Galashians
Галашкархой
Galashian Ingush (Галашевцскiе Ингуши) on Captain Blum's map in 1830
Total population
2131[1] (1851)
Regions with significant populations
Ingushetia
Languages
Ingush
Religion
Sunni Islam

Galashians[lower-alpha 1] (Ingush: Галашкахой, romanized: Galashkakhoy), were a historical Ingush ethnoterritorial society,[lower-alpha 2] which formed in the middle of 18th century. The name comes from the village of Galashki, which is geographically located in the very center of the society. Galashians were located in the middle and lower reaches of the river Assa and the basin of the river Fortanga.

History

Galashevtsui on a map in 1855.
Galashcka as part of the Kisten on a map in 1811 made by Johann C. M. Reinecke.

Formation of the Society

The Galashian society formed in the second half of 18th century[22] from the mountain Ingush that settled in lowlands between Assa and Fortanga rivers.[23] The Orstkhoy and Ghalghai (Tsorin and Khamkhin) societies played the greatest role in the formation of the Galashian society.[24][lower-alpha 3] The settlements of the Galashians are first recorded on the map of 1768, where they are marked as Galachi at the confluence of the Assa river into the Sunzha river.[27]

Caucasian War

During the Caucasian War, the Galashians bitterly resisted the Russian expansion in the region and were commonly referred as "un-ruly"[28] or "half-conquered" by the Russian Empire, as they never really did bow under the Russian rule and continued on making raids on Russian royal fortifications and settlements.[29]

The Galashians actively participated on the side of Imamate,[18] so on March of 1840, the Galashian and Karabulak (Orstkhoy) societies participated in the uprising of Chechnya and with their deputies together with Chechens solemnly swore allegiance to Imam Shamil in the large center village of Lesser Chechnya, Urus-Martan, thus becoming part of the Imamate.[9]

As the letter of Muhammad Amin Asiyalav dating back to October of 1848 states, the Naib of Vilayet Kalay (Galashkinskoe Naibstvo) was selected Muhammad-Mirza Anzorov, a Kabardian naib, who also at the time ruled Minor Chechnya as the district of Imamate:

From the knowledgeable mudir, adherent of Islam Muhammadamin to his generous brothers and glorious friends, the valiant, zealous, brave inhabitants of Kalai and Arashdi – salam is constant.

And then – obedience to the imam is the duty of every person, and helping Islam is the duty of men.

You should obey the one who is placed over you, and he is our faithful brother Muhammadmirza.[30]

The Galashians were conquered in the end of Caucasian War after numerous punitive expeditions.[31]

Chronology of major events:

  • 1830 — Punitive expediton of Abkhazov to mountainous Ingushetia,[32] during which the Galashian society was also affected.[31]
  • 1832 — Due to the collaboration of Ingush with Ghazi Muhammad and the murder of a bailiff, Rozen led a punitive expedition on Ingush and went through Dzheyrakh and Metskhal around Khamkhi and Tsori,[33] during which the Galashian society was also affected.[31]
  • 1840 — the Karabulak (Orstkhoy) and Galashian societies joined the uprising of Chechnya and with their deputies together with Chechens solemnly swore allegiance to Imam Shamil in the large center village of Lesser Chechnya, Urus-Martan.[9] Thus Galashkinskoe Naibstvo was established.
  • January of 1847 — Russian troops under the command of General Nesterov made a punitive expediton to Galashian Gorge.[34]
  • 1858 — The Galashians together with the Nazranians took part in one of the episodes of the Great Caucasian War — the Nazran uprising, which ended unsuccessfully and the leaders of the uprising were either executed or exiled.[35][36][31]
  • After the end of the war — Galashians, alongside Akkins, Tsorins and Ghalghaï were forcibly evicted/resettled to lowlands and their lands were given to Cossacks.[31]

Modern History

After the Russian Revolution of 1917, when the Cossack stripes that divided the Ingush societies were mostly eliminated, the official significance of territorial societies weakened, and soon after the formation of the Ingush Autonomous Oblast, it completely disappeared. Nevertheless, for some time the Ingush who inhabited the foothill lands and especially the Galashkinsky District, continued to be called Galashians.[37]

Demographics

Year Population Source
18332000Document[38][28]
18584 000"Voennyi entsiklopedicheskiy leksion"[39]

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ Also known as Galash (Галашъ), Galashi (Галаши) and Shadgoyians.[2]
  2. ↑ Galashians, including under the names such as Galashi, Galash, Shadgoyians, were mentioned as an Ingush society by Blaramberg,[3] "Overview of the political state of the Caucasus in 1840",[4] Karl Koch,[5] "Military Statistical Review of the Russian Empire, 1851",[6] I. Ivanov,[7] Volkonsky,[8] Rzhevusky,[9] Vertepov,[10] Pantyukhov,[11] Kovalevsky,[12] Dmitry Milyutin,[13] Martirosian,[14] Soviet Ethnography,[15] Krupnov,[16] Volkova,[17] Dagestani branch of the Academy of Sciences of the Soviet Union,[18] G. Anchabadze,[19] Berzhnoy, Dobaev, Kraynyuchenko[20] and V. A. Kuznetsov.[21]
  3. ↑ According to other sources, Galashians are simply a branch of the Karabulaks (Orstkhoy).[25][26]

References

  1. ↑ Берже 1859, p. 81.
  2. ↑ Долгиева et al. 2013, p. 204.
  3. ↑ Бларамберг 2010, pp. 310, 312, 329.
  4. ↑ Обзор политического состояния Кавказа 1840 года, V. Племя ингуш: "1) Назрановцы, 2) Галаши, 3) Карабулаки, 4) Галгаи, 5) Кистины или Кисты Ближние, 6) Джерахи, 7) Цори, 8) Дальние Кисты".
  5. ↑ Koch 1843, p. 493.
  6. ↑ Военно-статистическое обозрѣніе Россійской имперіи 1851, p. 137:
    "Къ племени Ингушей, занимающихъ плоскость и котловины Кавказских горъ съ правой стороны Терека до верхних частей Аргуна и до теченія Фартанги, принадлежатъ: 1) Назрановцы с Комбулейскимъ обществомъ, 2) Джераховцы, 3) Карабулаки, 4) Цоринцы, 5) Ближніе Кистинцы с небольшимъ обществомъ Малхинцевъ вновь покорившимся, 6) Галгай, 7) Галашевцы, 8) дальніе Кисты…"
  7. ↑ Иванов 1851:
    "...Ингушских племен Цори, Галгай, Галаш и Карабулак..."
  8. ↑ Волконскій 1886, p. 54:
    "Ингушевское племя состояло изъ слѣдующихъ обществъ: кистинскаго, джераховскаго, назрановскаго, карабулакскаго (впослѣдствіи назвавшегося галашевскимъ), галгаевскаго, цоринскаго, акинскаго и мереджинскаго; всѣ эти общества вмѣстѣ имѣли свыше тридцати тысячъ душъ."
  9. 1 2 3 Ржевускій 1888, p. 72.
  10. ↑ Вертепов 1892, p. 75.
  11. ↑ Пантюхов 1901, p. 2.
  12. ↑ Ковалевскій 1914, p. 150.
  13. ↑ Милютин 1919, p. 277.
  14. ↑ Мартиросиан 1928, p. 11.
  15. ↑ Советская Этнография 1936, p. 8.
  16. ↑ Крупнов 1971, p. 36.
  17. ↑ Волкова 1973, p. 151.
  18. 1 2 Тезисы докладов и сообщений 1989, p. 106.
  19. ↑ Anchabadze 2001, p. 29.
  20. ↑ Бережной, Добаев & Крайнюченко 2003, p. 134 (as PDF).
  21. ↑ Кузнецов 2004, p. 41.
  22. ↑ Ахмадов 2009, p. 147.
  23. ↑ Вертепов 1892, p. 81.
  24. ↑ Долгиева et al. 2013, pp. 151, 203.
  25. ↑ Бѣлевичъ 1872, "(...) проэктъ покоренія галашевскихъ обществъ, принадлежащихъ къ карабулакскому племени (...)".
  26. ↑ Чудиновъ 1889, pp. 82–83: "Изъ нихъ карабулаки, галашевцы и алхонцы принадлежали къ колѣну арштхоевъ (...)".
  27. ↑ Волкова 1974, p. 157.
  28. 1 2 Сборник документов 1959, p. 125 ("Ведомость о численности народонаселения Кавказа и степени их покорности Царскому правительству. Июнь 1833 г." (ЦГИА Гр. ССР ф. 2, on. 1, д. 2459, лл. 63—69. Подлинник)).
  29. ↑ Зиссерман 1889a, p. 154; Зиссерман 1889b, p. 286
  30. ↑ Письмо Мухаммадамина к жителям Калая и Арашди (не ранее октября 1848 г.).
  31. 1 2 3 4 5 Жданов 2005, p. 77.
  32. ↑ Иоганн Бларамберг. Топографическое, статистическое, этнографическое и военное описание Кавказа. (1830)
  33. ↑ Генко 1930, pp. 689–690.
  34. ↑ Половцов, А. А. (1905). Русский биографический словарь. Дабеловъ—Дчдьковскiй (in Russian). Санкт-Петербургъ: Типографiя Товарищства «Общественная Польза», Б. Подъяческая, 39. p. 197. ISBN 9785998959042.
  35. ↑ "Акты, собранные Кавказской Археографической комиссии. Т. XII". 1904.
  36. ↑ Кодзоев 2002.
  37. ↑ Танкиев, А. Х. (1998). Ингуши. Саратов.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  38. ↑ Военно-статистическое описаніе Терской области 1888, p. 4 (Выписка изъ вѣдомости народамъ обитающимъ между морями).
  39. ↑ Voennyĭ ėn︠t︡siklopedicheskīĭ leksikon 1858, p. 600.

Bibliography

English sources

Russian sources

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