Francisco Dagohoy | |
|---|---|
 The bust of Francisco Dagohoy at the Rizal Park in Manila | |
| Born | Francisco Sendrijas c. 1724 |
| Died | Unknown Talibon, Bohol, Captaincy General of the Philippines, Spanish Empire |
| Organization | Boholano insurgents |
Francisco Dagohoy (born Francisco Sendrijas; c. 1724) was a Filipino revolutionary who holds the distinction of having initiated the longest revolt in Philippine history, the Dagohoy Rebellion. This rebellion against the Spanish colonial government took place on the island of Bohol from 1744 to 1829,[1] roughly 85 years. Francisco Dagohoy started the revolt at the age of 20.
Little is known of Francisco Dagohoy's lifestyle before the rebellion, or even his early life or the names of his parents. His mothers last name was Sendrijas, while his fathers last name was Bantilan both native surnames in Inabanga, Bohol. The only information known is that his real name was Francisco Sendrijas named after his mother's last name because during that time; his father, a tribal chief of an indigenous ethnic group of people "Bantilan Tribe" from "Datus- Alimaong", was not marrying his mother by the Spanish priest due to conflict between Datu's or landlords and the Spanish Government. Even today "Datus-Alimaong" members which means a "Tribal Holy Warriors" who fight the battle against spaniards oppressor in Visayas and Mindanao are still existing in some part of Cebu, Bohol, and Surigao, etc.
Dagohoy, was born in 1724, and that he was a native of Barangay Cambitoon, Inabanga, Bohol. He was also cabeza de barangay, or one of the barangay captains of the town.
His name derives from an amulet ("dagon" in Cebuano) he wore, which people believed gave him the charm of a gentle wind or "hoyohoy" (or huyuhoy) and the power to jump or fly-over from hill to hill or across rivers like a gentle flowing wind. He was believed to have clear vision inside dark caves and be invisible whenever and wherever he wanted. The name Dagohoy is a concatenation of the Visayan phrase dagon sa huyuhoy or "talisman of the breeze" in English.[2] His brother is named Sagarino Dagohoy. Sagarino was refused a proper burial by a Jesuit priest, who was then killed by Francisco.
The Dagohoy Rebellion was one of two significant revolts that occurred in Bohol during the Spanish Era. The other was the Tamblot Uprising in 1621 led by Tamblot, a babaylan or native priest from Bohol which was basically a religious conflict.[3]
Unlike the Tamblot revolt, the Dagohoy rebellion was not a religious conflict. Rather, it was like most of the early revolts which were ignited by forced labor (polo y servicios), bandala, excessive tax collection and payment of tributes. On top of these injustices of the Jesuit priests, what triggered Dagohoy most was the refusal of the Jesuit priest to give a Christian burial to his brother who died in a duel. This caused Dagohoy to call upon his fellow Boholanos to raise arms against the colonial government. The rebellion outlasted several Spanish governors-general and several missions.
In 1744, Gaspar Morales, the Jesuit curate of Inabanga, ordered Francisco's brother, Sagarino, who was a constable, to capture an apostate fugitive. Sagarino pursued the fugitive, but the latter resisted and killed him. Morales refused to give Sagarino a Christian burial because he had died in a duel, a practice banned by the Church.[lower-alpha 1]
Infuriated, Francisco instigated the people to rise in arms. The signal of the uprising was the killing of Giuseppe Lamberti, Italian Jesuit curate of Jagna, on 24 January 1744. The rebellion rolled over the whole island like a typhoon; Morales was killed by Dagohoy afterward. Bishop of Cebu, Miguel Lino de Espeleta, who exercised ecclesiastical authority over Bohol, tried in vain to mollify the rebellious Boholanos.
Dagohoy defeated the Spanish forces sent against him. He established the First Bohol Republic,[5] an independent government in the mountains of Bohol on 20 December 1745, and had 3,000 followers, which subsequently increased to 20,000. His followers remained unsubdued in their mountains stronghold and, even after Dagohoy's death, continued to defy Spanish power.
One reason for his success is his reliance on collective farming practices. After the death of Spanish landlords, the farmers wanted to begin farming again. Many farmers wanted to institute land reform but the Revolutionary Cabinet decided that they should work in umahang communal or communal farms. Farmers would be the owners of the farms they would work in & have a say in its affairs. More than 15 dozen farms were collectivized in Bohol. This helped the revolution to have the least amount of food shortages no matter the turbulent weather & made the Bohol of today an agricultural superpower.
A cave in Danao was the headquarters of Dagohoy. Many passages within Dagohoy's cave led underwater to dry land, and it is said that every time Spaniards searched the cave, Dagohoy could swim underwater through this passage to hide in the breathing space.[6]
Twenty Spanish governors-general, from Gasper de la Torre (1739–45) to Juan Antonio Martínez (1822–25), tried to quell the rebellion and failed. In 1825, Mariano Ricafort Palacin (1825–30) became governor-general of the Philippines. Upon his order, alcalde-mayor Jose Lazaro Cairo, at the head of 2,200 Filipino-Spanish troops and several batteries, invaded Bohol on 7 May 1827. The Boholanos resisted fiercely. Cairo won several engagements but failed to crush the rebellion.
Death
Francisco Dagohoy probably died before 1829.[7] He did not die because of his staunch opposition of the Spaniards, but rather, peacefully from old age and sickness.
Legacy
Dagohoy is acknowledged in Philippine history as the initiator of the longest insurrection on record. His revolt lasted 85 years (1744–1829).[1]
A film based on his life starring Mario Montenegro as Dagohoy and directed by Gregorio Fernandez was released in 1953.[8][9]
The town of Dagohoy, Bohol is named in his honor. It was the former President Carlos P. Garcia (then Vice President), a Boholano, who proposed the name.
A historical marker on Dagohoy's grave in the mountains of Danao, Bohol has been placed in his honor. The Dagohoy Marker in Magtangtang, Danao,92 km (57 mi) from Tagbilaran was placed by the Philippine Historical Commission to honor the heroic deeds of Dagohoy.[10] Magtangtang was Dagohoy's headquarters or hideout during the revolt. Hundreds of Dagohoy's followers preferred death inside the cave than surrender. Their skeletons still remain in the site.[10]
The Dagohoy Memorial National High School in Dagohoy, Bohol and Francisco Dagohoy Memorial High School in Magtangtang, Danao, Bohol are named in his honor.[11]
Notes
References
- 1 2 Zaide 1957.
- 1 2 Bohol-Philippines.com 2008.
- ↑ Tirol 2006.
- ↑ Constantino & Constantino 1975.
- ↑ Hellingman 2002.
- ↑ Hellingman 2003.
- ↑ Palafox, Quennie Ann J. (September 6, 2012). "THE VISION OF FRANCISCO DAGOHOY". nhcp.gov.ph. National Historical Commission of the Philippines. Retrieved September 14, 2020.
- ↑ "Midweek Miscellany". National Midweek. Lagda Publishing Inc. February 14, 1989. p. 42. Retrieved January 23, 2023.
- ↑ "Tribute to Dr. Gregorio Fernandez". Manila Standard. Kagitingan Publications, Inc. September 10, 1990. p. 14. Retrieved January 23, 2023.
- 1 2 Things to do and see in Bohol
- ↑ Republic Act No. 10037 (18 May 2010), Act separating the Danao National High School – Magtangtang Annex and converting it into an independent National High School to be known as Francisco Dagohoy Memorial High School (PDF), archived from the original (PDF) on 4 March 2016, retrieved 4 March 2015
Sources
- Tirol, Jes (4 June 2006). "Abatan River Cruise: A travel through history". Bohol Chronicle. Archived from the original on March 9, 2008.
- Bohol-Philippines.com (16 January 2008). "Francisco Dagohoy: A Slice of History and Myth". Archived from the original on January 16, 2008.
- Hellingman, Jeroen (4 April 2002). "A Short History of Bohol (Part I)". IJsselstein. Archived from the original on June 1, 2002.
- Hellingman, Jeroen (5 October 2003). "Bohol, Cave Country". IJsselstein. Archived from the original on May 26, 2004.
- Constantino, Renato; Constantino, Letizia R. (1975). The Philippines: A Past Revisited. Tala Publishing Series. ISBN 9789718958001.
- Zaide, Gregorio F (1957). Philippine Political and Cultural History. Vol. I. Philippine Education Company. ASIN B008Q24O10.
External links
- Abeto, Isidro Escare (1989). "XXXIV The Longest Fight for Reform". Philippine history : reassessed. The United States and its Territories 1870–1925: The Age of Imperialism. Manila: Integrated Publishing House. pp. 167–169.
- Artigas y Cueva, Manuel (1916). Historia de Filipinas para uso de los alumnos del Instituto Burgos y de otros colegios particulares: pro Manuel Artigas y Cuerva. Manila: La Pilarica. p. 192.
- Blair, Emma Helen; Robertson, James Alexander, eds. (1907). The Philippine Islands, 1493–1898. Vol. 48 of 55 (1751–1765). Historical introduction and additional notes by Edward Gaylord BOURNE. Cleveland, Ohio: Arthur H. Clark Company. ISBN 978-1103521159.
Explorations by early navigators, descriptions of the islands and their peoples, their history and records of the catholic missions, as related in contemporaneous books and manuscripts, showing the political, economic, commercial and religious conditions of those islands from their earliest relations with European nations to the close of the nineteenth century.
- Corpuz, O. D. (2007). The Roots of the Filipino Nation. Vol. 1. University of Hawaii Press. ISBN 978-9715424608.