Friedrich Schwend
BornNovember 6, 1906
Böckingen, Heilbronn, Germany
DiedMarch 28, 1980
Lima, Peru
Other names
See list
Spouse
Agnes von Gemmingen-Guttenberg
​
​
(m. 1929; div. 1939)​
[3][4]
Hedda Neuhold
​
(m. 1940)​
ChildrenIngrid de Oliveira (b. 1936)[6]
AwardsIron Cross, 2nd Class[3]
Espionage activity
Allegiance Germany
 United States
Service branchSchutzstaffel

United States Army

Service years1939–1945
1945–1946
RankSturmbannführer

Friedrich Paul Schwend (Heilbronn; November 6, 1906 — Lima; March 28, 1980), later known as Federico Schwend,[5][7] was a German SS-Sturmbannführer who participated as the sales manager of Operation Bernhard during World War II under the control of the Reich Security Main Office (RSHA).[8]

After the war, he moved to Peru, where he was brought to public attention after his daughter became the subject of a highly publicised murder trial in 1963, and again in 1972, when it was discovered that he secretly harboured fellow SS member Klaus Barbie at his private residence.[8]

Early life

Schwend (also spelled Schwendt)[4] was born on November 6, 1906, in Böckingen, a borough of the Swabian city of Heilbronn.[8][9] In the 1930s, he married Baroness Agnes von Gemmingen-Guttenberg,[9] the niece of then Foreign Minister Konstantin von Neurath who he had met in 1929 while working at a petrol station.[3][4] Through his wife's connections with the Bunge family[3] (specifically, her wife's aunt, "one of the Bunge sisters"),[4] he started working in Bunge & Born,[3][8] where he earned US$50,000 yearly.[4]

In 1932, he joined the Nazi Party and was named at the front of Bunge & Born in Los Angeles, participating in several parties in Hollywood.[3][4] He started corresponding with Marshal Hermann Göring, with whom he shared a passion for aircraft, after he caught his attention through his repeated letters that criticised the Party's economic policies.[4] There, he also befriended Georg Gyssling.[4] He later moved to Woodside, Queens, a neighbourhood in New York City that had a small German colony at the time,[4] where he assisted German rearmament by importing arms from China and the Balkans, and in 1938 he was sent to Italy, where he purchased food and other materials to be imported back to Germany.[3][4] During this final period, he lived at the beachside Villa de Nevoso in Abbazia.[4][9]

In addition to the aforementioned travels, Schwend also travelled to the Soviet Union, Persia and South America.[9]

World War II

In 1939, with the start of World War II in Europe, his wife divorced him, and he left the company.[3] He then started working for the financial section of the Abwehr under Wilhelm Canaris for a couple of months, marrying his secretary and fellow Nazi Party member (specifically the National Socialist Women's League),[9] Hedda Neuhold,[9][3] in Trieste.[9] In 1942, he was detained by the Gestapo after he attempted to sell counterfeit submarine blueprints to two British agents, with Willi Gröbl,[4] an acquaintance who worked for the SS, intervening in his favour.[3]

In 1943, on the recommendation of Wilhelm Höttl, he became head of sales of counterfeit foreign currency; The official name of the office was Sonderstab Generalkommando III Germanisches Panzerkorps.[10] Schwend received the rank of SS-Sturmbannführer, was subordinate to Ernst Kaltenbrunner and reported directly to Heinrich Himmler. Schwend was able to keep a third of the counterfeit currency, but he had to use it to entertain his negotiators. Among them, Alberto Crastan, Georg Gyssling and Jaac van Harten.

The counterfeit currency made by Schwend's group eventually became used to purchase arms, munitions and other supplies.[3] In Croatia, Schwend was struck by a bullet after falling behind enemy lines and being ambushed by Yugoslav Partisans. Nevertheless, he managed to escape and received the Iron Cross, Second Class, and the honourific rank of Panzer Division Major.[3] Willi Gröbl, who was killed in the attack, posthumously received the same award, First Class.[4]

Post-war years

At the end of the war, he was ordered to go from his base of operations at Schloss Labers in Merano, northern Italy,[3][11] to the nearby Austrian mountains.[8] Following the end of the war, Schwend surrendered to American troops in Tyrol on May 12, 1945. He revealed his hiding places in Austria and South Tyrol; The gold he found alone was worth US$200,000. From 1945 to 1946, Schwend worked as an informant for the Counterintelligence Corps (CIC) after volunteering himself to the CIC's detachment in Innsbruck.[3][9] He was investigated by the CIC, who codenamed him Flush due to him serving as an agent to "flush out" other former SS members in Europe,[9] and was put in charge of an intelligence network in the Balkans and Czechoslovakia. In 1945, he joined the Gehlen Org, and in 1946 he escaped to Peru via one of the so-called ratlines.[3]

Thanks to a Red Cross passport issued under a false name,[5] Schwend arrived with his family as an immigrant to the port of Callao in 1947, where he hispanicised his first name. He moved to a large gated house in the neighbourhood of Santa Clara, located in the 17th kilometre of the Central Highway, where he lived with his wife Hedda and daughter Ingrid, and was known by locals as "our Nazi."[8] Schwend had opened a restaurant in Chaclacayo, which had proven successful,[6] although he was also reportedly involved in money counterfeiting, drug trafficking and arms dealing.[5] Schwend's ex-wife later moved to South Africa, returning briefly for her daughter's trial that lasted from May to July 1965.[6]

The Schwend family during the trial.

In 1963, his daughter Ingrid became the focus of a highly publicised trial after she voluntarily confessed to local law enforcement[12] that she fatally shot Spaniard José Manuel de Sartorius y Bermúdez de Castro[13][14] (Spain; c. 1934 – Lima; December 14, 1963) on the night of December 14, 1963, claiming self-defence.[13][6][15][16] The media frenzy surrounding the scandalous high-profile nature of the trial and the repeated appearances of Schwend at the courthouse brought him to public attention throughout the entirety of the process,[8][17] which ended with the court finding Mrs. Oliveira guilty and ordering her husband, José Oliveira Lawezzari (the son of politician Pedro M. Oliveira, with whom she had two daughters), to pay Sartorious' widow, Olenka Dudek, S/. 40,000,[13][6] and sentencing her to five years in prison, which were decreased to three for her good conduct,[18] after which she divorced her husband.[12]

In 1972, Schwend was detained in connection to the murder of businessman Luis Banchero Rossi.[5] A few days later,[19] it was discovered that Schwend had given refuge to Klaus Barbie—who had been using the name Altmann[20]—at his residence in Santa Clara. Schwend had been working with Barbie in Peru, with both men presumably having links to the Peruvian Investigative Police, prior to the discovery.[21] After Barbie's identity was confirmed through photographs taken of him by Le Monde photographer Nicole Bonnet at San Martín Square after an interview at Schwend's house carried out by AFP correspondent Albert Brun, he left for Bolivia, being later extradited to France where he died in 1991. All the media attention that surrounded these events led to Schwend's deportation to West Germany in 1976, where he was given a two-year suspended sentence for the murder of one of his agents in Italy during the war.[20] In 1979 he was again deported from Bonn where he returned to his normal life, dying in 1980.[8]

References

  1. ↑ Andonaire Villegas, Jean Pierre (2023-02-25). "La historia de los dólares falsos fabricados por los nazis que circularon por todo el Perú durante semanas hace más de 60 años". El Comercio.
  2. ↑ "Nazi on trial". The Daily Telegraph. 1979-04-29.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 Camarasa, Jorge; Basso Prieto, Carlos (2014). América nazi (in Spanish). AGUILAR. pp. 114–115.
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Malkin, Lawrence (2008). Krueger's Men: The Secret Nazi Counterfeit Plot and the Prisoners of Block 19. Hachette UK. pp. 60–63. ISBN 0316029165.
  5. 1 2 3 4 5 Guerrero, Luis (2023-10-03). "La desconocida historia de Friedrich Schwend, el último líder nazi que vivió y se refugió en Perú". La República.
  6. 1 2 3 4 5 Reynolds, Ruth (1966-02-06). "Recipe for a Murder: A Justice Story". Reading Eagle.
  7. ↑ Ruiz Ortega, Gabriel (2023-09-22). "Volkmar Johannes Schneider-Merck, el alemán que puso contra las cuerdas al estafador nazi Federico Schwend en 1972: «CARETAS salvó mi vida»". Caretas.
  8. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Jochamowitz, Luis (2017-02-09). "Nuestro Nazi". Caretas. Archived from the original on 2021-10-24.
  9. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Steinacher, Gerald (2012). Nazis on the Run: How Hitler's Henchmen Fled Justice. OUP Oxford. pp. 206–212. ISBN 0191653772.
  10. ↑ Bönisch, Georg (2009-08-04). "Hitlers Blütenkrieg gegen England: "Die gefährlichsten Fälschungen aller Zeiten"". Der Spiegel.
  11. ↑ Blumenthal, Ralph (1986-06-22). "The Secret of Schloss Labers". New York Times.
  12. 1 2 Velezmoro Contreras, Karla Paola (2002). "3: Mi Experiencia Profesional en CPN-Radio § De lo policial a lo judicial". Producción de despachos en el área judicial en CPN Radio. UNMSM. pp. es.
  13. 1 2 3 "Un juicio conmueve a Lima". Visión: revista internacional. No. 29. 1965-08-06. p. 72.
  14. ↑ "Blonde says mate picked her dates". Baltimore Afro-American. 1965-05-22. pp. A-2.
  15. ↑ "Descubre la macabra historia detrás del asesinato del conde Sartorius". Panamericana. 2016-04-08.
  16. ↑ "Historias detrás de la muerte: el asesinato del conde Sartorius". Panamericana. 2016-04-11.
  17. ↑ "Piden Juzgar en Secreto a Rubia acusada de un Crimen". El Tiempo. 1965-05-25. p. 3.
  18. ↑ "Indultan Alemana Mató En Lima A Un Joven Español". El Diario La Prensa. 1966-09-25.
  19. ↑ "El asesinato del Conde Sartorius". Blog PUCP. 2016-11-05.
  20. 1 2 Martínez Carricart, Jorge (2023-01-20). "El carnicero de Lyon. La caída del jerarca nazi que vivía como rico en Bolivia, trabajó para la CIA y participó en la captura del Che". La Nación.
  21. ↑ Hernández Lefranc, Harold (2020). "El caso Banchero, de Guillermo Thorndike: fuente impresa que explica el culto a Luis Banchero Rossi, santo secular, en Lima". Anthropologica. 38 (44). doi:10.18800/anthropologica.202001.012.
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