Iran holds 10% of the world's proven oil reserves and 15% of its gas. It is OPEC's second largest exporter and the world's fourth oil producer.
Total primary consumption in Iran, by fuel (2015).

Iran has the Third largest oil reserves and the 2nd largest natural gas reserves in the world.[1][2][3] The nation is a member of OPEC, and generates approximately 50% of state revenue through oil exports.[4]

Oil in Iran is a major cause of air pollution[5] and greenhouse gas emissions.[6]

Iran also has the ability to generate significant power from renewable resources; due to the nation's closeness to the equator, 90% of its land area could provide solar power for at least 300 days a year.[7] As of 2020 solar power is very underdeveloped.[8]

History

Iran is in a constant battle to use its energy resources more effectively in the face of subsidization and the need for technological advances in energy exploration and production. Energy wastage in Iran amounts to six or seven billion dollars (2008). The energy consumption in the country is extraordinarily higher than international standards. Iran paid $84 billion in subsidies for oil, gas and electricity in 2008.[9] Iran is one of the most energy-intensive countries of the world, with per capita energy consumption 15 times that of Japan and 10 times that of European Union. Also due to huge energy subsidies, Iran is one of the most energy inefficient countries of the world, with the energy intensity three times higher than global average and 2.5 times the middle eastern average.[10] Half of the country’s energy is wasted in domestic sector, 3.4 of which is wasted through single-occupancy vehicle use and 2/3 parts of power plants' energy are also wasted.[11]

Iran is one of the leading members of OPEC (Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries) and the Organization of Gas Exporting Countries (GECF). Iran received $47 billion in oil export revenues, which accounts for about 50% of state revenues.[4] Natural gas and oil consumption both account for about half of Iran’s domestic energy consumption. With its heavy dependence on oil and gas revenues Iran continues to explore for new sources of natural gas and oil. Recently Iran has focused its energy sector on the exploration of the South Pars offshore natural gas fields in the Persian Gulf.[12]

Iran has become self-sufficient in designing, building and operating dams and power plants and it has won a good number of international bids in competition with foreign firms.[13][14]

Energy generation capacity of Iranian thermal power plants reached 173 terawatt hours in 2007, accounting for 17.9 percent of energy production in the Middle East and African region. Natural gas has been the main energy in Iran in 2007, comprising over 55 percent of energy needs, while oil and hydroelectricity accounted for 42 and 2 percent respectively. The region’s energy need will increase by 26.8 percent until 2012.[15] In 2017, the fuel consumption in Iran was equivalent to 5.5 million barrels of fuel per day (bpd), the rate of which is considered as the highest energy consumption rate in the world in terms of energy intensity.[16]

Energy plays an important role in Iranian politics. Robert Baer in his 2008 book The Devil We Know: Dealing with the New Iranian Superpower argued that Iran had attained the status of an energy superpower and was on its way to become a military-political superpower.[17]

Iran plans to create an energy saving company in conjunction with the Iranian subsidy reform plan (2014).[18]

Energy in Iran[19]
Year Population
(million)		 Prim. energy
(TWh)		 Production
(TWh)		 Export
(TWh)		 Electricity
(TWh)		 CO2-emission
(Mt)
200467.01,6963,2331,530137369
200771.02,1513,7571,602165466
200872.02,3503,8011,429174505
200972.92,5144,0681,537168533
201073.972,4234,0601,574196509
201274.802,4674,1131,614200521
2012R76.422,5543,523961210532
201377.452,6563,477649224526
Change 2004-1010.4%42.9%25.6%2.9%43.0%37.8%
Mtoe = 11.63 TWh, Prim. energy includes energy losses

2012R = CO2 calculation criteria changed, numbers updated

Primary energy sources

Primary energy supply is around two thirds gas and one third oil, with tiny amounts from other sources.[20]

Natural gas

Iran's gas production, domestic consumption and exports

Iran is the world's third producer of natural gas (5.1% of the world's total and 184 BCM); which is primarily used for domestic electricity generation or heat production.[21] It contains an estimated 1,187.3 trillion cubic feet (33,620 km3) (Tcf) in proven natural gas reserves.[3] In 2005 a large share of Iran’s natural gas reserves were believed to remain untapped. About 62% of these reserves are located in non-associated fields. Iranian production of natural gas is expected to increase over the next few years due to continuing discoveries in the North Pars and South Pars regions.[22]

Domestic consumption has matched production at 3.6×10^12 cu ft (100 km3) in the year of 2005. Domestic consumption is expected to go up at about 7% per year for the following decade. The Iranian government has also subsidized natural gas prices along with gasoline prices, and this is expected to sustain this high level of domestic consumption. In lieu of this increasing domestic demand, natural gas exports are expected to decrease in the following years.[23]

Iran has the third largest consumption of natural gas in the world after United States and Russia.[24] Iran also has the world's largest growth rate in natural gas consumption.[25]

Natural gas:[26]

  • production: 151.8 billion cu m (2011 est.)
  • consumption: 144.6 billion cu m (2010 est.)
  • exports: 9.05 billion cu m (2011 est.)
  • imports: 10.59 billion cu m (2011 est.)
  • proved reserves: 33.61 trillion cu m (1 January 2013 est.)

Oil

Top oil-producing countries
(million barrels per day)

Iran has the second largest oil reserves in the world, and the third largest exporter of it. By the end of 2009, Iranian oil R/P ratio was 89.4 years which is the world's highest.[25] By 2009, Iran had 52 active rigs and 1,853 producing oil wells.[27]

Iran possesses abundant fuels from which to generate energy. Since 1913 Iran has been a major oil-exporting country. Oil industry output averaged 4 million barrels (640,000 m3) per day in 2005, compared with the peak output of 6 million barrels per day (950,000 m3/d) reached in 1974. Following the 1979 revolution, however, the government reduced daily oil production in accordance with an oil conservation policy. Further production declines occurred as result of damage to oil facilities during the war with Iraq. In the early 2000s, industry infrastructure was increasingly inefficient because of technological lags. Few exploratory wells were drilled in 2005. Iranian oil was nationalized in 1953 and thus is owned and operated by the National Iranian Oil Company (NIOC).

Iran held 10.3% of the world's total proven oil reserves and that figures out to be about 137.6 billion barrels (2.188×1010 m3) of oil reserves at the end of 2009.[25] Oil also is found in northern Iran and in the offshore waters of the Persian Gulf. Nevertheless, in 2005 Iran spent US$4 billion on gasoline imports, mainly because of contraband and inefficient domestic use that result from subsidies. Iran is one of the largest gasoline consumers in the world ranking second behind United States in consumption per car.[28]

There is a growing recognition that prices must rise faster to curb consumption and ease the burden on the public finances. Cheap energy has encouraged wasteful consumption in Iran, and a brisk business in smuggling petrol into Iraq, Turkey, Pakistan and Afghanistan. Demand has also been supported by rapid increases in car production in recent years. In the absence of imports, the car industry has developed strongly (albeit from a low base) with output reaching over 1m vehicles in fiscal year 2006/07 (March 21 – March 20).[29]

Iran oil production, domestic consumption and exports

The growth in consumption of domestically produced oil has been modest, owing to refining constraints. By contrast, fuel imports rose to 180,000 barrels per day (29,000 m3/d) in January 2005 from 30,000 barrels per day (4,800 m3/d) in 2000, and petrol consumption is estimated to have been around 1,800,000 barrels per day (290,000 m3/d) in 2007 (before rationing), of which about one-third is imported. These imports are proving expensive, costing the government about US$4bn in the first nine months of 2007/08, according to parliamentary sources.[29] Nearly 40% of refined oil consumed by Iran is imported from India.[30]

A USGS map of countries where oil is located.

Iran contains 27 onshore and 13 offshore oil-producing fields, largely concentrated in the southwestern Khuzestan region near the Iraqi border.[12] The Iranian government is heavily reliant on oil revenues and they have heavily subsidized the energy industries, which figures out to be about 12% of Iran’s GDP. However, domestic oil consumption has decreased due to the alternative use of natural gas. Economic growth from these resources is uncertain and stunted in Iran due to these subsidies and population growth. Iran has been unable to reach it full production levels due to a combination of sanctions and war plaguing the region. Iran’s oil fields have a natural decline rate at 8 percent for onshore wells and 10% for offshore fields. The Iranian recovery rate is currently approximately 27 percent, which is well below the world average. Iran needs structural improvements made to coincide with their enhanced oil recovery efforts.[12]

Oil:[26]

  • production: 3,589,000 bbl/d (570,600 m3/d) (2012 est.)[31]
  • consumption: 1,755,000 bbl/d (279,000 m3/d) (2008 est.) (expected to increase 10% each year since 2006)
  • exports: 2,377,000 bbl/d (377,900 m3/d) (2010 est.)
  • imports: 156,000 bbl/d (24,800 m3/d) (2010 est.)
  • proved reserves: 154.6 Gbbl (24.58×10^9 m3) based on Iranian claims (1 January 2009 est.)

note: as of 2009, 1/3 of Iran's gasoline needs are imported because of insufficient domestic refining capacity, over-consumption and contraband.[32]

Nuclear energy

IR-40 facility in Arak

Iran plans to generate 23,000 MW of electricity through nuclear technology to meet its increasing demand for energy.[33] The first of four 915 MW reactors of Bushehr Nuclear Power Plant, built with help from Russia, came online in August 2010.[34] While nuclear power in the US costs a little over 10 cents per kilowatt hour, Iran, with domestic uranium enrichment capabilities, high interest rates, low energy output (a single 1,000-watt reactor), low efficiency, extremely slow reactor construction, and no reprocessing pays around 68 cents per kilowatt hour (this assumes a price of $140 per separative working unit and of $40 per kilogram of uranium).[35]

Hydro

Droughts have reduced hydropower.[36][37] The Energy Ministry plans to improve existing plants and build more small and medium hydro.[38]

Biofuel

In 2016, the Iranian Biofuel Society (IBS) in collaboration with the Vice Presidency for Science of Technology and Tehran and the Suburbs Bus Company executed the first urban pilot project for the consumption of waste cooking oil biodiesel in Tehran`s bus fleet in an attempt to generate public awareness regarding Global Climate Change, wherein they recommend “reducing net anthropogenic CO2 emissions to the atmosphere” and “minimizing anthropogenic disturbances of” atmospheric gasses by partial replacement of fossil fuels with waste-oriented biofuels.[39] The program was also supported by Small Grant Programme, Global Environmental Facility, United Nation Development Program (SGP/GEF/UNDP) Office in Iran.[40]

Solar

In 2021 there were 450 MW of solar power, less than 1% of installed capacity.[41][42] This is tiny compared to electricity demand and neighbouring countries.[43]

Iran has an average of 2,200 kilowatt-hour solar radiation per square meter annually, and 90% of the country has enough sun to generate solar power 300 days a year.[7]

Wind

In 2020 there were just over 300 MW of wind power, less than 1% of installed capacity.[44] The east is suitable to build more, and wind there matches annual demand variation, being higher in spring and summer.[45]

Geothermal

According to global tectonics Iran is impacted by subduction of the Arabian Plate under the Central Iranian Plate and four thrust faults: two that make the Southern Caspian Sea Mazandaran Depression and two in the north of Iran, part of the Caucasian Range. Mt. Sabalan and Mt. Sahand are two Quaternary Volcanos in the area. Sabalan is a large stratovolcano consisting of 3 summits named Soltan (4811), Heram (4612m) and Kasra (4573m). The stratovolcano is situated on a possible horst trending northeast-southwest and erupted at latest in the Holocene. Caldera collapsing has caused a depression about 400 m in height and 12 km in diameter. The lava flows consists of trachyandesite, andesite and dacite and pyroclastic deposits. There are 9 hot springs with a temperature in the range of 25-85 °C.[46]

Electricity

Iran electricity production by source
Energy consumption in Iran is 6.5 times that of global average.[47] It is estimated that 18.5% of electricity generated in Iran is wasted before it reaches consumers due to technical problems. Electric power wastage hit $1.1 billion in 2006.[48]
<div style="border:solid transparent;background-color: initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;<div style="border:solid transparent;background-color: initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;

Electricity generation by fuel in Iran - 2012[49]

  natural gas (69%)
  oil (25%)
  hydropower (6%)
  non-hydro renewables (e.g. wind, geothermal or solar) (<1%)
  coal (<1%)
Shazand power plant

Iran’s domestic consumption and production have steadily grown together since 1984 and it is still heavily reliant on traditional thermal energy sources of electricity, with a small fraction being produced by hydroelectric plants.[50] As of 2023 a quarter of electricity is generated from oil and most of the rest is gas-fired.[51] Today Iran ranks 19th largest producer and 20th largest consumer of electricity in the world.[52] A research by the Ministry of Energy indicated that between 15,000-20,000 megawatts of capacity should be added in Iran in the next 20 years.[53] In recent years Iran has put greater emphasis on participation of domestic and foreign investors in electricity generation sector, with projects underway to add 40,000 MWh more capacity to the national grid.[54]

It is estimated that some 18.5 percent of electricity generated in Iran are wasted before it reaches consumers due to technical problems.[55] Iran is among the top ten manufacturers of gas turbines with a capacity of 160 megawatts.[56] Iran has acquired self-sufficiency of over 80 percent in constructing hydraulic turbines and over 90 percent in producing gas turbines. Within the next few years, Iran can join the list of countries that produce power plant technology (2009).[57] Iran has achieved the technical expertise to set up hydroelectric, gas and combined cycle power plants. Iran is not only self-sufficient in power plant construction but has also concluded a number of contracts on implementing projects in neighboring states.[58]

The exploration efforts for sources of power generation are wide and diverse in Iran. Plans are being made to make oil efficient power plants as well as an emphasis on natural gas production in order to meet their growing electricity demand. Nuclear power and hydroelectric power are not focused on for the time being, but they are part of an overall strategy to meet electricity demands. The electricity sector is also heavily subsidized and mostly state owned companies control power distribution, transmission and generation. In order to meet the demands of the electricity sector, however, Iran is beginning to look into private investment.[59] A by-law has been passed allowing the energy ministry to conclude rial or combined rial/foreign-currency contracts for the purchase of electricity from private companies.[29]

Iran has displayed a new approach to this sector. After the 1979 Islamic Revolution, the construction of hydroelectric power plants became both a popular private and public venture. Often, construction projects did not meet basic environmental standards, engineering standards, and technical requirements. As a result, many of these dams were destroyed or left in dilapidated conditions.[60]

The Karun-3 dam & hydroelectric power plant in Iran was commissioned in 2005. Iran has emerged as one of the world's largest dam builders in recent years.[48]

By 2004, the addition of new hydroelectric stations and the streamlining of conventional coal- and oil-fired stations increased installed capacity to 33,000 megawatts (MW). Of that amount, about 75 percent was based on natural gas, 18 percent on oil, and 7 percent on hydroelectric power. However, in 2004 Iran opened its first wind-powered and geothermal plants, and the first solar thermal plant was to come online in 2009.[29]

Demographic trends and intensified industrialization have caused electric power demand to grow by 8 percent per year. It has also been estimated that Iran has the potential to produce at least 6,150 MWh of electricity by Wave power from its coastline on Persian Gulf alone.[61] Iran is also experimenting with electricity generation from organic wastes and plans to build power plants using sewage and organic waste of domestic and industrial origin as fuel.[62] With about 300 clear sunny days a year and an average of 2,200 kilowatt-hour solar radiation per square meter, Iran has a great potential to tap solar energy.[63]

Electricity:

  • production: 220.3 billion kWh (2011 est.)[64]
  • consumption: 182.7 billion kWh (2010 est.)[26]
  • exports: 6.707 billion kWh (2010 est.)[26]
  • imports: 3.015 billion kWh (2010 est.)[26]

Electricity production by source:

  • fossil fuel: 93% (75% comes from gas generation, 18% from oil) (2006); 86.2% of total installed capacity (2010 est.)[12]
  • hydro: 7% (2006); 13.7% of total installed capacity (2010 est.)[12]

Subsidies

Iran was estimated to have paid 19% of GDP for energy subsidies in 2019.[65]

Iran is the world largest energy subsidizer,[65] leading to highly wasteful consumption patterns, price distortions in its economy, pollution and very lucrative contraband with neighboring countries because of price differentials.

Environment

Air pollution, much of which is from fossil fuels, is estimated to cause nearly 3000 deaths a year in Tehran alone.[66]

Iran is one of the largest CO2 polluters per person
  • CO2 emissions per capita: 11.9 tonnes (2015 est.)[67]
  • GDP per unit of energy use: 4.0 (2007)[29]
  • Energy use per capita (kg of oil equivalent) (2005 PPP $ per kg of oil equivalent): 2,352 (2007)[29]

Renewable energy

As a further drive toward diversification of energy sources, Iran has established wind farms in several areas, this one near Manjeel.

In 2022 less than 1% of electricity was generated by solar and wind.[68]

Iran plans to introduce 10,000 megawatts of renewable electricity into the electricity grid by the end of 2025.[69]

See also

References

  1. ↑ "BP Statistical Review of World Energy 2020" (PDF). 2020.
  2. ↑ "CIA - The World Factbook". Cia.gov. Archived from the original on 2012-10-20. Retrieved 2012-02-05.
  3. 1 2 "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-08-14. Retrieved 2013-06-23.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  4. 1 2 BBC News, “Iran Energy: Overview”, http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/middle_east/4688984.stm, April 1, 2008.
  5. ↑ "Air Pollution In Iran Reaches Dangerous Levels As Dirty Fuel Is Used In Powerplants". Iran International. 2020-12-31. Retrieved 2021-07-10.
  6. ↑ "Documents sent to UNFCCC by Iran". unfccc.int. Retrieved 2021-07-10.
  7. 1 2 "Solar Power Plants To Replace Fossil Fuel". Zawya. 2010-12-20. Archived from the original on 2011-06-10. Retrieved 2012-02-07.
  8. ↑ Minier, Quentin. "Opportunities for alternative energies deployment in Iran" (PDF).
  9. ↑ "Iran Daily - Domestic Economy - 04/27/08". Archived from the original on June 12, 2008. Retrieved June 18, 2008.
  10. ↑ Taghizadeh, Reza (2010-06-10). "Sanctions And Iran's Achilles Heel". Rferl.org. Retrieved 2012-02-05.
  11. ↑ "Iran domestic energy consumption equivalent to EU industries - Mehr News Agency". En.mehrnews.com. 2014-03-01. Retrieved 2021-05-03.
  12. 1 2 3 4 5 EIA, “Iran’s Energy Data”, "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2009-04-02. Retrieved 2012-04-07.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link), April 1, 2008.
  13. ↑ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2021-01-15. Retrieved 2008-11-09.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  14. ↑ "Iran to build power plants in Ecuador". Payvand.com. Retrieved 2012-02-05.
  15. ↑ "Iran Daily - Domestic Economy - 11/26/08". Archived from the original on December 4, 2008. Retrieved November 26, 2008.
  16. ↑ PWKD. "Petrol World - Iran: Mobile App For Online Fuel Purchase Launch". www.petrolworld.com. Retrieved 2019-02-28.
  17. ↑ Robert Baer (2008). The Devil We Know: Dealing with the New Iranian Superpower. Crown Publishers. ISBN 978-0-307-40864-8.
  18. ↑ "دسترسی غیر مجاز".
  19. ↑ IEA Key World Energy Statistics Statistics 2015 Archived 2016-03-04 at the Wayback Machine, 2014 (2012R as in November 2015 Archived 2015-04-05 at the Wayback Machine + 2012 as in March 2014 is comparable to previous years statistical calculation criteria, 2013 Archived 2014-09-02 at the Wayback Machine, 2012 Archived 2013-03-09 at the Wayback Machine, 2011 Archived 2011-10-27 at the Wayback Machine, 2010 Archived 2010-10-11 at the Wayback Machine, 2009 Archived 2013-10-07 at the Wayback Machine, 2006 Archived 2009-10-12 at the Wayback Machine IEA October, crude oil p.11, coal p. 13 gas p. 15
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  21. ↑ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-10-26. Retrieved 2016-10-18.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  22. ↑ National Iranian Gas Company
  23. ↑ EIA, Iran’s Energy Data Archived 2009-04-02 at the Wayback Machine, April 1, 2008
  24. ↑ "CIA - The World Factbook". Cia.gov. Archived from the original on 2012-10-09. Retrieved 2012-02-05.
  25. 1 2 3 "BP Statistical Review of World Energy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-08-25. Retrieved 2012-02-05.
  26. 1 2 3 4 5 "CIA factbook". Cia.gov. 2021-04-27. Retrieved 2021-05-03.
  27. ↑ "Project data" (PDF). www.opec.org. Retrieved 2021-05-03.
  28. ↑ "Green Party of Iran - News". Iran-e-sabz.org. Retrieved 2012-02-05.
  29. 1 2 3 4 5 6 "Iran at a glance" (PDF), Development Economics, Development Data Group (DECDG)., World Bank, 27 March 2009, retrieved 2009-07-12
  30. ↑ Does US road to better relations with Iran pass through India?, The Christian Science Monitor, July 18, 2009
  31. ↑ "CIA - The World Factbook - Iran". Cia.gov. Retrieved 2012-02-05.
  32. ↑ "Iran Energy Data, Statistics and Analysis - Oil, Gas, Electricity, Coal". Eia.doe.gov. Archived from the original on 2008-03-31. Retrieved 2012-02-05.
  33. ↑ "Iran and Nuclear Energy". Irvl.net. Archived from the original on 2010-12-15. Retrieved 2012-02-05.
  34. ↑ PRIS.Contact-Point@iaea.org. "Power Reactor Details - BUSHEHR 1". Iaea.org. Archived from the original on 2010-08-26. Retrieved 2012-02-05.
  35. ↑ "Iran's nuclear program may have cost the country $500 billion or more". July 2015. Archived from the original on 2020-02-16. Retrieved 2015-07-05.
  36. ↑ "Iran's Renewable Energy Potential". Middle East Institute. Retrieved 2021-04-08.
  37. ↑ "Replacing worn-out equipment to reduce electricity consumption". Tehran Times. 2021-11-17. Retrieved 2021-11-25.
  38. ↑ "Energy Ministry to implement program for improving hydropower plants". Tehran Times. 2021-09-13. Retrieved 2021-11-25.
  39. ↑ "تفاهم نامه استفاده از سوخت های زیستی در اتوبوسرانی تهران امضا شد". 26 December 2015.
  40. ↑ "UNDP-GEF Small Grant Programme".
  41. ↑ "Iran energy profile" (PDF).
  42. ↑ "Over €500m being invested to build 2 solar farms in Fars province". Tehran Times. 2021-05-31. Retrieved 2021-11-25.
  43. ↑ "Low-Carbon Energy in Iran". Arab Gulf States Institute in Washington. 2021-06-24. Retrieved 2021-11-25.
  44. ↑ "Iran energy profile" (PDF).
  45. ↑ Mohamadi, Hossein; Saeedi, Alireza; Firoozi, Zahra; Sepasi Zangabadi, Saeid; Veisi, Shahla (2021-06-01). "Assessment of wind energy potential and economic evaluation of four wind turbine models for the east of Iran". Heliyon. 7 (6): e07234. Bibcode:2021Heliy...707234M. doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e07234. ISSN 2405-8440. PMC 8209083. PMID 34169172.
  46. ↑ "Data" (PDF). www.geothermal-energy.org. Retrieved 2021-05-03.
  47. ↑ Iran daily:Energy Wastage Criticized Retrieved April 15, 2009
  48. 1 2 Iran Daily - Domestic Economy - 02/01/07 Archived September 30, 2007, at the Wayback Machine
  49. ↑ "International - U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA)".
  50. ↑ retrieved April 2, 2008. Archived October 12, 2008, at the Wayback Machine
  51. ↑ Proctor, Darrell (2023-02-12). "Iran Brings More Natural Gas-Fired Units Online". POWER Magazine. Retrieved 2023-05-05.
  52. ↑ "CIA - The World Factbook". Cia.gov. Retrieved 2012-02-05.
  53. ↑ Iran Daily - National - 04/11/07 Archived September 30, 2007, at the Wayback Machine
  54. ↑ "Entrepreneur - Start, run and grow your business". Entrepreneur.
  55. ↑ https://web.archive.org/web/20210115183654/http://www.iran-daily.com/1388/3374/html/economy.htm. Archived from the original on January 15, 2021. Retrieved April 15, 2009. {{cite web}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
  56. ↑ "Gas Turbine Production Promising". Iran Daily. May 18, 2009. Archived from the original on May 21, 2009. Retrieved May 24, 2009.
  57. ↑ "Iran Daily - Domestic Economy - 08/16/09". Archived from the original on August 19, 2009. Retrieved August 16, 2009.
  58. ↑ Iran-Daily:Hydroelectric Power Generation Will Increase Archived October 12, 2008, at the Wayback Machine
  59. ↑ EIA, “Iran’s Energy Data”, "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2009-04-02. Retrieved 2012-04-07.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link), Retrieved April 2, 2008
  60. ↑ International Journal of Water Resources Development; Mar2002, Vol. 18 Issue 1, p179-182, 4p
  61. ↑ "Study on feasibility of establishing a wave power-plant in Persian Gulf". Civilica.com. Archived from the original on 2016-10-10. Retrieved 2012-02-05.
  62. ↑ Suna. "مطالعه امکان سنجی و طراحی مفهومی نیروگاه بیوگاز ساوه سازمان انرژی های نو ایران". Suna.org.ir. Archived from the original on 2012-03-05. Retrieved 2012-02-05.
  63. ↑ "Solar Power Plants To Replace Fossil Fuel". Zawya. 2010-12-20. Archived from the original on 2011-06-17. Retrieved 2012-02-05.
  64. ↑ "IRAN YELLOW PAGES - Iranian information at your fingertip". Archived from the original on 2010-06-12. Retrieved 2021-05-03.
  65. 1 2 "Value of fossil-fuel subsidies by fuel in the top 25 countries, 2019 – Charts – Data & Statistics". IEA. Retrieved 2021-07-10.
  66. ↑ "Iran's capital suffocating amid blame game over pollution". Al-Monitor: The Pulse of the Middle East. 12 January 2021. Retrieved 2021-07-10.
  67. ↑ "The Carbon Brief Profile: Iran". Carbon Brief. 2020-02-20. Retrieved 2021-07-10.
  68. ↑ "Global Electricity Review 2023". Ember. 2023-04-11. Retrieved 2023-05-05.
  69. ↑ "Iran Achieves Significant 1,085 MW Renewable Power Plant Capacity Milestone". 13 September 2023.
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