Integrity

An ecosystem is considered to have integrity when its structure, composition, and ecological processes are within their natural range.[6]

Country rankings

172 countries have been ranked: [7]

Forest Landscape Integrity 2019
CountryMean FLIILow integrity (km2)Medium integrity (km2)High integrity (km2)Total forest area (km2)Map
 Seychelles10006868
 Sudan9.8172495569
 Guyana9.584,16240,817147,413192,391
 South Sudan9.455,08359,389146,218210,691
 Suriname9.396,79625,031107,954139,781
 Mongolia9.3652011,91527,40739,841
 Central African Republic9.2830,161139,350379,097548,608
 Botswana9.1313187372572
 Gabon9.0711,780118,348120,852250,979
 Russian Federation9.02739,4842,245,2815,137,0798,121,843
 Canada8.99480,2061,027,3862,968,2684,475,860
 Congo8.8924,512124,215158,184306,911
 Kyrgyzstan8.863292,8192,7615,909
 Peru8.8685,793190,547509,720786,061
 Afghanistan8.85901,4759772,542
 Bhutan8.851,62016,76910,14028,529
 Papua New Guinea8.8437,294183,415216,355437,064
 Vanuatu8.827345,3224,44810,504
 Venezuela8.7864,650170,792351,112586,554
 Tajikistan8.6534137130301
 Bolivia8.4778,745280,532272,007631,284
 Namibia8.435131736
 Angola8.35105,487284,054315,895705,436
 Fiji8.351,75310,8023,59416,148
 Colombia8.26150,737272,442428,320851,499
 Kazakhstan8.236,06818,92615,29440,288
 Palau8.09453339387
 North Korea8.028,37440,1568,41056,939
 Cameroon866,191181,336119,263366,789
 Equatorial Guinea7.993,98217,5955,00726,585
 Georgia7.796,98217,8039,78434,570
 Brunei Darussalam7.711,1022,8421,4985,442
 Comoros7.692841,149821,515
 Iran7.673,36112,9302,16218,453
 Ecuador7.6648,82277,58573,492199,900
 DRC7.56533,118935,508727,9832,196,608
 Micronesia7.55835043
 Brazil7.521,374,9021,354,9612,338,1015,067,963
 Zambia7.596,969164,376110,822372,167
 North Macedonia7.422,0347,0904599,583
 Pakistan7.422,0907,8591,13911,088
 Lesotho7.41405
 Chile7.3756,84941,97193,537192,357
 Bahamas7.357411,9353993,075
   Nepal7.2313,78541,9923,76059,538
 Australia7.22117,672239,624103,852461,148
 Argentina7.2198,249189,96672,557360,772
 Solomon Islands7.196,87115,3103,14925,329
 Myanmar7.18129,745220,18896,924446,857
 Ethiopia7.1652,65284,43044,397181,479
 Mali7.164519961401,586
 Somalia7.163471,384461,777
 China7.14533,800974,431301,0511,809,282
 Tanzania7.13123,997159,712122,812406,521
 New Zealand7.1234,50344,15535,334113,992
 Senegal7.118472,4561623,465
 Timor-Leste7.111,7837,008478,838
 India7.09117,992254,79254,428427,211
 Cyprus7.063881,026181,432
 Norway6.9839,34367,38316,627123,352
 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines6.95912210312
 Mozambique6.93150,665189,362115,379455,406
 Mexico6.82193,908280,445121,842596,195
 Albania6.772,4265,2561227,805
 Uzbekistan6.77214227199640
 Morocco6.742,2604,0764516,787
 United States6.651,328,0791,144,693658,6453,131,417
 Sao Tome and Principe6.64311400171
 Trinidad and Tobago6.621,4782,1764184,072
 Greece6.614,54827,8331,07843,459
 Indonesia6.6535,370509,018431,9731,476,361
 Azerbaijan6.554,8207,1891,53413,543
 Montenegro6.412,9494,778827,809
 Paraguay6.3978,538102,62629,877211,041
 Turkey6.3943,04368,2433,516114,801
 Taiwan6.388,78614,5471,45324,786
 Cabo Verde6.372738065
 Panama6.3725,42021,31014,60561,336
 Cambodia6.3130,14331,93916,34978,431
 Turkmenistan6.31533037
 Zimbabwe6.319,45014,4171,64425,511
 Nigeria6.264,62165,35524,307154,283
 Chad6.185,2616,0161,91013,187
 Saint Lucia6.172353160551
 Belize6.157,0047,9572,74417,705
 Bulgaria6.0918,88426,32584746,057
 South Korea6.0225,06032,00988857,956
 Thailand686,27689,32633,612209,214
 Bosnia and Herzegovina5.9913,38717,03157430,993
 Romania5.9538,39548,39460787,395
 Philippines5.9191,820100,8318,393201,044
 Togo5.885,0644,5221,07610,662
 Benin5.864,7243,6981,76910,191
 Sri Lanka5.8320,.54122,3901,61344,544
 Japan5.8135,783133,48016,005285,268
 Malawi5.7412,51412,1672,39627,078
 Guinea-Bissau5.79,2748,70285518,831
 Laos5.5992,98680,56419,252192,801
 Armenia5.461,8941,68133,577
 Mauritius5.4656747801,045
 Bangladesh5.4510,0137,2511,94719,211
 Cuba5.422,60518,4601,63242,697
 Sweden5.35174,415109,77923,494307,687
 Vietnam5.3582,55175,3539,588167,492
 Serbia5.2917,51314,11251632,141
 Algeria5.227,4186,0448113,543
 Kosovo5.192,6281,775474,450
 Tunisia5.141,35498702,340
 Finland5.08144,31083,5729,294237,176
 Jamaica5.015,3623,2491588,770
 Malaysia5.01130,82591,95721,499244,281
 South Africa4.9445,48934,9683,19683,653
 Croatia4.9215,73210,52237926,633
 Guinea4.981,70254,8772,895139,475
 Libya4.85152017
 Liberia4.7951,97531,16211,02594,163
 Antigua and Barbuda4.72114920206
 Costa Rica4.6527,16412,8384,16444,167
 Madagascar4.63120,34066,58411,922198,846
 Gambia4.56181850266
 Saint Kitts and Nevis4.5595500145
 Ghana4.5357,51928,9012,16088,580
 France4.52161,98749,49674,121285,604
 Burundi4.56,8823,8414610,769
 Liechtenstein4.559420101
 Honduras4.4857,89923,8023,69285,392
 Andorra4.45170490219
 Uganda4.3677,30336,3817,507121,190
 Slovakia4.3417,6158,165025,781
 Spain4.2382,77046,013133128,916
 Grenada4.22221860308
 Eswatini4.215,0542,501147,569
 Kenya4.228,42713,5584,70246,686
 Dominican Republic4.1919,8909,36451829,772
 Israel4.14170850255
 El Salvador4.058,8372,947011,784
 Haiti4.017,1162,831129,959
 Guatemala3.8558,57218,7645,59282,928
 Rwanda3.855,6652,1706198,454
 Slovenia3.7811,0653,791014,856
 Lebanon3.765411150656
 Italy3.6579,40326,85825106,286
 Cote d'Ivoire3.64158,01041,0057,288206,303
 Syria3.6484128201,123
 Belarus3.6377,87020,8479198,808
 Nicaragua3.6365,35617,6464,85887,860
 Uruguay3.6111,7933,998015,791
 Iraq3.5910490113
 Austria3.5536,66612,4222149,109
  Switzerland3.5313,6364,4121018,058
 Ukraine3.389,54020,183176109,900
 Estonia3.0524,4734,8325229,358
 Jordan2.79120012
 Sierra Leone2.7652,51211,85864065,010
 Germany2.28122,16811,3070133,475
 Hungary2.2518,7292,047020,776
 Poland2.24101,8867,1030108,989
 Moldova2.23,11320203,315
 Latvia2.0938,1642,137040,301
 Czechia1.7132,1611,611033,772
 United Kingdom1.6529,1492,9173532,101
 Lithuania1.6224,554930025,484
 Belgium1.368,80329709,099
 Luxembourg1.121,170001,170
 Singapore1.1117020172
 Dominica1.0653120533
 Ireland0.925,2839605,378
 Portugal0.8225,966553026,519
 Netherlands0.65,2507205,322
 Egypt0.564,772218695,059
 Denmark0.55,7563105,787
 San Marino0.017007
  Countries with high mean FLII (8-10)
  Countries with medium mean FLII (5-7.99)
  Countries with low mean FLII (0-4.99)

Background

The index was authored by a global team of forest conservation experts, including:[1]

InstitutionAuthor(s)
Wildlife Conservation Society, The BronxH.S. Grantham; A. Duncan; T. D. Evans; K. R. Jones; J. Walston; J. G. Robinson; M. Callow; T. Clements; H. M. Costa; A. DeGemmis; P. R. Elsen; P. Franco; S. Jupiter; A. Kang; S. Lieberman; M. Linkie; M. Mendez; C. Samper; J. Silverman; T. Stevens; E. Stokes; T. Tear; R. Tizard; S. Wang; J. E. M. Watson
University of Queensland, BrisbaneH. L. Beyer; S. Maxwell; H. Possingham; J. E. M. Watson
Carleton University, OttawaR. Schuster
Wildlife Conservation Society Canada, TorontoJ. C. Ray
United Nations Development Program, ManhattanJ. Ervin
World Resources Institute, Washington, DCE. Goldman; R. Taylor
Northern Arizona University, FlagstaffS. Goetz; P. Jantz
Montana State University, BozemanA. Hansen
Rainforest Foundation Norway, OsloE. Hofsvang
Global Wildlife Conservation, Austin, TexasP. Langhammer; R. Mittermeier
Arizona State University, Tempe, ArizonaP. Langhammer
James Cook University, CairnsW. F. Laurance; N. J. Murray
University of Oxford, OxfordY. Malhi
The Nature Conservancy, Arlington, VirginiaH. Possingham
Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, CaliforniaS. Saatchi
World Wide Fund for Nature Germany, BerlinA. Shapiro
International Institute of Sustainability, Rio de JaneiroB. Strassburg
University of Northern British Columbia, Prince George, British ColumbiaO. Venter
International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, Laxenburg, AustriaP. Visconti

See also

References

  1. 1 2 3 Grantham, H. S.; Duncan, A.; Evans, T. D.; Jones, K. R.; Beyer, H. L.; Schuster, R.; Walston, J.; Ray, J. C.; Robinson, J. G.; Callow, M.; Clements, T.; Costa, H. M.; DeGemmis, A.; Elsen, P. R.; Ervin, J.; Franco, P.; Goldman, E.; Goetz, S.; Hansen, A.; Hofsvang, E.; Jantz, P.; Jupiter, S.; Kang, A.; Langhammer, P.; Laurance, W. F.; Lieberman, S.; Linkie, M.; Malhi, Y.; Maxwell, S.; Mendez, M.; Mittermeier, R.; Murray, N. J.; Possingham, H.; Radachowsky, J.; Saatchi, S.; Samper, C.; Silverman, J.; Shapiro, A.; Strassburg, B.; Stevens, T.; Stokes, E.; Taylor, R.; Tear, T.; Tizard, R.; Venter, O.; Visconti, P.; Wang, S.; Watson, J. E. M. (2020). "Anthropogenic modification of forests means only 40% of remaining forests have high ecosystem integrity". Nature Communications. 11 (1): 5978. Bibcode:2020NatCo..11.5978G. doi:10.1038/s41467-020-19493-3. ISSN 2041-1723. PMC 7723057. PMID 33293507.
  2. ↑ Elcacho, Joaquim (2020-12-14). "Descubre con este mapa dónde están los mejores bosques de tu país y del mundo" [Discover with this map where are the best forests in your country and in the world]. La Vanguardia (in Spanish). Barcelona. Retrieved 2020-12-16.
  3. ↑ "Anthropogenic modification of forests means only 40% of remaining forests have high ecosystem integrity". Nature-based Solutions Initiative. University of Oxford. 2020-12-10. Retrieved 2020-12-16.
  4. ↑ Попова, Марина (2020-12-09). "Прямое влияние человека обошло стороной 40 процентов современных лесов" [Direct human influence bypassed 40 percent of modern forests] (in Russian). Retrieved 2020-12-16.
  5. ↑ "New Forest Landscape Integrity Index Reveals that Only 40 Percent of World's Forests Have High Integrity". WCS Newsroom. Wildlife Conservation Society. 2020-12-08. Retrieved 2020-12-16.
  6. ↑ Parrish, Jeffrey D.; Braun, David P.; Unnasch, Robert S. (2003). "Are We Conserving What We Say We Are? Measuring Ecological Integrity within Protected Areas". BioScience. 53 (9): 851. doi:10.1641/0006-3568(2003)053[0851:AWCWWS]2.0.CO;2. ISSN 0006-3568.
  7. ↑ Grantham, H. S.; Duncan, A.; Evans, T. D.; Jones, K. R.; Beyer, H. L.; Schuster, R.; Walston, J.; Ray, J. C.; Robinson, J. G.; Callow, M.; Clements, T.; Costa, H. M.; DeGemmis, A.; Elsen, P. R.; Ervin, J.; Franco, P.; Goldman, E.; Goetz, S.; Hansen, A.; Hofsvang, E.; Jantz, P.; Jupiter, S.; Kang, A.; Langhammer, P.; Laurance, W. F.; Lieberman, S.; Linkie, M.; Malhi, Y.; Maxwell, S.; Mendez, M.; Mittermeier, R.; Murray, N. J.; Possingham, H.; Radachowsky, J.; Saatchi, S.; Samper, C.; Silverman, J.; Shapiro, A.; Strassburg, B.; Stevens, T.; Stokes, E.; Taylor, R.; Tear, T.; Tizard, R.; Venter, O.; Visconti, P.; Wang, S.; Watson, J. E. M. (2020). "Anthropogenic modification of forests means only 40% of remaining forests have high ecosystem integrity - Supplementary Material". Nature Communications. 11 (1): 5978. doi:10.1038/s41467-020-19493-3. ISSN 2041-1723. PMC 7723057. PMID 33293507.
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