Gewisse
5th century–7th century
CapitalSearobyrig
Common languagesBrittonic
Old English (Englisc)
Religion
Brittonic paganism
Anglo-Saxon paganism
GovernmentFolkland
History 
• Established
5th century
• Disestablished
7th century
Preceded by		Succeeded by
Roman Britain
Kingdom of Wessex

The Gewisse (Old English: [jeˈwisːe] yey-WEE-se; Latin: Geuissæ) were a tribe or clan of Anglo-Saxon England, historically assumed to have been based in the upper Thames region around Dorchester on Thames[1] (but may have actually originated near Old Sarum in Wiltshire). The Gewisse are one of the direct precursors of modern-day England, being the origin of its predecessor states (the Kingdom of Wessex and thereafter the Kingdom of England, prior to the Norman Conquest) according to Saxon legend.

Etymology

The name was first documented as Gewissorum in the eighth century as an ethnonym of the West Saxons.[2] Its origin is uncertain. The Old English adjective ġewisse means "reliable" or "sure",[1] and its corresponding noun means "certainty," though it is unclear how this is related to the tribe. Alternatively, the name may be derived from gweiθ, a Brittonic word for “fortification, earthwork or fort.”[3][lower-alpha 1][lower-alpha 2] Eilert Ekwall proposed that the similarity in toponymy between the kingdoms of the Gewisse and Hwicce suggests a common origin,[4] and an analysis by Richard Coates concluded that Hwicce was of Brittonic origin.[5]

Several linguists believe the word (in the form it has come down to us) is not the result of a normal linguistic development, and that attempts to deduce its evolution are problematic without accounting for same:[6]

The seventh and eighth centuries indeed saw a pseudo-historical reconstruction of the origins of the English kingdoms. This process of reconstruction culminated in Bede's Ecclesiastical History, but it began before that. It can be seen in the changing nomenclature of the Anglo-Saxons. At its most influential level it can be seen in the growing significance of the term Angli over Saxones, occasioned apparently by Gregory the Great's support of the former term. Arguably more instructive is the evidence supplied by Bede for the renaming of the group known as the Gewisse as West Saxons. It is unfortunate that the etymology of Gewisse is unclear, but it is at least possible that the origins of the word are British, in which case King Ine, successor to Cadwalla, an Anglo-Saxon king with a British name, may deliberately have been rejecting any hint of British tradition among his people. What is clear, whatever the origin of the name Gewisse, is that the followers of Ine were now ostentatiously being identified as Saxon--a point which is of a piece with the evidence for a streamlining of Anglo-Saxon history and, therefore, of Anglo-Saxon identity in the seventh century.[7]

The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle presents an eponymous ancestor figure, named Giwis,[8] which is an example of non-historical founding myths.

The Winchester (or Parker) Chronicle has "...Cynric, son of Cerdic, son of Elesa, son of Gewis, son of Wig, son of Freawine, son of Frithugar, son of Brand, son of Beldeg, son of Woden, son of Finn, son of Godwulf, son of Geats..." listed as descent from Cerdic of Wessex. This manuscript does not present Gewis as eponymous, but in the Parker Manuscript's current state, is reconstructed from both apparently missing pages of the work, as well as a later fire, long after the manuscript had been recorded and disseminated. According to the Stanford Library, the Provenance of the manuscript is as follows [16]:

"Volume I: It was in the Library of Christ Church, Canterbury, no. 311 in Prior Eastry's Catalogue (Ancient Libraries, pp. xxvi, 509). The first leaf with press-mark etc. has disappeared since Parker's time. The first remaining page is numbered 3 by Parker.. It appears to have been written at Winchester down to the year 1001, and thereafter at Christ Church, Canterbury. Professor Earle suggested that it was transferred from Winchester to Canterbury when the monks at the latter place were endeavouring to repair the losses in their library caused by the fire of 1067 (Plummer, p. xxv note). Another possibility (New Pal. Soc.) is that Ælfheah, bishop of Winchester, may have brought it with him when he became archbishop in 1006. At the Dissolution the volume came into the hands of Dr Nicholas Wotton the first Dean of Canterbury, who gave it to Parker.]

History

Evidence of Germanic settlements appearing around Abingdon and Dorchester on Thames in the 6th and 7th centuries[9] has been used to make assumptions about the origins of the Ġewisse, presuming them to be Germanic mercenaries that may have been settled in the region after the end of the Roman occupation to protect a border region between Britons.[10] In fact, both the name of the tribe and the name of its founding house are Brittonic and circumstantial evidence suggests the tribe originated from Old Sarum.[11]

The early Saxon myths say that the Gewisse captured Searobyrig (Old Sarum) in AD 552 and Beranbyrig (Barbury Castle) from the Britons in 556.[12] Birinus converted the Gewisse to Christianity in AD 636 by baptising their king Cynegils and establishing the Diocese of Dorchester.[13] The Gewisse killed the three sons of Sæbert of Essex in about 620, defeated the Britons at the Battle of Peonnum in 660 and by 676 had sufficient control over what is now Hampshire to establish a see at Winchester.[14]

The conquests by the royal house of Gewisse in the 7th and 8th centuries led to the establishment of the Kingdom of Wessex,[15] and Bede treated the two names as interchangeable.[13] It was only during the reign of Cædwalla (685/6 – 688) that the title "king of the Saxons" began to replace "king of the Gewisse". Barbara Yorke has suggested that it was Cædwalla's conquest of the Jutish province and the South Saxons that led to the need for a new title to distinguish the expanded realm from its predecessor.[16] However, as there are no surviving documents to indicate how these people described themselves, the most that can be said is that by the time Bede was writing (early 8th century), the phrase "West Saxons" had come into use by scholars.

Notes

  1. ↑ Known as gweith, gwyeth and gwezh in the daughter languages of Welsh, Cornish and Breton, respectively.
  2. ↑ This would suggest the Gewisse were first associated with the oppidum at Old Sarum and that their endonym is Brittonic rather than Germanic. If so it would imply that the tribe originated as a native British tribe that only later became associated with the Anglo-Saxons.

References

  1. 1 2 Yorke 1995, p. 34.
  2. ↑ Bede, Historia Ecclesiastica Gentis Anglorum, ed. & tr. B. Colgrave & R. A. B. Mynors, Bede’s Ecclesiastical History of the English People (Oxford Medieval Texts, 1969)
  3. ↑ R. J. Thomas, G. A. Bevan, P. J. Donovan, A. Hawke et al., editors (1950–present), “gwaith”, in Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru Online (in Welsh), University of Wales Centre for Advanced Welsh & Celtic Studies
  4. ↑ Ekwall, Eilert, The Concise Oxford Dictionary of English Place-Names. Oxford, Oxford University Press, 4th edition, 1960. p. not stated. ISBN 0198691033.
  5. ↑ Coates, Richard (2013). "The name of the Hwicce: a discussion". Anglo-Saxon England. 42: 51–61. doi:10.1017/S0263675113000070. S2CID 162854566.
  6. ↑ Doctor P.C.H. Schrijver, Department of Languages, Literature and Communication, Celtic, Institute for Cultural Inquiry, University of Utrecht; Doctor Stefan Zimmer, Department of Celtic, University of Bonn; Professor Patrick Sims-Williams, Department of Welsh and Celtic Studies, The University of Wales, Aberystwyth; Dr Ben Guy, Research Associate, Latin Lives of the Welsh Saints Project, Department of Anglo-Saxon, Norse and Celtic, University of Cambridge.
  7. ↑ Ian Wood, "Before and After the Migration to Britain", in The Anglo-Saxons from the Migration Period to the Eighth Century: An Ethnographic Perspective, ed. by John Hines, Studies in Archaeoethnology, 2 (Woodbridge: Boydell, 1997), pp. 41–54.
  8. ↑ Kirby 2000, pp. 38–39
  9. ↑ Hamerow, Ferguson, Naylor (2013). "'The Origins of Wessex Pilot Project'". Oxoniensia. 78: 49–69.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  10. ↑ The Anglo-Saxons from the Migration Period to the Eighth Century: An Ethnographic Perspective. San Marino, Boydell Press, 2003.
  11. ↑ A History of the County of Wiltshire: Volume 6. Ed. Elizabeth Crittall. London: Victoria County History, 1962. British History Online. Web. 15 June 2022. http://www.british-history.ac.uk/vch/wilts/vol6.
  12. ↑ Leeds 1954, p. 56
  13. 1 2 Kirby 2000, p. 38
  14. ↑ Kirby 2000, p. 47
  15. ↑ Yorke 1995, p. 6
  16. ↑ Yorke 1990, p. 59

Bibliography

Further reading


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