Gracieuse and Percinet, illustration by John Gilbert (1856)

Graciosa and Percinet (French: Gracieuse et Percinet) is a French literary fairy tale by Madame d'Aulnoy. Andrew Lang included it in The Red Fairy Book.[1]

Although the tale has a literary origin, being penned by d'Aulnoy, scholars recognize in the narrative motifs and elements from the Graeco-Roman myth of Cupid and Psyche and, by extension, of the Animal as Bridegroom cycle of stories.

Synopsis

A king and queen had a beautiful daughter, Graciosa, and an ugly duchess hated her. One day, the queen died. The king grieved so much that his doctors ordered him to hunt. Weary, he stopped at the duchess's castle and discovered how rich she was. He agreed to marry her even though she demanded control of her stepdaughter.

The princess was reasoned into behaving well by her nurse. A handsome young page, Percinet, appeared. He was a rich young prince with a fairy gift, and he was in her service. He gave her a horse to ride to greet the duchess. It made the duchess's look ugly, and she demanded it, and that Percinet led it as he led it for Graciosa. Nevertheless, the horse ran away, and her disarray made her look even uglier. The duchess had Graciosa beaten with rods, except that the rods were turned into peacock feathers, and she suffered no harm.

The wedding went on, and the king arranged a tournament to flatter the queen. The king's knights overthrew all the challengers, for all the ugliness of the queen, until a young challenger overthrew them and showed the portrait of the princess as the most beautiful woman in the world. The queen had her abandoned in the woods. Percinet rescued her, but she wished to return to her father, and when Percinet showed her how the queen had claimed her dead and buried a log of wood in her place, she insisted. He told her that she would never see his castle again until she was buried.

The opened casket releases the small creatures. Illustration by Henry Justice Ford for Andrew Lang's The Red Fairy Book (1890).

The king was glad to see her, but when the queen returned and insisted, he seemed convinced that Graciosa was an imposter. The queen imprisoned her, and with the aid of a wicked fairy, set her to disentangle a skein, on pain of her life. Graciosa thought Percinet would not aid her, but finally in despair called on him, and he disentangled it. The outraged queen set her to sort a room filled with feathers, and Percinet did that as well. Then the queen set her to bring a box to her own castle, and forbade her to open it. Curiosity got the better of her, and Graciosa freed a swarm of little men and women whom she could not get back in. Percinet helped her. The servants would not admit Graciosa, but gave her a letter telling they would not let her in.

The queen suggested that they lift a stone in the garden, which covered a well, on the grounds she had heard it covered a treasure. When it was up, she pushed Graciosa in, and dropped the stone. Percinet and his mother rescued her, and this time, Graciosa agreed to marry him.

Excerpt

"Once upon a time there was a king and a queen who had an only daughter. Her beauty, her sweet temper, and her wit, which were incomparable, caused them to name her Gracieuse. She was the sole joy of her mother, who sent her every day a beautiful new dress, either of gold brocade, or of velvet, or of satin. She was always magnificently attired, without being in the least proud, or vain of her fine clothes. She passed the morning in the company of learned persons, who taught her all sorts of sciences, and in the afternoon she worked beside the queen. At luncheon time they served up to her basins full of sugar-plums, and more than twenty pots of preserves; so that she was universally considered the happiest princess in the world!"

Analysis

Tale type

This literary tale can be classified in the Aarne-Thompson-Uther Index as type ATU 425, "The Search for the Lost Husband".[2][3] Scholar Jacques Barchilon stated that the tale was one of the occurrences of the Animal as Bridegroom cycle of stories (types ATU 425, ATU 425A, ATU 425B and ATU 425C) in d'Aulnoy's works.[4]

French scholars Paul Delarue and Marie-Louise Thèneze, establishers of the French folktale catalogue, follow Jan-Öjvind Swahn's classification:[5][6] French type 425A (or sous-type A) follows Cupid and Psyche with the tasks; type 425B is the one with the gifts and the three nights.[7] In the international index, however, Swahn's typing A is indexed as type ATU 425B, "The Son of the Witch".[8][9]

Motifs

The tasks of princess Graciosa have been compared to those of princess Psyche, the heroine of the Cupid and Psyche myth.[10][11][12]

Variants

France

In a variant from Lorraine collected by comparativist Emmanuel Cosquin with the title Firosette, the titular Firosette loves a human girl named Julie, but his mother, a fairy, wants to marry him to another woman. Firosette's mother tells Julie she will go to church and orders her to empty a well using a sieve. Firosette appears to help her and uses his magic wand to accomplish the task. The next day, Firosette's mother orders her to take a letter to her sister, who lives in Effincourt. Firosette advises Julie that his aunt will offer her a box of laces and ribbons, and she will get the finest one; Julie will choose one, but not wear it; instead, she will tie it around a bush. Julie does that and the bush burns up. Lastly, Firosette's fairy mother marries him to another bride, and forces Julie to hold ten candles between her toes, while in the couple's bedroom. Firosette convinces his bride to change places with Julie. After it happens, Firosette's mother asks from afar if she is ready; her son answers yes, and his mother curses the person who is holding the candles to become food so she can eat it. Firosette's mother realizes her mistake and drops dead.[13][14] Cosquin and German scholar Ernst Tegethoff noted the partial resemblance of this tale to the second part of the myth of Cupid and Psyche, especially Venus's tasks.[15][16]

In a tale from Lower Brittany collected by François-Marie Luzel with the title Les Morgans de l’île d’Ouessant ("The Morgens of Ouessant Island") or Mona and the Morgan,[17] a human girl named Mona Kerbili is so beautiful she is compared sometimes to a Morgan (a type of aquatic creature in Breton folklore). Because of this, when she is asked about who she wants to marry, Mona says she won't marry a simple fisherman, but a prince, or even a Morgan himself. An old Morgan - the king - hears her wish and takes her to his underwater palace, intenting on marrying her. However, the son of the Morgan king falls in love with the human girl and wants to marry her, but his father denies him, and tells his son can choose any Morganezed girl in their underwater realm. The Morgan prince is forced to marry a Morganezed girl, while the human girl, Mona, is forced to stay in the palace and prepare the meal for their return from the church. As the retinue march to church, the Morgan prince feigns he forgot his wedding ring back at the palace, and goes back there. He helps Mona with the chores and returns to his marriage ceremony. That same night, after the wedding, the Morgan king forces Mona to hold a candle in her hands until it melts away completely, after which she is to die. After some time, the Morgan prince asks his bride to replace the human girl holding the candle. He hears his father's voice asking if the candle has already melted. He answers "yes": his father enters the room and decapitates the Morganezed bride. The next morning, the Morgan prince tells his father he has sadly become a widowed man overnight, and asks for his permission to marry the human girl, the "daughter of the land". Admitting defeat, the Morgan king lets his son marry the human girl. The tale then continues by delving into their married life, until the human girl longs for her land home and decides to visit her human family.[18] French scholar Paul Sébillot republished the tale with the title Le Morgan et la Fille de la Terre ("The morgan and the daughter of the land").[19]

In a Franco-German variant titled Figeois, the titular Figeois lives with three fairies, from whom he learns all magic secrets. The fairies like the human youth, but he only has eyes for a human girl. The fairies get jealous and feign friendship to draw the human to the castle, where they trap the girl. The fairies impose all kinds of work on her, which she accomplishes with Figeois's help. On Sunday, the fairies tell the girl (whom they derisively call Plus-belle-que-Merde) that she is to prepare their food for their return from the Sunday mass, and give her a pot full of mixed up seeds. Figeois gives the girl a magic cane to fulfill the task in no time. That night, the fairies undress the girl and force her to hold a candle until it melts. Seeing the poor girl's suffering, Figeois suggests that the elder fairy replaces her for a short while. Outside the room, the other two fairies command the person holding the candle to perish as soon as the candle is put out. So it happens, and the elder fairy dies. Seeing their mistake the next morning, the remaining fairies die. Figeois gets to keep the castle and live with his human bride.[20]

In a variant from Ariège with the title Courbasset, le Petit Corbeau ("The Little Crow"), a blind old man lives with his three daughters. When the elder daughter goes to the well to draw a bucket of water, a little crow appears to her with a proposal: it can cure her father if she marries him. She refuses. The next day, she and her middle sister meet the crow, and they both decline his offer. Their youngest sister agrees to marry the crow and departs with him. They fly to a castle by nightfall and the crow becomes a man. The girl returns to her family to tell the news and her sisters become jealous. The pair go to the crow's castle and drop wax on his wings. When the crow prince and his wife return, he laments the fact that the wings are ruined, for now she and the prince have to do penance elsewhere. Before he departs, he teaches his wife a helpful command and advises her to prepare seven small and seven large brooms, seven loaves of bread, seven needles and seven jugs of oil. The girl reaches another castle and is forced to do chores for the residents: first, to fill 50 carts with manure. She chants the command her husband taught her and a murder of crows appear to fulfill the task for her. The next day, she is to unload the carts. Lastly, she is sent for the crow prince's grandmother's house to get a diamond from there. On the road, she gives seven loaves of bread to seven dogs, seven needles to seven tailors, the seven large brooms to seven women, enters the house and cleans seven stairs, oils the hinges of seven doors, creeps into the grandmother's room and steals the diamond. The grandmother awakes and commands the stair, the doors, the women, the tailors and the dogs to stop the girl, but she escapes. At the end of the tale, she chooses her husband in a queue of men in front of the castle.[21][22]

Corsica

In a Corsican tale collected by linguist Genevieve Massignon from an informant in Ortiporio, with the title Più bella chè fata or Plus belle que fée ("More beautiful than a fairy"), a girl is named "more beautiful than a fairy", which causes the envy of two fairies, who wish to get rid of the girl. As part of their plan, they disguise themselves as poor women and beg for alms. Più bella chè fata gives alms to the poor women, who ask the girl if she can accompny them back home, in exchange for some gifts: a golden distaff, a golden fuse, and a golden spinning wheel. At every leg of the journey, the old women give her the promised objects, until the trio reach the fairies' home. The next day, the fairies assume their original shapes and tell her they will leave, and on their return the house must be half swept, half not swept; the food cooked, but half raw and half uncooked, and the table must be set, but the table must not touch the ground, nor the tablecloth touch the table. The fairies leave. The girl begins to cry, when a youth named Ghjuvanninu della verità ("Petit-Jean de la Vérité") appears and offers his help, in exchange for a kiss. The girl refuses to kiss him, but he helps her anyway: she is to sweep only around each room, but not the middle; cook half of the meat and serve it; place a cardboard between the table and the floor and a piece of paper between the tablecloth and the table. Next, the fairies order her to go to their aunt Luca ("Zia Luca"), a sorceress, and get from there a tamis (a type of sieve). Più bella chè fata cries, but Ghjuvanninu della verità appears to her and advises her on how to proceeed: place the correct fodder for the animals (hay for the donkey, bones for the dog), compliment and bless a fountain, stop a door from slamming, enter Zia Luca's house, place some fuses on the steps and shout for her to come down the stairs. Zia Luca steps on the fuses and tumbles down the stairs, while the girl gets the tamis and flees. Zia Luca commands the dog and the donkey to stop her, but the animals refuse. Lastly, the fairies prepare a trap for the duo: they hang a large mace over the rata, which will squash the pair as they pass the baskets of chestnuts. Anticipating their plot, Ghjuvanninu della verità lets loose the large mace on the fairies, who die. Ghjuvanninu della verità then marries Più bella chè fata.[23]

Legacy

The tale was one of many from d'Aulnoy's pen to be adapted to the stage by James Planché, as part of his Fairy Extravaganza.[24][25][26]

According to the Brothers Grimm, a German language book published in 1801 contained a German tale titled Parsonet and Matilda, based on d'Aulnoy's tale.[27]

American author Josepha Sherman adapted the tale as her book Child of Faerie, Child of Earth.[28]

See also

References

  1. ↑ Lang, Andrew. The Red Fairy Book. London: Longmans, Green, and Co., 1890. pp. 158-174.
  2. ↑ Trinquet, Charlotte (2012). Le conte de fées français (1690-1700): Traditions italiennes et origines aristocratiques (in French). Narr Francke Attempto Verlag. pp. 218–219. ISBN 978-3-8233-7692-7.
  3. ↑ Aulnoy, Madame d', Marie-Catherine; Jasmin, Nadine; Robert, Raymonde. Contes des fées: suivis des Contes nouveaux, ou, Les fées à la mode. Champion, 2004. pp. 1083, 1111. ISBN 9782745310651.
  4. ↑ Barchilon, Jacques (2009). "Adaptations of Folktales and Motifs in Madame d'Aulnoy's "Contes": A Brief Survey of Influence and Diffusion". Marvels & Tales. 23 (2): 353–364. JSTOR 41388930.
  5. ↑ "Dans l'analyse de ce conte-type, nous nous alignons sur la décomposition en éléments faite par Jan-Ojvind Swahn dans sa récente monographie". Delarue, Paul. Le conte populaire français: catalogue raisonné des versions de France et des pays de langue française d'outre-mer: Canada, Louisiane, îlots français des États-Unis, Antilles françaises, Haïti, Ile Maurice, La Réunion. Érasme, 1957. p. 84.
  6. ↑ Roberts, Warren E. (1956). "Review of The Tale of Cupid and Psyche (Aarne-Thompson 425 and 428), Jan-Öjvind Swahn". Midwest Folklore. 6 (3): 183–185. JSTOR 4317592.
  7. ↑ Delarue, Paul. Le conte populaire français: catalogue raisonné des versions de France et des pays de langue française d'outre-mer: Canada, Louisiane, îlots français des États-Unis, Antilles françaises, Haïti, Ile Maurice, La Réunion. Érasme, 1957. pp. 88-90, 113, 114.
  8. ↑ Aarne, Antti; Thompson, Stith. The types of the folktale: a classification and bibliography. Third Printing. Folklore Fellows Communications FFC no. 184. Helsinki: Academia Scientiarum Fennica, 1973 [1961]. p. 142 (footnote nr. 1).
  9. ↑ Uther, Hans-Jörg (2004). The Types of International Folktales: A Classification and Bibliography, Based on the System of Antti Aarne and Stith Thompson. Suomalainen Tiedeakatemia, Academia Scientiarum Fennica. p. 251. ISBN 978-951-41-0963-8.
  10. ↑ Dunlop, Colin John. History of Prose Fiction. Vol. I. London: George Bell and Sons. 1896. pp. 110-112.
  11. ↑ Leavy, Barbara Fass. “The Animal Groom”. In: Search of the Swan Maiden: A Narrative on Folklore and Gender. NYU Press, 1994. pp. 130-131. JSTOR, http://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt9qg995.7. Accessed 13 Mar. 2023.
  12. ↑ DeGraff, Amy Vanderlyn (1984). The Tower and the Well: A Psychological Interpretation of the Fairy Tales of Madame D'Aulnoy. Summa Publications, Inc. pp. 93–98. ISBN 9780917786037.
  13. ↑ Cosquin, Emmanuel. Contes populaires de Lorraine comparés avec les contes des autres provinces de France et des pays étrangers, et précedés d'un essai sur l'origine et la propagation des contes populaires européens. Tome II. Paris: Vieweg. 1887. pp. 234-236.
  14. ↑ Tegethoff, Ernst. Französische Volksmärchen. Zweiter Band. Aus neueren Sammlungen. Jena: Eugen Diederichs. 1923. pp. 54-56.
  15. ↑ Cosquin, Emmanuel. Contes populaires de Lorraine comparés avec les contes des autres provinces de France et des pays étrangers, et précedés d'un essai sur l'origine et la propagation des contes populaires européens. Tome II. Paris: Vieweg. 1887. p. 236.
  16. ↑ Tegethoff, Ernst. Französische Volksmärchen. Zweiter Band. Aus neueren Sammlungen. Jena: Eugen Diederichs. 1923. pp. 326-327.
  17. ↑ Classic folk tales from around the world. London: Leopard, 1996. pp. 128-129.
  18. ↑ Luzel, François-Marie. Contes populaires de Basse-Bretagne. Tome II. Paris: Maisonneuve, 1887. pp. 257-268.
  19. ↑ Sébillot, Paul. Contes des provinces de France. Paris: Cerf, 1884. pp. 81-87.
  20. ↑ Begegnung der Völker im Märchen: Frankreich-Deutschland. Zusammenstellung und Bearbeitung von Marie-Louise Tenèze und Georg Hüllen. Gesellschaft zur Pflege des Märchengutes der Europäischen Völker. Aschendorff, 1961. pp. 28-30.
  21. ↑ Delarue, Paul. Le conte populaire français: catalogue raisonné des versions de France et des pays de langue française d'outre-mer: Canada, Louisiane, îlots français des États-Unis, Antilles françaises, Haïti, Ile Maurice, La Réunion. Érasme, 1957. pp. 74ff.
  22. ↑ Chadli, El Mostafa. Il racconto popolare nelle regioni mediterranee. Editoriale Jaca Book, 1996. p. 46. ISBN 9788816436039.
  23. ↑ Massignon, Geneviève. Contes corses. Centre d'études corses de la faculté des lettres et Sciences Humaines d'Aix-en-Provence. Édition Ophrys, Gap, 1963. pp. 60-62 (Tale nr. 27).
  24. ↑ Feipel, Louis N. (September 1918). "Dramatizations of Popular Tales". The English Journal. 7 (7): 439–446. doi:10.2307/801356. JSTOR 801356.
  25. ↑ Buczkowski, Paul (2001). "J. R. Planché, Frederick Robson, and the Fairy Extravaganza". Marvels & Tales. 15 (1): 42–65. doi:10.1353/mat.2001.0002. JSTOR 41388579. S2CID 162378516.
  26. ↑ MacMillan, Dougald (1931). "Planché's Fairy Extravaganzas". Studies in Philology. 28 (4): 790–798. JSTOR 4172137.
  27. ↑ Grimm, Jacob; Grimm, Wilhelm; Hunt, Alfred William; Lang, Andrew (1884). Grimm's household tales, with the author's notes. G. Bell and Sons. p. 514. OCLC 1679700.
  28. ↑ Sherman, Josepha (1992). Child of faerie, child of earth. New York: Walker Pub.

Further reading

  • Trost, Caroline (1992). "'Gracieuse et Percinet': A Tale of Mme d'Aulnoy in a new translation by Caroline Trost". Merveilles & Contes. 6 (1): 117–139. JSTOR 41390339.
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