 A French 74-gun ship of the same type as Intrépide, drawn by Nicolas Ozanne. | |
| History | |
|---|---|
.svg.png.webp){kind=small} France | |
| Name | Intrépide |
| Builder | Blaise Ollivier and Luc Coulomb, Brest Dockyard |
| Laid down | January 1745 |
| Launched | 24 March 1747 |
| Commissioned | August 1747 |
| Fate | Burnt by accident on 22 July 1781 |
| General characteristics | |
| Class and type | Monarque-class 74-gun ship of the line |
| Length | 166 French feet[1] |
| Beam | 43½ French feet |
| Draught | 21 French feet |
| Depth of hold | 20½ French feet |
| Propulsion | Sails |
| Sail plan | Full-rigged ship |
| Complement | 734 in wartime, 650 peacetime;+ 6/10 officers |
| Armament | 74 guns of various weights of shot |
Intrépide was a 74-gun ship of the line of the French Navy.[2] She was of three ships of the Monarque class, all launched in 1747, the others being Monarque and Sceptre.[2]
Design
Designed by Blaise Ollivier and built by him until his death in October 1746, then completed by Luc Coulomb, her keel was laid down at Brest on 14 November 1745 towards the end of the War of the Austrian Succession and she was launched on 24 March 1747. The fifth ship of this type to be built by the French Navy, she was designed to the norms set for ships of the line by French shipbuilders in the 1740s to try to match the cost, armament and maneuverability of their British counterparts, since the Royal Navy had had a greater number of ships than the French since the end of the wars of Louis XIV.[3] Without being standardized, dozens of French 74-gun ships were based on these norms right up until the start of the 19th century, slowly evolving to match new shipbuilding technologies and the wishes of naval tacticians and strategists.
Her 74 guns comprised 28 x 36-pounders on the lower deck, 30 x 18-pounders on the upper deck, 10 x 8-pounders on the quarterdeck and 6 x 8-pounders on the forecastle.
Service
War of the Austrian Succession
Intrépide fought at the Second Battle of Cape Finisterre on 25 October 1747, forming part of Henri-François des Herbiers's division, which also included the admiral's flagship the 80-gun Tonnant, the 74-gun Monarque and Terrible, four 56-to-68 gun ships and a 26-gun frigate. They were charged with escorting a convoy of over 250 merchant vessels to the Antilles and faced Edward Hawke and his 14-ship squadron.
The engagement lasted nearly seven hours and saw six French ships captured. Heading the French line and captained by the experienced commander de Vaudreuil, Intrépide was little damaged, since she was the last ship attacked by the British squadron. She escaped her pursuers and saved Tonnant, allowing her to disengage. The following dawn Intrépide managed to take Tonnant in tow. Their success was not only down to their commanders but also the fact that they were new powerful ships, easier to handle and with more modern armament than older ships in the British and French fleets. They arrived at Brest on 9 November 1747 whilst the convoy safely reached the Antilles.
She was used as the test-bed for an inclining experiment (the first such ever recorded) which was performed in May 1748 by François-Guillaume Clairain-Deslauriers.
Seven Years' War
In 1756 Intrépide was put under the command of Guy François de Kersaint and made the flagship of a fleet charged with capturing all British ships operating off the coast of Guinea. This proved a success and Intrépide moved to the Antilles, where she was attacked near Caicos on 21 October 1757 by three British ships in the Battle of Cap-Français. This lasted several hours and Intrépide was almost completely dismasted, whilst her captain was wounded twice, though she managed to force the British ships to retreat.
In 1759 she joined a twenty-one ship invasion fleet under maréchal de Conflans. She took part in the Battle of Les Cardinaux on 20 November that year under the command of Charles Le Mercerel de Chasteloger, joining Soleil-Royal in her attack on the British flagship HMS Royal George. On the day after the French defeat Intrépide and seven other ships left the combat area to take refuge at Rochefort.
Intrépide subsequently underwent a rebuilding at Brest from 1758 to April 1759, carried out by Léon-Michel Guignace.
American Revolutionary War
From January 1776 to March 1778 Intrépide was commanded by François Joseph Paul de Grasse. She took part in the Battle of Ushant on 27 July 1778 under the command of Châteauvert in the blue squadron, which formed the French fleet's rearguard and was commanded by Louis-Philippe d'Orléans. In 1780 she joined Guichen's fleet sent to fight in the Antilles. On 17 April 1780, under the command of Parscau-Plessix, she fought in the battle of Martinique, again in the rearguard. She was finally lost on 22 July 1781 off Cap Français, when a barrel of local rum caught fire and the ship was burned and sunk.[4][5] Several crew members drowned.[6]
Citations
- ↑ The French (pre-metric) foot was 6.575% longer than the contemporary British unit of measurement of that name.
- 1 2 Roche, vol.1, p.258
- ↑ Martine Acerra and André Zysberg, L’essor des marines de guerre européennes : 1680-1790, Paris, éditions SEDES, coll. « Regards sur l'histoire », 1997, 298 p. (ISBN 2-7181-9515-0), pages 90-91
- ↑ Hennequin (1835), p. 539.
- ↑ Lacour-Gayet (1910), p. 396.
- ↑ Kérallain (1928), p. 13.
References
- Kérallain, R. (1928). "Bougainville à l'armée du Cte de Grasse". Journal de la société des américanistes. 20 (20): 1–70. doi:10.3406/jsa.1928.3639. Retrieved 29 April 2020.
- Jean Meyer and Martine Acerra, Histoire de la marine française, Rennes, éditions Ouest-France, 1994
- Hennequin, Joseph François Gabriel (1835). Biographie maritime ou notices historiques sur la vie et les campagnes des marins célèbres français et étrangers (in French). Vol. 3. Paris: Regnault éditeur. p. 357-341. OCLC 222612383.
- Lacour-Gayet, Georges (1910) [1902]. La Marine militaire de la France sous le règne de Louis XV (in French) (revue et augmentée ed.). Honoré Champion éditeur.
- Lacour-Gayet, Georges (1905). La marine militaire de la France sous le règne de Louis XVI. Paris: Honoré Champion.
- Winfield, Rif; Roberts, Stephen S (2017). French Warships in the Age of Sail 1626-1786: Design, Construction, Careers and Fates. Seaforth. ISBN 978-1-4738-9351-1.
- Winfield, Rif; Roberts, Stephen S (2015). French Warships in the Age of Sail 1786—1862: Design Construction, Careers and Fates. Seaforth. ISBN 978-1-8483-2204-2.
- Roche, Jean-Michel (2005). Dictionnaire des bâtiments de la flotte de guerre française de Colbert à nos jours. Vol. 1. Group Retozel-Maury Millau. ISBN 978-2-9525917-0-6. OCLC 165892922. (1671-1870)