Fugl (in English: Bird)
AuthorSigbjørn Skåden
TranslatorsMarina Heide (published in French as Oiseau in 2021)
CountryNorway, Sápmi
LanguageNorwegian
SubjectSpace colonization, Climate fiction, Indigenous peoples, Language death
GenreScience fiction
PublisherCappelen Damm
Publication date
2019
Pages124
ISBN9788202621452

Fugl (in English: "Bird") is a 2019 Norwegian science fiction novel by Sigbjørn Skåden, and is the first science fiction novel written by a Sámi author.[1] Fugl tells the story of a small human colony on a distant planet where speech cannot be heard. Fugl is Skåden's first novel written in Norwegian, and has been interpreted as an allegory of the Sámi peoples' loss of their language due to forced assimilation and Norwegianization. Fugl was translated to French by Marina Heide as Oiseau in 2021.[2]

Plot

Fugl is a short, lyrical novel set in a future where a small colony of humans has settled on a distant planet they call "Sedes" or "Heim", which means home. The colony lives in a dome with limited resources, and have not had contact with other humans for many years. The story is narrated in two alternating time periods: 2048, when the first child is born on Heim, and a century later, in 2147, when a new spaceship brings the first humans to the planet after the initial colonisation.

The planet Heim has atmospheric conditions that make it impossible for humans to hear sounds. The descendants of the initial colonisers have never experienced spoken language, and communicate only in writing. They have also lost their cultural archives.

Style

Fugl is a short, lyrical novel. It is only 124 pages long, and written in a "poetic style with extensive use of metaphors, comparisons and personifications of landscape" ("Stilen er poetisk med mye bruk av metaforer, sammenligninger og landskapsbesjelinger, som f.eks. 'Dalen er ei tunge'")[3] In an otherwise rather dismissive review, Morgenbladet's reviewer describes the prose as "quiet, but clear; its descriptions of nature are sweeping but simultaneously precise and sensitive."[4]

Fugl and Samí culture

In a feature article in the Sámi newspaper Ávvir, Skåden stated that the book was an "obvious Sámi book", despite there being nothing explicitly Sámi present.[5]

In a 2020 lecture at the University of Tromsø, Skåden said that he views Fugl as his most Sámi book.[3] Henning Howlid Wærp cites this statement in a scholarly article analysing Fugl, noting that the claim seems paradoxical at first since there is no explicit mention of Samí people or culture in the book.[3] However, Wærp describes how not only speech but song is taken from the small group of people on Heim. Part of the novel is written from the perspective of Heidrun, who gives birth to the first child on the new planet Heim. Her distress at not being able to share her culture with her child is painful: "I sing to you as my mother sang to me. But you cannot hear me" (p. 101) (Jeg synger til deg slik mi mor sang til meg. Men du hører det ikke.)

This loss of language and culture is a close analogy to the destruction of Sámi languages and culture through the Norwegianization policies that continued until the 1980s, and mirrors equivalent forced assimilation of indigenous cultures around the world.

As Wærp argues, the dystopia of living without nature is even harsher if we interpret the humans on Heim as a Sámi culture, because the Sámi live so close to nature.[3]

The new human colonisers who arrive after the first group has been on Heim for a century can also be read as colonisers. Wærp cites a passage from Fugl where the newcomers optimistically say, "With your old knowledge about the planet and our new technology we can create the new human being together." ("Med deres gamle kunnskap om planeten og vår nye teknologi kan vi sammen skape det nye mennesket", page 54). When resources are insufficient, the newcomers take more than their share.

Other critics do not discuss this aspect of the novel, seeing it instead as a reflection on the impossibility of solving the climate crisis by attempting to flee Earth,[6] or as an exploration of the relationship between humans and an indifferent or even antagonistic planet, referencing the living ocean in Stanisław Lem's novel Solaris.[7]

Reception

Fugl received good reviews. In Stavanger aftenblad it was described as dark, but gripping.[8] The Sámi newspaper Ávvir ran a multi-page feature on the novel.[5] Norwegian critics often missed the novel's reference to Sámi experience. Writing for Morgenbladet, Carina Elisabeth Beddari described Fugl as full of "banal dialogue" and as "more psychological than allegorical or a societal critique".[4] Sissel Furuseth saw the novel as "primarily an existential exploration of what it means to leave a place you know you wil never return to."[6]

References

  1. ↑ Vivo, Erika De (2022-11-24). "Márkomeannu#2118, the Future is Already Here: Imagining a Sámi Future at the Intersection of Art and Activism". Text Matters: A Journal of Literature, Theory and Culture (12): 227–246. doi:10.18778/2083-2931.12.14. hdl:11089/44368. ISSN 2084-574X. S2CID 253923245. Márkomeannu-2018 organizers consulted Sámi author Sigbjørn Skåden—one of the festival founders—discussing various aspects of the festival, including the festival-plot. Skåden was then working on his 2019 book Fugl, the first sci-fi novel written by a Sámi author. ↑
  2. ↑ Skåden, Sigbjørn (2021-10-07). Oiseau (in French). Marina Heide. Villenave d'Ornon: AGULLO. ISBN 978-2-38246-005-4. OCLC 1281895270.
  3. 1 2 3 4 Wærp, Henning Howlid (2019). "Urfolks-science fiction? Verdens første samiske romfartsroman. Sigbjørn Skadens Fugl (2019)" (PDF). Norsk litterær årbok 2019. 141.
  4. 1 2 Beddari, Carina Elisabeth (2019-05-03). "Romopera". Morgenbladet (in Norwegian). Retrieved 2023-01-29. Prosaen er dempet, men tydelig, blikket på naturen er sveipende, men samtidig presist og følsomt. Personkonstellasjonene i Fugl fremstår mindre overbevisende. Vi presenteres for den slu kvinnen, den unge, overmodige mannen, den eldre og erfarne Ansgar, som advarer de innfødte mot den nyankomne og ender med å få rett – alle fremstår så forutsigbare at man skulle tro man leste en roman om kunstig intelligens. Komplekse persontegninger trenger ikke være viktig i alle science fiction-romaner, men Fugl legger mer opp til en psykologisk enn en allegorisk eller samfunnskritisk lesning. Det er en roman om foreldreskap, håp og selvbedrag, og det er lett å mistenke forfatteren for å ha brukt sci-fi-sjangeren som springbrett for å gi skildringene av både forelskelser og forhold mellom foreldre og barn mer patos. Fugl er full av banale og voldsomme dialoger, av utsagn som «Jeg prøvde å stoppe dem. Du må tro meg» eller «En dag skal du lære. Og da. Da er du klar til å leve videre her etter meg.».
  5. 1 2 Gjerstad, Nils (2019-07-19). "Čállán sámi science-fiction romána". Ávvir (in Northern Sami). Retrieved 2023-01-29. Sámi girječálli Sigbjørn Skåden lea čállán romána dan birra go almmigomuvuohta koloniserejuvvo oktii boahtteáiggis. Vaikke girjjis ii leat sápmelašvuođa birra, de oaivvilda ieš girječálli ahte girji lea čielga sámi girji. [Sámi author Sigbjørn Skåden has written a novel in which space is colonized sometime in the future. Even though there is nothing in the book about being Sámi, the author still thinks the book is an obvious Sámi book)]
  6. 1 2 Furuseth, Sissel (2019-06-16). "Emigrantene". www.blabla.no (in Norwegian Bokmål). Retrieved 2023-01-29. Skådens roman synes først og fremst å være en eksistensiell undersøkelse av hva det vil si å forlate et sted og vite at man aldri vil vende tilbake.
  7. ↑ Pokrywka, Rafał (2022-09-30). "Three Visions of Humanity in Extraterrestrial Ecosystems: Klein, Kosik, Skåden". Porównania. 31 (1): 133–142. doi:10.14746/por.2022.1.8. ISSN 1733-165X. S2CID 252761801.
  8. ↑ Askelund, Jan (2019-06-04). "Elendige utsikter i verdensrommet". www.aftenbladet.no (in Norwegian Bokmål). Retrieved 2023-01-29.
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