Gabriela Silang
Gabriela Silang on a 1974 stamp of the Philippines
Born
María Josefa Gabriela Cariño

(1731-03-19)March 19, 1731
Santa, Ilocos Sur, Captaincy General of the Philippines, Spanish Empire
DiedSeptember 20, 1763(1763-09-20) (aged 32)
Vigan, Ilocos Sur, Captaincy General of the Philippines, Spanish Empire
Other namesGabriela Silang
La Generala
Joan of Arc of Ilocandia
Spouses
Tomás Millan
​
​
(m. 1751; died 1754)​
    ​
    ​
    (m. 1757; died 1763)​
    Parent
    • Anselmo Cariño (father)

    María Josefa Gabriela Cariño de Silang (Tagalog: [siˈlaŋ]; March 19, 1731 – September 20, 1763) was a Filipino military leader best known for her role as the female leader of the Ilocano independence movement from Spain. She took over from her second husband Diego Silang after his assassination in 1763, leading her people for four months before she was captured and executed by the colonial government of the Captaincy General of the Philippines.

    Early life

    Gabriela Silang was born in Barangay Caniogan, Santa, Ilocos Sur to a Spanish Ilocano father named Anselmo Cariño,[1] a trader who ferried his wares from Vigan to Abra along the Abra River and a descendant of Ignacio Cariño, the first Galician from Spain to arrive in Candon, Ilocos Sur in the late 17th century. Her mother was a Tinguian who was from a Tinguian barrio in San Quintin, Abra (now Pidigan).

    She received a Catholic upbringing from the town's parish priest, and attained elementary level education at the town's convent school. After being separated from her parents early in her childhood, she was raised by a priest, who eventually arranged a marriage between her and the wealthy businessman. They married in 1751, and he died three years later.[2]

    Revolutionary involvement

    Relationship with her spouse, Diego Silang

    After being widowed by her first husband, Gabriela met future insurgent leader Diego Silang and married him in 1757.

    In 1762, as part of what would later be known as the Seven Years' War, the Kingdom of Great Britain declared war on Spain, and captured Manila, resulting in the British occupying the city and nearby Cavite. After the capture of Manila, an emboldened Diego sought to initiate an armed struggle to overthrow Spanish functionaries in Ilocos and replace them with native-born officials. He joined forces with the British, who appointed him governor of Ilocos on their behalf. During this revolt, Gabriela became one of Diego's closest advisors and his unofficial aide-de-camp during skirmishes with Spanish troops. She was also a major figure in her husband's co-operation with the British.

    Spanish authorities retaliated by offering a reward for Diego’s assassination. Consequently, his two former allies, Miguel Vicos and Pedro Becbec, killed him in Vigan on May 28, 1763.[3]

    Revolutionary leadership in Abra

    After Diego's murder, Gabriela fled to Tayum, Abra to seek refuge in the house of her paternal uncle, Nicolás Cariño. There, she appointed her first two generals, Miguel Flores and Tagabuen Infiel. She later assumed her husband's role as commander of the rebel troops and achieved a "priestess" status amongst her community and followers. Her popular image as the bolo-wielding La Generala on horseback stems from this period.


    Assault on Vigan and execution

    On September 10, 1763, Silang attempted to besiege Vigan but the Spanish retaliated, forcing her into hiding.[4] She retreated once more to Abra, where the Spanish later captured her. On September 20, 1763, Silang and her troops were executed by hanging in Vigan's central plaza.[4]

    Legacy

    Gabriela Silang monument in Makati

    She is remembered as the “Joan of Arc of Ilocandia”[4] The Order of Gabriela Silang is the sole third class national decoration awarded by the Philippines whose membership is restricted to women.[5] The organisation and party list Gabriela Women's Party ("General Assembly Binding Women for Reforms, Integrity, Equality, Leadership, and Action"), which advocates for women's rights and issues, was founded in April 1984 in her honour.[6] The BRP Gabriela Silang (OPV-8301) is named after her.[7] Asteroid 7026 Gabrielasilang, discovered by Eleanor Helin at Palomar in 1993, is named in her honor.[8] The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on November 8, 2019 (M.P.C. 118218).[9]

    Descendants

    A list of the closest-living relatives of Gabriela Cariño Silang through her paternal uncle, Nicolas Cariño:

    • Ambassador José Maria Ancheta Cariño
    • Dion Cariño
    • Rosarito A. Cariño
    • Nehemiah Cariño
    • Jan Philippe Cariño
    • Felipe Cariño
    • Sergio Cariño
    • John Leonard Cariño
    • Jose Angelo Cariño
    • Therese M. Cariño
    • Christine M. Cariño
    • Gloman Merritt[10]
    • Glozy Merritt
    • Princess Mynn Hosea Merritt
    • Materno Marcos ma. Guzman Carino
    • Carlo Antonio Cariño Diy
    • Rolando A. Cariño
    • Donya Soccoro Cariño De Leon
    • Elizabeth Cariño De Leon
    • Hermoso Cariño De Leon Jr.
    • Dr. Noel Cariño De Leon
    • Jocelyn Cariño De Leon
    • Jasper De Leon De Jesus
    • Jizyt De Leon De Jesus
    • Jinkyl De Leon De Jesus
    • Jixtryl De Leon De Jesus
    • Eva Cariño
    • Pheobe Gazmen-Cariño
    • Adelaida Cariño
    • Candonino Gazmen-Cariño
    • Nestor Gazmen-Cariño
    • Abraham Cariño-Gazmen
    • Seny Fe Cariño-Gazmen Mangay-ayam
    • Jessie Carino-Gazmen Cruz
    • Agnes-Jocelyn Cariño-Arcelona Stupp
    • Emmanuel Cariño-Arcelona
    • Melvin Cariño-Arcelona
    • Ann-Loretta Cariño-Arcelona Maxey
    • Belen-Eloisa Cariño-Arcelona Stewart
    • Dr. Milenda Palafox Cariño-Arcelona

    Some of Silang's living relations still reside in the ancestral house at the Cariño family seat of Tayum. The house, now a museum and art gallery called the Casa Museo Cariño, is maintained by Rosarito A. Cariño. Among the rooms on display is the bedroom of Gabriela Cariño Silang while she used the house of her uncle, Nicolas Cariño, as her headquarters when she fled after Diego's murder in 1763.[11]

    References

    1. ↑ "History: Bantonlagip ni Gabriela Silang, simbolo ti kinatured ken kinamaingel — Tawid News Magazine - Weekly Ilocos News 📰". Tawid News Magazine. September 30, 2019. Retrieved July 5, 2021.
    2. ↑ Smith, Bonnie G. The Oxford Encyclopedia of Women in World History. Oxford: Oxford UP, 2008. Print.
    3. ↑ Commire, Anne, and Deborah Klezmer. Women in World History: A Biographical Encyclopedia. Waterford, CT: Yorkin Publications, 2002. Print.
    4. 1 2 3 Rosario, Ben (September 19, 2020). "Bill to declare special non-working day to honor Gabriela Silang expected to breeze through House, Senate". Manila Bulletin. Retrieved January 15, 2021.
    5. ↑ "Executive Order No. 236, s. 2003". Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines. Retrieved January 15, 2021.
    6. ↑ Cruz, Tonyo (October 23, 2020). "General vs the Henerala". Manila Bulletin. Retrieved January 15, 2021.
    7. ↑ "LOOK: PH Coast Guard's newest, most modern ship joins fleet in private commissioning rites". Philippine Daily Inquirer. April 13, 2020. Retrieved January 15, 2021.
    8. ↑ "(7026) Gabrielasilang". Minor Planet Center. Retrieved November 20, 2019.
    9. ↑ "MPC/MPO/MPS Archive". Minor Planet Center. Retrieved November 20, 2019.
    10. ↑ "Gloman Merritt – Official Site". www.glomanmerritt.com.
    11. ↑ Rosarito A. Cariño 7th generation great-grandson and Museum Curator of Gabriela Cariño- Silang Gallery of Fine Arts and Museo Nicolas Cariño and Gloman Merritt 8th generation great-grandson.
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