Fort Gibraltar
Winnipeg, Manitoba
The fort at the confluence of the Red and Assiniboine rivers in 1821 by Peter Rindisbacher
TypeFort
Site information
Controlled byNorth West Company
Site history
Built1809
In use1809-1821
Battles/warsPemmican War
Battle of Seven Oaks
Official nameForts Rouge, Garry, and Gibraltar National Historic Site of Canada
Designated1924

Fort Gibraltar was founded in 1809 by Alexander Macdonell of Greenfield[1] of the North West Company in present-day Manitoba, Canada. It was located at the confluence of the Red and Assiniboine rivers in or near the area now known as The Forks in the city of Winnipeg. Fort Gibraltar was renamed Fort Garry after the merger of North West Company and the Hudson's Bay Company in 1821, and became Upper Fort Garry in 1835.[2]

History

Governor of Red River, Andrew Bulger, driving his family on the frozen Red River in a horse cariole with the fort now renamed Fort Garry in the background (winter of 1822-23)

In the early 19th century, fur-trading was the main industry of Western Canada. Two companies had an intense competition over the trade. The first, the Hudson's Bay Company, was a London, England-based organization. The second, the North West Company, was based in Montreal. Hudson's Bay Company was distinctly English in its culture and flavour while the North West Company was a mix of French, Scottish and First Nations cultures.

The voyageurs of the North West Company were a highly mobile group of fur traders. They established temporary encampments in the forks region that later became Winnipeg.

In 1809, the North West Company built Fort Gibraltar. About half a mile north the Selkirk settlers and HBC employees built Fort Douglas which was started in 1813 and completed in 1815. There were many conflicts between the mostly Scottish employees of the HBC and the NWC employees, who were mostly French-Canadians and Métis.(see Pemmican War)

On March 17, 1816, Fort Gibraltar was captured and destroyed by Robert Semple, new Governor of the Red River Colony. The action was ruled illegal by British authorities and the North West Company was given permission to rebuild the fort in 1817.

On March 26, 1821, the North West Company was merged with its rival under the name of the Hudson's Bay Company.

The site of the fort was designated a National Historic Site in 1924 as part of the "Forts Rouge, Garry, and Gibraltar National Historic Site of Canada".[3]

Chronology of Fort Gibraltar

  • 1809: The North West Company builds Fort Gibraltar
  • 1816: Fort Gibraltar is captured and destroyed by the Red River Colony
  • 1817: Fort Gibraltar is rebuilt by the North West Company
  • 1821: The North West Company merges with Hudson's Bay Company – Fort Gibraltar continues its operations under the Hudson's Bay Company standard
  • 1822: Fort Gibraltar is renamed Fort Garry
  • 1835: Fort Garry is rebuilt after being destroyed by the 1826 flood[4] and the name changed to Upper Fort Garry

Fort Gibraltar Museum

A reconstructed Fort Gibraltar located in Whittier Park in St. Boniface, Winnipeg was built in the late 1970s for the Festival du Voyageur, the largest winter festival in Western Canada. In the summer, the museum operates living history demonstrations of life in the fur trading post as in 1815. Fort Gibraltar is currently located in Whittier Park at 866 St Joseph Street.

References

  1. ↑ Morrison, Jean (June 30, 2007). Superior Rendezvous-Place: Fort William in the Canadian Fur Trade. Natural Heritage Books. p. 88. ISBN 978-1550027815.
  2. ↑ "Historic Sites of Manitoba: William Whyte Park / Fort Douglas Cairn (Higgins Avenue, Winnipeg)". The Manitoba Historical Society. 13 November 2014. Retrieved 29 May 2015.
  3. ↑ Forts Rouge, Garry, and Gibraltar. Canadian Register of Historic Places. Retrieved 20 May 2012.
  4. ↑ A Short Pictorial History On Upper Ft. Garry. Lincoln Park Gallery website. Retrieved 16 Oct 2010.
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