| Momordica charantia | |
|---|---|
 | |
 | |
Scientific classification  | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| Clade: | Tracheophytes |
| Clade: | Angiosperms |
| Clade: | Eudicots |
| Clade: | Rosids |
| Order: | Cucurbitales |
| Family: | Cucurbitaceae |
| Genus: | Momordica |
| Species: | M. charantia |
| Binomial name | |
| Momordica charantia | |
Momordica charantia (commonly called bitter melon, goya, bitter apple, bitter gourd, bitter squash, balsam-pear, karavila and many more names listed below)[1] is a tropical and subtropical vine of the family Cucurbitaceae, widely grown in Asia, Africa, and the Caribbean for its edible fruit. Its many varieties differ substantially in the shape and bitterness of the fruit.
Bitter melon originated in Africa[2] where it was a dry-season staple food of ǃKung hunter-gatherers.[3] Wild or semi-domesticated variants spread across Asia in prehistory, and it was likely fully domesticated in Southeast Asia.[2][4] It is widely used in the cuisines of East Asia, South Asia, and Southeast Asia.
Description
This herbaceous, tendril-bearing vine grows up to 5 m (16 ft) in length. It bears simple, alternate leaves 4–12 cm (1.6–4.7 in) across, with three to seven deeply separated lobes. Each plant bears separate yellow male and female flowers. In the Northern Hemisphere, flowering occurs during June to July and fruiting during September to November. It is a frost-tender annual in the temperate zone and a perennial in the tropics. It grows best in the USDA zones 9 to 11.[5]
The fruit has a distinct warty exterior and an oblong shape. It is hollow in cross-section, with a relatively thin layer of flesh surrounding a central seed cavity filled with large, flat seeds and pith. The fruit is most often eaten green, or as it is beginning to turn yellow. At this stage, the fruit's flesh is crunchy and watery in texture, similar to cucumber, chayote, or green bell pepper, but bitter. The skin is tender and edible. Seeds and pith appear white in unripe fruits; they are not intensely bitter and can be removed before cooking.
Some sources claim the flesh (rind) becomes somewhat tougher and more bitter with age, but other sources claim that at least for the common Chinese variety the skin does not change and bitterness decreases with age. The Chinese variety is best harvested light green possibly with a slight yellow tinge or just before. The pith becomes sweet and intensely red; it can be eaten uncooked in this state, and is a popular ingredient in some Southeast Asian salads.
When the fruit is fully ripe, it turns orange and soft, and splits into segments which curl back to expose seeds covered in bright red pulp.
Varieties
Bitter melon comes in a variety of shapes and sizes. The cultivar common in China is 20–30 cm (7.9–11.8 in) long, oblong with bluntly tapering ends and pale green in colour, with a gently undulating, warty surface. The bitter melon more typical of India has a narrower shape with pointed ends, and a surface covered with jagged, triangular "teeth" and ridges. It is green to white in colour. Between these two extremes are any number of intermediate forms. Some bear miniature fruit of only 6–10 cm (2.4–3.9 in) in length, which may be served individually as stuffed vegetables. These miniature fruits are popular in Bangladesh, India, Pakistan, Nepal, and other countries in South Asia. The sub-continent variety is most popular in Bangladesh and India.
.jpg.webp)
Two halved and two cross sections
Female flower
Ripe fruit
Leaf
Pests
M. charantia is one of the main hosts of Bactrocera tau, a fly known to prefer Cucurbitaceae.[6]
Uses
Cooking
| Nutritional value per 100 g (3.5 oz) | |
|---|---|
| Energy | 79 kJ (19 kcal) |
4.32 g | |
| Sugars | 1.95 g |
| Dietary fiber | 2 g |
0.18 g | |
0.84 g | |
| Vitamins | Quantity %DV† |
| Vitamin A equiv. | 1% 6 μg1% 68 μg1323 μg |
| Thiamine (B1) | 4% 0.051 mg |
| Riboflavin (B2) | 4% 0.053 mg |
| Niacin (B3) | 2% 0.28 mg |
| Pantothenic acid (B5) | 4% 0.193 mg |
| Vitamin B6 | 3% 0.041 mg |
| Folate (B9) | 13% 51 μg |
| Vitamin C | 40% 33 mg |
| Vitamin E | 1% 0.14 mg |
| Vitamin K | 5% 4.8 μg |
| Minerals | Quantity %DV† |
| Calcium | 1% 9 mg |
| Iron | 3% 0.38 mg |
| Magnesium | 5% 16 mg |
| Manganese | 4% 0.086 mg |
| Phosphorus | 5% 36 mg |
| Potassium | 7% 319 mg |
| Sodium | 0% 6 mg |
| Zinc | 8% 0.77 mg |
| Other constituents | Quantity |
| Water | 93.95 g |
| |
| †Percentages are roughly approximated using US recommendations for adults. Source: USDA FoodData Central | |
Bitter melon is generally consumed cooked in the green or early yellowing stage. The young shoots and leaves of the bitter melon may also be eaten as greens. The fruit is bitter raw and can be soaked in cold water and drained to remove some of those strong flavours.
China
In Chinese cuisine, bitter melon (苦瓜, pinyin: kǔguā; Pe̍h-ōe-jī: khó͘-koe) is used in stir-fries (often with pork and douchi), soups, dim sum, and herbal teas (gohyah tea). It has also been used in place of hops as the bittering ingredient in some beers in China and Okinawa.[7]
India
Bitter gourd is commonly eaten throughout India. In North Indian cuisine, it is often served with yogurt on the side to offset the bitterness, used in curry such as sabzi, or stuffed with spices and then cooked in oil.
In South Indian cuisine, it is used in numerous dishes such as thoran / thuvaran (mixed with grated coconut), pavaikka mezhukkupuratti (stir-fried with spices), theeyal (cooked with roasted coconut), and pachadi (which is considered a medicinal food for diabetics), making it vital in Malayali's diet. Other popular recipes include preparations with curry, deep-frying with peanuts or other ground nuts, and Kakara kaya pulusu(కాకర కాయ పులుసు) in Telugu, a soup with fried onions and other spices. In Karnataka, bitter melon is known as hāgalakāyi (ಹಾಗಲಕಾಯಿ) in Kannada; in Tamil Nadu it is known as paagarkaai or pavakai (பாகற்காய்) in Tamil.[8] In these regions, a special preparation called pagarkai pitla, a kind of sour koottu, is common. Also commonly seen is kattu pagarkkai, a curry in which bitter melons are stuffed with onions, cooked lentil, and grated coconut mix, then tied with thread and fried in oil. In the Konkan region of Maharashtra, salt is added to finely chopped bitter gourd, known as karle (कारले) in Marathi, and then it is squeezed, removing its bitter juice to some extent. After frying this with different spices, the less bitter and crispy preparation is served with grated coconut. Bitter melon is known as karate (Konkani: कारांतें) in Goa where it is used widely in Goan cuisine. In Bengal bitter melon is often simply eaten boiled and mashed with salt, mustard oil, sliced thinly and deep fried, added to lentils to make "tetor" dal (bitter lentils), and is a key ingredient of the Shukto, a Bengali vegetable medley that is a mixture of several vegetables like raw banana, drumstick stems, bori, and sweet potato.
In northern India and Nepal, bitter melon, known as tite karela (तीते करेला) in Nepali, is prepared as a fresh pickle. For this, the vegetable is cut into cubes or slices, and sautéed with oil and a sprinkle of water. When it is softened and reduced, it is crushed in a mortar with a few cloves of garlic, salt, and a red or green pepper. It is also eaten sautéed to golden-brown, stuffed, or as a curry on its own or with potatoes.
Myanmar
In Burmese cuisine, bitter melon is sauteéd with garlic, tomatoes, spices, and dried shrimp and is served as an accompaniment to other dishes. Such a dish is available at street stalls and deli counters throughout the country.
Sri Lanka
It is called karavila (Sinhala: කරවිල) in Sri Lanka and it is an ingredient in many different curry dishes (e.g., karawila curry and karawila sambol) which are served mainly with rice in a main meal. Sometimes large grated coconut pieces are added, which is more common in rural areas. Karawila juice is also sometimes served there.
Japan
Bitter melon, known as gōyā (ゴーヤー) in Okinawan, and nigauri (苦瓜) in Japanese (although the Okinawan word gōyā is also used), is a significant ingredient in Okinawan cuisine, and is increasingly used in Japanese cuisine beyond that island.
Pakistan
In Pakistan, where it is known as karela (کریلا) in Urdu-speaking areas, and Bangladesh, where it is known as korola (করলা|করলা) in Bengali, bitter melon is often cooked with onions, red chili powder, turmeric powder, salt, coriander powder, and a pinch of cumin seeds. Another dish in Pakistan calls for whole, unpeeled bitter melon to be boiled and then stuffed with cooked minced beef, served with either hot tandoori bread, naan, chappati, or with khichri (a mixture of lentils and rice).
Indonesia
In Indonesian cuisine, bitter melon, known as pare in Javanese and Indonesian (also paria), is prepared in various dishes, such as gado-gado, and also stir-fried, cooked in coconut milk, or steamed. In Christian areas in Eastern Indonesia it is cooked with pork and chile, the sweetness of the pork balancing against the bitterness of the vegetable.
Vietnam
In Vietnamese cuisine, raw bitter melon slices known as mướp đắng or khổ qua in Vietnamese, eaten with dried meat floss and bitter melon soup with shrimp, are common dishes. Bitter melons stuffed with ground pork are commonly served as a summer soup in the south. It is also used as the main ingredient of stewed bitter melon. This dish is usually cooked for the Tết holiday, where its "bitter" name is taken as a reminder of the bitter living conditions experienced in the past.
Thailand
In Thai cuisine, the Chinese variety of green bitter melon, mara (มะระ) in Thai, is prepared stuffed with minced pork and garlic, in a clear broth. It is also served sliced, stir-fried with garlic and fish sauce until just tender. Varieties found in Thailand range from large fruit to small fruit. The smallest fruit variety (mara khii nok) is generally not cultivated, but is occasionally found in the wild and is considered the most nutritious variety.
Philippines
In the cuisine of the Philippines, bitter melon, known as Ampalaya in Filipino and Paria in Ilokano, may be stir-fried with ground beef and oyster sauce, or with eggs and diced tomato. The dish pinakbet, popular in the Ilocos region of Luzon, consists mainly of bitter melons, eggplant, okra, string beans, tomatoes, lima beans, and other various regional vegetables all stewed together with a little bagoong-based stock.
The name of the fruit is rooted in the bitterness of its taste, (Filipino: Ampait) which means bitter. In pre-colonial Spanish in Ilocandia, the name is locally translated to Amparia and Ampalaya in the Filipino language.
Trinidad and Tobago
In Trinidad and Tobago, bitter melons, known as caraille or carilley, are usually sautéed with onion, garlic, and scotch bonnet pepper until almost crisp.
Africa
In Mauritius, bitter melons are known as margose or margoze.
Herbal medicine
Bitter melon has been used in various Asian and African herbal medicine systems.[9][10] In the traditional medicine of India, different parts of the plant are used.[11]
Research
There is little evidence that Momordica charantia has uses against cancer, diabetes, fever, HIV and AIDS, or infections.[12] While it has shown some potential clinical activity in laboratory experiments, "further studies are required to recommend its use".[12] For fever reduction and relief of menstrual problems, there is no scientific research to back these claims.[12]
Momordica charantia does not significantly decrease fasting blood glucose levels or A1c, indicators of blood glucose control, when taken in capsule or tablet form.[13] The Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center concludes that bitter melon "cannot be recommended as a replacement therapy for insulin or hypoglycemic drugs".[12]
Adverse effects
A possible side effect is gastrointestinal discomfort.[12]
Pregnancy
Bitter melon is contraindicated in pregnant women because it can induce bleeding, contractions, and miscarriage.[12]
Bitter melon tea
| Bitter melon tea | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Type | Herbal tea |
| Other names | Bitter melon, balsam pear, Momordica chinensis |
| Origin | Brazil |
| Quick description | Traditional medicinal. Makes a green, earthy broth also used in soup. |
Bitter melon tea, also known as gohyah (goya) tea, is an herbal tea made from an infusion of dried slices of the bitter melon. It is sold as a medicinal tea, and a culinary vegetable.
Gohyah is not listed in the Grieve's herbal database, the MPNA database at University of Michigan (Medicinal Plants of Native America, see Native American ethnobotany), or in the Phytochemical Database of the USDA – Agricultural Research Service (ARS) – National Plant Germplasm System NGRL
Subspecies
The plant has one subspecies and four varieties:
- Momordica charantia var. abbreviata
- Momordica charantia var. charantia
- Momordica charantia ssp. macroloba
- Momordica charantia L. var. muricata
- Momordica charantia var. pavel
M. charantia var. charantia and pavel are the long-fruited varieties, whereas M. charantia var. muricata, macroloba and abbreviata feature smaller fruits.[14]
In literature
- In Rudyard Kipling's Letting in the Jungle (one of the stories in the Second Jungle Book), after having Hathi destroy Buldeo's village, Mowgli entwines the Karela vine (as Momordica charantia was named at that time and place) to and fro about the trampled houses while singing Mowgli's Song Against People, each of whose stanzas ends with a verse about the bitter Karela having taken up the villagers' place.
Gallery
Plant
Seeds_seeds.jpg.webp)
Seeds
Unusual conjoined twin fruit
Dishes and other uses
.jpg.webp)
Ready to be cooked
Malaysian-style, cooked with sambal, onion, and red bird's-eye chili peppers
Salad
Sabzi (mixed vegetables and spices) from India
See also
- Momordica balsamina (balsam apple)
- Momordica cochinchinensis (gac)
- Momordica cymbalaria
- Momordica foetida
References
- ↑ BSBI List 2007 (xls). Botanical Society of Britain and Ireland. Archived from the original (xls) on 2015-06-26. Retrieved 2014-10-17.
- 1 2 Renner, Suzanne (October 6, 2020). "Bitter gourd from Africa expanded to Southeast Asia and was domesticated there: A new insight from parallel studies". PNAS. 117 (40): 24630–24631. Bibcode:2020PNAS..11724630R. doi:10.1073/pnas.2014454117. PMC 7547224. PMID 32994347.
- ↑ Bitter Melons. Watertown, Massachusetts: Peabody Museum, Documentary Educational Resources. 1966. Retrieved 19 April 2021.
- ↑ Bagchi, Indrani (11 April 2005). "Food for thought: Green 'karela' for Red China". The Times of India. Archived from the original on 24 May 2013.
- ↑ BITTER MELON (MOMORDICA CHARANTIA) UIC Heritage Garden
- ↑ "Bactrocera tau". Datasheet. CABI Digital Library, CABI Compendium. 2022. doi:10.1079/cabicompendium.8741. S2CID 253607462.
{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires|journal=(help) - ↑ Cao, Heping; Sethumadhavan, Kandan; Grimm, Casey C.; Ullah, Abul H. J. (2014-09-09). "Characterization of a Soluble Phosphatidic Acid Phosphatase in Bitter Melon (Momordica charantia)". PLOS ONE. 9 (9): e106403. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0106403. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 4159287. PMID 25203006.
- ↑ Lim, T. K. (2013). Edible medicinal and non-medicinal plants. Dordrecht: Springer. pp. 331–332. ISBN 9789400717640.
- ↑ Grover, J.K; Yadav, S.P (July 2004). "Pharmacological actions and potential uses of Momordica charantia: a review". Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 93 (1): 123–132. doi:10.1016/j.jep.2004.03.035. PMID 15182917.
- ↑ Beloin, Nadine; Gbeassor, Messanvi; Akpagana, Koffi; Hudson, Jim; de Soussa, Komlan; Koumaglo, Kossi; Arnason, J. Thor (January 2005). "Ethnomedicinal uses of Momordica charantia (Cucurbitaceae) in Togo and relation to its phytochemistry and biological activity". Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 96 (1–2): 49–55. doi:10.1016/j.jep.2004.08.009. PMID 15588650.
- ↑ Joseph, B.; Jini, D. (2013). "Antidiabetic effects of Momordica charantia (bitter melon) and its medicinal potency". Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Disease. 3 (2): 93–102. doi:10.1016/S2222-1808(13)60052-3. PMC 4027280.
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 "Bitter Melon". Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center. Retrieved 17 October 2013.
- ↑ Ooi, Cheow Peng; Yassin, Zaitun; Hamid, Tengku-Aizan (15 August 2012). "Momordica charantia for type 2 diabetes mellitus" (PDF). Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (8): CD007845. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD007845.pub3. PMID 22895968.
- ↑ Cytogenetics of two Indian varieties of Momordica charantia L. (bittergourd) by Ipshita Ghosha, Biplab Kumar Bhowmickab, Sumita Jha. Center of Advanced study, Department of Botany, University of Calcutta. 11 June 2018. Retrieved 8 January 2022.
External links
