George Floyd protests in Tennessee
Part of George Floyd protests
Crowd of protestors in front of the Tennessee State Capitol in Nashville
DateMay 28 – June 12, 2020
(2 weeks and 1 day)
Location
Tennessee, United States
Caused by

The murder of George Floyd on May 25, 2020, triggered a wave of protests throughout Tennessee in late May and early June 2020. These protests continued throughout the year.[3]

Locations

Bristol

On June 1, about 200 people held a candlelight vigil for George Floyd on State Street in both Bristol, Tennessee and Bristol, Virginia.[4] The protests were largely peacefully held across the Tri-Cities region of Southwest Virginia and East Tennessee.[5]

Chattanooga

On May 30, there were three different protests which formed throughout the day. Around mid-day hundreds protested at Miller Park followed by a march across the Walnut Street Bridge site of the 1906 lynching of Ed Johnson.[6] At 4pm a silent protest was held in Miller Park. Chattanooga Police Chief David Roddy met with protesters and listened to their concerns about police abuse.[7] At 6pm protesters met again at Walnut Street Bridge led by newly formed activist organization I Can't Breathe Chattanooga but were blocked by police from marching into the North Shore neighborhood.[8][9]

On May 31, protesters marched from Coolidge Park to the Hamilton County Courthouse. After protesters damaged a light fixture and tore down a banner near the courthouse, the National Guard, the Tennessee Highway Patrol, the Hamilton County Police Department and Chattanooga Police Department began arresting people and dispersing the crowds with tear gas.[10] A statue of Confederate general A.P. Stewart was damaged by protesters during the event.[11] On June 3, during the fifth day of protests, police arrested a man standing on a rooftop along the route of the march with multiple firearms including an AK-47 and six beers.[12]

On June 9, 146 Chattanoogans spoke during a 7-hour long city council meeting demanding effort to defund the police.[13] Chattanooga's chapter of the Democratic Socialists of America put forward a proposed budget that would have led to millions in cuts from the police budget and movement of those funds to other city programs. In response to what the DSA denounced as "political stonewalling" members of Concerned Citizens for Justice (CCJ) and the DSA protested at Councilman Chip Henderson's house demanding he support the DSA's budget proposal.[14][15] I Can't Breathe Chattanooga denounced the protest as an invasion of the city council's privacy.[16]

In response to protests the Chattanooga Police updated policy requiring members to intervene in situations of police brutality.[17] Mayor Andy Berke formed a new Office of Community Resilience. The OCR took $150,000 from the police budget to fund social work, recidivism reduction programs, job training for felons and youth mentorship programs.[18][19] Cameron Williams, of I Can't Breathe Chattanooga, called it a "baby step in the right direction".[20] In late June, 2020 local activists raised money to create a Black Lives Matter mural along Martin Luther King Jr Street in front of the Bessie Smith Cultural Center.[21] The mural was completed on June 29.[22]

Clarksville

On May 30, over 200 participated in a protest in Clarksville that shut down a major highway but remained peaceful.[23] On June 3, over 100 protesters gathered on the Montgomery County Courthouse chanting "no justice, no peace, prosecute the police" and "I can't breathe". Leonia Tucker, president of community activist group Commission on Religion and Racism (CORR), spoke about the need "to bring awareness to potential problems and create a conversation".[24][25]

Cleveland

Dozens protested in downtown Cleveland in front of the Bradley County courthouse and headquarters of the Cleveland Police Department on May 31. The protest was peaceful, and included protesters discussing police brutality issues with local law enforcement.[26]

In early June, students of Lee University circulated a petition calling for the removal of a local monument honoring the Daughters of the Confederacy. The author of the petition, political science student Kelsey Osborne, received various death threats.[27] President of the Jefferson Davis Chapter of the UDC Linda Ballew said, “[an] overwhelming majority of Cleveland residents are rallying around our beloved Cleveland monument.”[28] On June 30, City Councilman Bill Estes proposed a solution that would erect a monument to Union soldiers who fought in the Civil War to the north side of the Confederate statue on North Ocoee and Broad streets. Estes also proposed signage to be added to the monuments, providing appropriate context to the statues.[29]

On August 10, members of local community activist group Emancipate Cleveland stood outside the city council meeting, asking for the confederate statue to be removed. Community activist Kezmond Pugh called the statue a "symbol of oppression, a symbol of hate".[30] Vice Mayor Avery Johnson suggested City Council should form a task force with members of NAACP, Emancipate Cleveland, and the Cleveland City Council to talk about how to move forward. On August 24, Cleveland City Council voted 4–3 to create a task force to help decide what would happen to the Confederate monument near Lee University.[31] On September 14, Emancipate Cleveland released a statement stating they supported the formation of a task force but the task force's unwillingness to remove the monument was an example of city council "ignoring and deflecting problems they don’t have the courage to face".[32]

Jackson

Almost 200 protestors showed up to protest peacefully at Jackson City Hall on May 30.[33] On June 10, dozens of protesters gathered in front of Old Hickory Mall for a peaceful demonstration.[34]

Johnson City

Hundreds of protesters peacefully gathered in Johnson City on May 31. Several protesters were arrested after they refused to stop blocking a road.[35] At a protest on July 13, a confrontation broke out between Black Lives Matter protesters and neo-nazi counter protestors wearing shirts that read “National Socialist Club 131”. Garon Archer, a white nationalist with ties to hate group League of the South and a participant in the Unite the Right rally in Charlottesville, Virginia, was arrested after assaulting a protester.[36]

At a protest on September 13, a North Carolinian man named Jared Lafer drove his vehicle into a crowd of protesters leaving one protester with a concussion, brain bleed and two broken legs.[37] He later turned himself in to the Johnson City Police Department.[38] A Tennessee Grand Jury later dismissed the case. Lafer's attorney argued "he did what he felt was necessary to get out of a situation that he felt was dangerous to his family". Robin Ellis, president of the NAACP for Yancey and Mitchell Counties, called for the incident to be treated as a hate crime citing screenshots of Lafer's social media posts where he joked about running over protesters.[39]

Protests against the Grand Jury decision continued throughout September and October.[40] Victoria Hewlett, who was sitting in a parked car with her husband at an intersection just yards from the hit and run, told The Daily Beast that protesters were crossing the road in a pattern consistent with the walk signal. She says that Lafer pulled up behind her car, then swerved around her vehicle “pretty aggressively,” before rounding the corner and driving “directly into where the protesters were in the crosswalk.” [41]

Knoxville

Hundreds of protesters demonstrated on May 29 in front of police headquarters and then marched through downtown Knoxville. The first night of protest remained overwhelmingly peaceful.[42]

On the following night a group of around 50-100 protesters rallied in downtown. After confrontations with the police, protesters began to break windows, shot fireworks, throw trashcans and destroyed a port-a-potty.[43] Two individuals were arrested after an officer was injured.[44] Black Lives Matter Knoxville denounced the vandalism as a distraction from their mission.[45] On June 2, University of Tennessee, Knoxville students organized a peaceful march along Gay Street. The Knoxville chapter of Black Lives Matter chose not to attend the event.[46]

Over the July 4th weekend, activists began painting a Black Lives Matter mural in East Knoxville, on the 2800 block of Martin Luther King Jr. Avenue. They were asked to stop due to a lack of a permit, and could not finish the project.[47] On July 10 the activists completed the mural after acquiring approval from the city.[48]

At a June 6 rally in Worlds Fair Park, 10 Tennessee Volunteers football players and head football coach Jeremy Pruitt spoke in support of the protests. Pruitt announced in press conference that the Volunteers planned to wear black jerseys for the Nov. 7th matchup against Kentucky in Neyland Stadium. Following the game, the team planned to auction off the game-used jerseys and donate the proceeds to the Black Lives Matter movement.[49] On September 3, over a thousand protesters, primarily UTK students, rallied on the University of Tennessee campus. The UT Knoxville football team and other student athletes led the protesters on a march around campus to show solidarity with the Black Lives Matter movement.[50]

Memphis

Silent demonstrations of around 40 people protesting the murder of Floyd, the death of Breonna Taylor in Kentucky, and the murder of Ahmaud Arbery, led to "verbal confrontations" with Memphis police and two counter-protesters from the Facebook group Confederate 901.[51] On May 27, protesters shut down Union Avenue near McLean Boulevard.[52] Just after midnight Saturday night, police in riot gear clashed with a large crowd on Beale Street. Shelby County Commissioner Tami Sawyer, who was on scene, tweeted: "Memphis police have threatened to use lethal force if we don't leave the parking lot. They have arrested our friends. We're not leaving."[53][54] On Sunday Evening May 31, the fifth straight day of protests, more riot police attempted to disperse a crowd of 100 that were occupying Main Street.[55] A curfew went into effect in Memphis, TN, on Monday, June 1, from 22:00 to 06:00, and was extended the following day to June 8.[56]

Morristown

On May 30, a group of around 150 protesters gathered at 9 p.m. and peacefully marched up and down Morristown's Main Street District, chanting phrases such as “I can't breathe” and “no justice, no peace.” No buildings or property in the downtown area were damaged. One counter-protester with a thin blue line flag was struck in the face and taken away by ambulance. The protesters blocked off the parking garage to the city center at around 11 p.m. where a line of police officers were stationed. The protesters threw small rocks and water bottles at the officers' feet and were ordered to disperse around 12:40 a.m.[57] One man was arrested on June 3 for allegedly assaulting the counter-protester during the protest, as well as for felony evading arrest and reckless endangerment. The man had escaped a police chase on June 1 and fled to Arkansas.[58]

Murfreesboro

On May 31, a group of around 50 protesters marched toward a building on the Middle Tennessee State University campus named after Ku Klux Klan leader Nathan Bedford Forrest but were stopped by police in armored vehicles. Police accused protesters of vandalizing an armored car and throwing a brick through the window of a local business. A 12-year-old girl was injured by tear gas.[59] Mayor Shane McFarland issued a state of emergency order. A curfew was in effect as of 6:30 pm.[60] Earlier in the day, a peaceful vigil was held at the Rutherford County Courthouse with hundreds of participants.[61]

Nashville

A protester poses in front of state troopers in Nashville, June 24, 2020

On May 30, thousands gathered for a protest in downtown Nashville, the capital of Tennessee; protesters peacefully demonstrated in Legislative Plaza and then marched to a police department.[62] In the evening, the crowd damaged a police car, threw rocks and sprayed graffiti; at least 5 were arrested. Mayor John Cooper declared a state of emergency and called in the national guard after a spate of arsons, including the burning of Nashville's courthouse.[63][64][65]

The Nashville Autonomous Zone, sometimes referred to as the Ida B. Wells Plaza, was an attempt to declare an autonomous zone on the Capitol grounds of Nashville, Tennessee.[66][67][68] It was an attempt to mirror the Capitol Hill Autonomous Zone of Seattle, though this "zone" never actually formed and was more of an occupational protest of the Tennessee State Capitol. On June 12 local activists called for protesters to occupy the Capitol grounds, starting at 5:00 p.m. local time.[69] Fliers circulated by organizers demanded "Fire Chief Anderson. Defund the Police. Demilitarize the Police. Remove Racist Statues."[70] In the wake of Occupy Wall Street the Tennessee State Legislature passed law making the occupation of State land after 10:00 p.m. a Class A misdemeanor.[69]

Aftermath

In August 2020, Tennessee Governor Bill Lee signed legislation in response to the protests that made it a felony to participate in certain types of protest.[71] Under the legislation, camping on state property is punishable by six years' imprisonment and the loss of the right to vote.[72] Tennessee was the first state to pass anti-protest legislation in response to the George Floyd protests.[72]

References

  1. ↑ Robertson, Nicky (May 30, 2020). "US surgeon general says "there is no easy prescription to heal our nation"". CNN. Retrieved May 30, 2020.
  2. 1 2 Goldberg, Michelle (May 29, 2020). "Opinion - America Is a Tinderbox". The New York Times. Archived from the original on May 30, 2020. Retrieved May 30, 2020.
  3. ↑ "Timeline of events since George Floyd's arrest and murder". AP NEWS. January 20, 2022. Retrieved May 22, 2023.
  4. ↑ Wade, Sarah (June 1, 2020). "Candles, masks, mark Bristol vigil for George Floyd". Bristol Herald Courier. Retrieved June 3, 2020.
  5. ↑ Arintok, Angelique (May 31, 2020). "Peaceful protests for George Floyd and Black Lives Matter movement take place all weekend". WCYB-TV. Retrieved June 2, 2020.
  6. ↑ Hughes, Rosana; Taylor, Sarah Grace; Filbin, Patrick (May 30, 2020). "Hundreds peacefully protest for George Floyd in Chattanooga". Chattanooga Times Free Press. Retrieved June 1, 2020.
  7. ↑ Cooper, Eryn (May 30, 2020). "'He appreciated us for standing up for what we believe in': Chief Roddy visits protesters". WTVC. Retrieved May 22, 2023.
  8. ↑ WRCB Staff (May 30, 2020). "WATCH: Peaceful protests held in Chattanooga area on Saturday". Local3News.com. Retrieved May 16, 2023.
  9. ↑ "I Can't Breathe CHA dissolves, leaders shift focus to local elections | Chattanooga Times Free Press". www.timesfreepress.com. December 6, 2020. Retrieved May 22, 2023.
  10. ↑ Hughes, Rosana; Mangrum, Meghan; Taylor, Sarah Grace (June 1, 2020). "National Guard, tear gas deployed as tensions rise on second day of George Floyd protests in Chattanooga". Chattanooga Times Free Press. Retrieved June 1, 2020.
  11. ↑ "Confederate statue will be restored after weekend George Floyd protests in Chattanooga | Chattanooga Times Free Press". www.timesfreepress.com. June 1, 2020. Retrieved May 16, 2023.
  12. ↑ Hughes, Rosana (June 4, 2020). "Chattanooga police arrested man atop building with loaded AK-47 during George Floyd demonstrations". Chattanooga Times Free Press. Retrieved June 5, 2020.
  13. ↑ Zechman, WTVC, Bliss (June 9, 2020). "146 Chattanoogans demand police reform during 7-hour long city council meeting". WTVC. Retrieved May 22, 2023.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  14. ↑ "UPDATE: Chattanooga City Council members react after protesters show up at their homes". Local3News.com. June 30, 2020. Retrieved May 22, 2023.
  15. ↑ "After alleged 'political stonewalling,' Chattanooga council will consider socialists' proposals | Chattanooga Times Free Press". www.timesfreepress.com. July 11, 2020. Retrieved May 22, 2023.
  16. ↑ "Chattanooga Protest Leaders Disavow Tactic Of Going To Homes Of City Council Members". www.chattanoogan.com. June 30, 2020. Retrieved May 22, 2023.
  17. ↑ WTVC Staff (June 8, 2020). "Chattanooga PD Chief updates policy, requires officers to intervene in police brutality". WTVC. Retrieved May 22, 2023.
  18. ↑ WRCB Staff (June 15, 2020). "Chattanooga creates Office of Community Resilience as alternative to defunding police". Local3News.com. Retrieved May 22, 2023.
  19. ↑ "Mayor Berke Announces New Office of Community Resilience in Chattanooga". WDEF. June 15, 2020. Retrieved May 22, 2023.
  20. ↑ https://noogatoday.6amcity.com/author/tpruitt (June 16, 2020). "City of Chattanooga, TN creates the Office of Community Resilience". NOOGAtoday. Retrieved May 22, 2023. {{cite web}}: |last= has generic name (help); External link in |last= (help)CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  21. ↑ Luther, Sam (June 26, 2020). ""There's history in these streets:" Activists paint BLM mural on MLK Blvd in Chattanooga". WTVC. Retrieved May 22, 2023.
  22. ↑ WTVC (June 29, 2020). "Protesters celebrate completion of Black Lives Matter mural in Chattanooga". WTVC. Retrieved May 22, 2023.
  23. ↑ Smith, Chris (May 31, 2020). "As protest shuts down highway, Clarksville mayor joins crowd in the street to listen to concerns". The Leaf-Chronicle. Retrieved June 8, 2020.
  24. ↑ "Clarksville protesters raise their voices against racism: 'You don't listen if we are silent'". The Leaf-Chronicle. Retrieved May 22, 2023.
  25. ↑ "Peaceful protest held in Clarksville against police brutality". News Channel 5 Nashville (WTVF). June 3, 2020. Retrieved May 22, 2023.
  26. ↑ Siniard, Tim (June 1, 2020). "Cleveland protesters meet face-to-face with CPD chief, Bradley County sheriff". Cleveland Daily Banner. Retrieved June 8, 2020.
  27. ↑ "Protests continue following Lee student's petition to relocate Confederate monument". Lee Clarion. September 10, 2020. Retrieved May 22, 2023.
  28. ↑ "Daughters say 'no' to statue removal". The Cleveland Daily Banner. Retrieved May 22, 2023.
  29. ↑ "Let's move together in the right direction". The Cleveland Daily Banner. Retrieved May 22, 2023.
  30. ↑ LaChance, Stephanie (August 10, 2020). "Protest in Cleveland calls on Cleveland City Council to relocate Confederate statue". WTVCFOX. Retrieved May 22, 2023.
  31. ↑ WTVC, Eryn Cooper, Stephanie LaChance (August 24, 2020). "Cleveland City Council votes to create task force to decide future of Confederate monument". WTVC. Retrieved May 22, 2023.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  32. ↑ Edwards, WTVC, Sydney (September 25, 2020). "Protesters make a stand, after Cleveland City officials provide Confederate statue update". WTVC. Retrieved May 22, 2023.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  33. ↑ Amador, Stephanie; Friedman, Adam (May 30, 2020). "Peaceful Jackson protest in memory of George Floyd draws around 200". The Jackson Sun. Retrieved June 3, 2020.
  34. ↑ "Protesters continue demonstrations in Jackson". WBBJ TV. June 11, 2020. Retrieved May 22, 2023.
  35. ↑ Roberts, Jonathan (May 31, 2020). "UPDATE: Several arrests made during Johnson City protest". Johnson City Press. Retrieved January 13, 2021.
  36. ↑ "Ex-League of the South Member Arrested at Black Lives Matter Rally in Tennessee". Southern Poverty Law Center. Retrieved May 22, 2023.
  37. ↑ "Driver runs over Black Lives Matter protester in Tennessee". September 14, 2020. Retrieved May 22, 2023.
  38. ↑ jroberts@johnsoncitypress.com, Jonathan Roberts PRESS STAFF WRITER (September 13, 2020). "Update: Police seek 'person of interest' after Black Lives Matter demonstrators run over in crosswalk". Johnson City Press. Retrieved May 22, 2023.
  39. ↑ Kepley-Steward, Kristy (September 28, 2021). "Charges against North Carolina man, accused of running over BLM protestor, dropped". WLOS. Retrieved May 22, 2023.
  40. ↑ Arintok, Angelique (September 14, 2020). "Johnson City protesters rally for Black Lives Matter movement and man struck by SUV". WCYB. Retrieved May 22, 2023.
  41. ↑ Holloway, Kali (September 30, 2021). "He Ran Over BLM Protesters—but Apparently That's Not a Crime". The Daily Beast. Retrieved May 22, 2023.
  42. ↑ Dorman, Travis (May 29, 2020). "Hundreds demonstrate in Knoxville over Floyd's death; Mayor Kincannon condemns brutality". Knoxville News Sentinel. Archived from the original on May 30, 2020. Retrieved May 30, 2020.
  43. ↑ "KPD: 10 people arrested in Fort Sanders after shooting fireworks and vandalizing vehicles". wbir.com. May 31, 2020. Retrieved May 22, 2023.
  44. ↑ "Buildings vandalized in Downtown Knoxville; officer injured, two arrested". wbir.com. May 31, 2020. Retrieved May 22, 2023.
  45. ↑ "Knoxville Black Lives Matter leaders want change, not violence and vandalism". wbir.com. June 1, 2020. Retrieved May 22, 2023.
  46. ↑ "George Floyd Protests Continue | Inside of Knoxville". insideofknoxville.com. June 2, 2020. Retrieved May 22, 2023.
  47. ↑ ""We've been in talks all day" | Community talks through BLM mural's future". wbir.com. July 9, 2020. Retrieved May 22, 2023.
  48. ↑ "East Knoxville Black Lives Matter mural completed Saturday after permit approval". wbir.com. July 10, 2020. Retrieved May 22, 2023.
  49. ↑ "Jeremy Pruitt announces Tennessee's black jerseys will return, Vols plan to sell game-used jerseys to raise money for Black Lives Matter". Saturday Down South. June 18, 2020. Retrieved May 22, 2023.
  50. ↑ Shipe, Vivian Underwood (September 3, 2020). "UT Knoxville Athletes Say Black Lives Matter". The Tennessee Tribune. Retrieved May 22, 2023.
  51. ↑ Culver, Steve Kiggins and Jordan. "'Stop killing black people': George Floyd's death sparks protests in Minneapolis, Memphis, LA". USA Today. Archived from the original on May 28, 2020. Retrieved May 28, 2020.
  52. ↑ "Protest against police brutality shuts down Union Avenue". WMC-TV. May 27, 2020.
  53. ↑ Richard, Brandon. "Officers in riot gear descend on Beale Street, 201 Poplar". WMC-TV. Retrieved June 1, 2020.
  54. ↑ Sawyer, Tami (May 31, 2020). "Memphis police have threatened to use lethal force if we don't leave the parking lot. They have arrested our friends. We're not leaving. Let them go. #MemphisProtest #BlackLivesMatter #GeorgeFloyd". @tamisawyer. Retrieved June 1, 2020.
  55. ↑ Stennett, Desiree; Burgess, Katherine; Kennedy, Corinne S. "Memphis protests: Sunday marks fifth night of demonstrations". The Commercial Appeal. Retrieved June 1, 2020.
  56. ↑ "Curfew for City of Memphis extended, civil emergency still in place". WMC-TV. June 2, 2020.
  57. ↑ "MPD releases statement concerning Saturday night protests". CitizenTribune.com. Citizen Tribune. May 31, 2020. Retrieved November 2, 2022.
  58. ↑ "Man wanted for Morristown assault during protest found in Arkansas". CitizenTribune.com. CitizenTribune. June 3, 2020. Retrieved November 2, 2022.
  59. ↑ DeGennaro, Nancy; Spears, Joseph; Hineman, Brinley; Kelman, Brett; Broden, Scott. "Protesters leave after police threaten mass arrests in downtown Murfreesboro". The Daily News Journal. Retrieved June 1, 2020.
  60. ↑ Gill, Joey (May 31, 2020). "Curfew now in effect for Murfreesboro after mayor issues local 'state of emergency'". WKRN News 2. Retrieved June 1, 2020.
  61. ↑ Marshall, Alexis (May 31, 2020). "Tear Gas Deployed in Murfreesboro After Peaceful Vigil To Protest Racism". WPLN. Retrieved June 23, 2022.
  62. ↑ Wenzel, Ethan Illers, Joe. "Protests continue at police department, courthouse in Nashville". WSMV Nashville. Retrieved May 31, 2020.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  63. ↑ "Nashville 'I Will Breathe': At least 5 arrested, no officers injured at Metro Police central precinct". WKRN News 2. May 30, 2020. Retrieved May 31, 2020.
  64. ↑ Mojica, Adrian (May 30, 2020). "Nashville mayor declares State of Civil Emergency, governor mobilizes National Guard". WZTV. Retrieved May 31, 2020.
  65. ↑ Bliss, Jessica. "Nashville endures decimation, isolation — and now, a peaceful uprising turned destructive". The Tennessean. Retrieved May 31, 2020.
  66. ↑ Olmos, Stassy (June 13, 2020). "Thousands join March for Justice through downtown Saturday". WKRN-TV. Nexstar Media Group. Retrieved June 14, 2020.
  67. ↑ Kruesi, Kimberlee. "Tennessee bill would increase penalties for illegal camping, graffiti". Chattanooga Times Free Press. Associated Press.
  68. ↑ "The Latest: France backs off ban on chokeholds". Associated Press. April 20, 2021.
  69. 1 2 Jorge, Kaylin (June 13, 2020). "Ahead of Capitol rally, Gov. Lee warns 'autonomous zones' will not be tolerated". WZTV. Sinclair Broadcast Group. Retrieved June 14, 2020.
  70. ↑ Dwilson, Stephanie Dube (June 12, 2020). "Nashville Autonomous Zone: Protesters Want to Create a Second CHAZ". Heavy.com.
  71. ↑ Lacy, Akela (August 27, 2020). "Protesters in Multiple States Are Facing Felony Charges, Including Terrorism". The Intercept. Retrieved March 13, 2021.
  72. 1 2 Kruesi, Kimberlee (August 31, 2020). "Some see age-old playbook in new Tennessee protest law". ABC News. Retrieved March 14, 2021.
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