A wind turbine at Greenpark, Reading, England, generating green electricity for approx 1000 homes.

The availability and uptake of green electricity in the United Kingdom has increased in the 21st century. There are a number of suppliers offering green electricity in the United Kingdom. In theory these types of tariffs help to lower carbon dioxide emissions by increasing consumer demand for green electricity and encouraging more renewable energy plant to be built. Since Ofgem's 2014 regulations there are now set criteria defining what can be classified as a green source product.[1] As well as holding sufficient guarantee of origin certificates to cover the electricity sold to consumers, suppliers are also required to show additionality by contributing to wider environmental and low carbon funds.

Care needs to be taken in selecting a green energy supplier. A National Consumer Council report in December 2006 concluded that many green tariffs are not delivering the environmental benefits they claim to, and that consumers may not be making the positive contribution they think they are.[2]

Shades of green

Renewables Obligation

In the United Kingdom, suppliers are legally obliged to purchase a proportion of their electricity from renewable sources under the Renewables Obligation and there is a danger that energy suppliers may sell such green electricity under a premium 'green energy' tariff, rather than sourcing additional green electricity supplies.[3] In addition to selling the green electricity to the consumer, it is also possible for the supplier to sell the associated Renewables Obligation Certificates to another supplier who has failed to meet their quota, rather than 'retiring' the certificate from the marketplace.[4]

On several occasions in May 2016, Britain burned no coal for electricity for the first time since 1882. In April 2018, Britain burned no coal for a period of 76 hours, from 10 am 21 April to 10 am 24 April – the longest period since the 19th century.[5][6]

Climate Change Levy

Non-domestic consumers can avoid paying the Climate Change Levy by acquiring Levy Exemption Certificates from renewable energy suppliers. Since these are not required by domestic consumers, it is possible for the supplier to sell the certificates to the non-domestic sector, as well as selling the renewables obligation certificate and the electricity.[4]

Carbon offsetting

Prior to the OFGEM green supply regulations, some green energy tariffs involved carbon offsetting, rather than purchasing or investing in renewable energy,[7][8] a practice that does not meet with universal approval. George Monbiot, an English environmentalist and writer, has compared carbon offsets to the practice of purchasing indulgences during the Middle Ages, whereby people believed they could purchase forgiveness for their sins (instead of actually repenting and not sinning anymore). Monbiot also says that carbon offsets are an excuse for business as usual with regard to pollution.[9]

Reporting requirements

In June 2008, Defra announced that, with effect from the financial year 2008–19, Green Electricity is to be treated the same as average grid electricity for carbon dioxide (CO2) reporting purposes. Previously, it was treated as if there were no CO2 emissions associated with it.

Explaining the change, the Minister then responsible (Hilary Benn) said[10] "I want to make sure that the green tariff market, which has grown rapidly over recent years, is clear for consumers and businesses about the precise benefit their tariff brings. Many energy suppliers offer green tariffs to businesses and domestic customers who want to make a contribution to environmental projects or help tackle climate change, but these differ in what they deliver." He added "It is increasingly difficult to demonstrate that buying a renewable electricity tariff is offering additional carbon emissions reductions compared with what suppliers are required to source to meet the Renewables Obligation. I have therefore decided that we will change the voluntary corporate reporting guidelines to bring them into line with current best practice and provide coherent carbon accounting. This will mean that for the reporting year 2008–2009, best practice is expected to be for businesses to use a grid average rate – average rate of carbon emissions associated with electricity transmitted on the national grid – unless their supplier can prove the carbon benefits are additional." This does not affect green electricity generated on site (e.g. from photovoltaics or a micro-wind turbine), which can continue to be reported as producing zero emissions.

Certification schemes

In 1999, the Future Energy national certification scheme for green electricity was launched, however it was closed in 2002, apparently because too few suppliers were prepared to accept the proposed revised requirements.[11]

In the absence of a replacement national scheme in the UK, the international Eugene Network, whose main purpose was to give accreditation to national green energy schemes, supported Ecotricity[12] and indicates that Good Energy would be ready for accreditation should a Eugene Standard compliant scheme be introduced in the UK.[13] The Eugene standard was discontinued in February 2009,[14] leaving no internationally recognised means of comparing green electricity.

Ofgem 2007–2008 proposals

In an attempt to end some of the premium priced offerings by suppliers which were doing no more than repackaging electricity that they had to buy under the Renewables Obligation, the UK Government's Office of Gas and Electricity Markets Ofgem proposed a voluntary scheme for independently verified energy ratings[15] for electricity suppliers. Initially this was intended to include a detailed analysis of the carbon content of the supply, but some critics felt that this lacked sufficient emphasis on additionality, and the actual energy used by consumers from the grid was always a mix of brown and green sources.

After running a series of workshops in early 2008, their proposals turned away from a focus on the source of electricity (and its associated carbon dioxide emissions), to look instead at whether an environmental benefit is demonstrated. Essentially, Ofgem suggest that this can only be done if the supplier invests part of payment received into one of the following activities:[16]

The initial draft of the guidelines would have excluded most of the products currently available on the UK market, including offerings from renewable energy specialists Good Energy and Ecotricity.

Green Energy Supply Certification Scheme

After consultation, Ofgem introduced modified Guidelines in February 2009.[17] These placed a greater emphasis on the matching principle, requiring that all electricity sold under the Scheme had to be matched by supplies from renewable sources (and excluding other low-carbon sources such as CHP or nuclear). The additionality criteria were simplified slightly to comprise:[18]

  • carbon offsets accredited either under the UK Government's Quality Assurance Scheme (QAS) or under the Gold Standard
  • green energy schemes, mainly those that donate money to charities or to trust funds established to invest in new renewable projects – generally at a community level, and required to be independent of the suppliers
  • energy efficiency schemes, making savings above those from CERT including savings in customers' premises through lower energy use
  • unspecified other measures, producing equivalent carbon savings

Certified tariffs were subject to an annual audit, to ensure that the matching and additionality criteria have been met. Consumers must also be given information on the suppliers overall fuel mix at the point of sale. Although aimed mainly at domestic consumers, the scheme can also certify tariffs aimed at small businesses with an annual energy consumption below 50,000 kWh.

The scheme was launched in February 2010, with the UK's Big Six energy suppliers as members as well as Good Energy. Ecotricity elected not to join the scheme citing concerns about the additionality rules.[19] All suppliers offer domestic tariffs, but only some have offered small business tariffs under the scheme.

The scheme, which closed in 2015, was controlled by an independent Panel chaired by Solitaire Townsend, and the National Energy Foundation were appointed as the secretariat.

Current OFGEM regulation

In response to concerns about the lack of regulation in the market for green electricity tariffs and in order to protect consumers, OFGEM has consulted and enacted changes to the green tariff market in the UK.[1] Whereas previously the green tariff products were not subject to specific regulations, all retailers must now prove the green credentials of their products to OFGEM. The regulations have three components:[20]

  1. Electricity source - retailers need to hold sufficient Renewable Energy Guarantee of Origin Certificates to match the quantity of electricity sold. Retailers are required to submit proof of this to the regulator.
  2. Additionality - retailers also need to invest additional funds into other environmental projects.
  3. Transparency - retailers are required to inform consumers of how their tariffs benefit the environment.

Areas of controversy

There have been several areas of controversy regarding green electricity sales in the UK. These have been related to both the concept as a whole, which has been subject to criticism, but have usually manifested as disputes between the two leading green electricity companies.

Retirement of Renewable Obligation Certificates (ROCs)

In 2009, the founder of Ecotricity, Dale Vince, criticised Good Energy for their failure to retire a sufficient quantity of ROCs.[21][22] Good Energy had previously promised to retire 5% of its ROCs, but Vince claimed they had consistently retired fewer ROCs than promised. He backed this up with evidence from OFGEM. It appears that after this dispute Good Energy did increase the number of ROCs it retired, but now seems to have ceased to do this entirely.

Advertising Standards Authority case

In 2016, Ecotricity claimed in an advertisement that it was the greenest energy supplier. This claim was disputed by Tesla Motors and subsequently thrown out.[23] The judgement faced criticism from Good Energy, with its managing director David Brooks saying “The ASA appears to have based its decision purely on data provided by Ecotricity without considering whether that data represents an objective view. Obviously, the criteria Ecotricity has chosen to measure itself against other companies has been selected to suit Ecotricity. We don’t think the ASA has considered what it calls “suitable comparative data” before reaching its conclusions."[24]

Worsening greenhouse gas emissions

In the UK, wood counts as a renewable fuel and the Drax power station burns a large mass of it. Biofuelwatch has criticised this wood burning, saying "In return for trashing forests and digging up communities, Drax is receiving massive subsidies, when it should have been closed down years ago".[25][26]

Suppliers offering green–source products

See also

References

  1. 1 2 "Ofgem proposes improvements to green tariffs to improve protection for consumers". ofgem.gov.uk. Retrieved 2016-07-21.
  2. ↑ "Reality or rhetoric? Green tariffs for domestic consumers" (PDF). The National Consumer Council. December 2006. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2007-10-03.
  3. ↑ Green Electricity... Are you being conned? Archived 2007-06-29 at the Wayback Machine The Ecologist, published 2005-06-01, accessed 2007-06-07
  4. 1 2 Why Friends of the Earth no longer produces a green electricity tariff league table, Friends of the Earth, published July 2005, accessed 2007-06-13
  5. ↑ "Britain passes historic milestone with first days of coal-free power". Financial Times. Retrieved 19 June 2016.
  6. ↑ "Britain gets no power from coal for 'first time on record'". The Telegraph. 10 May 2016. Retrieved 19 June 2016.
  7. ↑ "Reality or rhetoric? Green tariffs for domestic consumers" (PDF). The National Consumer Council, UK. December 2006. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2007-03-31.
  8. ↑ GRÁINNE GILMORE (January 6, 2007). "Grey areas with green energy". The Times. London.
  9. ↑ "The trade in carbon offsets is an excuse for business as usual" by George Monbiot, The Guardian, October 18, 2006. A reprint of the article may be accessed at on Monbiot's website. Also see "Carbon Offset Business Takes Root" by Martin Kaste, NPR, 28 November 2006.
  10. ↑ Defra Press Release: Green Tariffs: Check what yours delivers Archived 2008-06-27 at the Wayback Machine 16 June 2008
  11. ↑ Consumers left in the dark over green electricity Archived 2007-10-07 at the Wayback Machine, Friends of the Earth, published 2002-11-06, accessed 2007-06-08
  12. ↑ Ecotricity - committed to new renewable energy Eugene, accessed 2007-06-07
  13. ↑ Case Study: UK market lacks information Eugene, accessed 2007-06-07
  14. ↑ Eugene Standard - Letter from Board about dismantling Archived 2011-07-19 at the Wayback Machine, Eugene, accessed 2010-02-26
  15. ↑ New energy ratings to help cut through green customer confusion (press release), accessed 2007-11-07
  16. ↑ http://www.ofgem.gov.uk/Sustainability/Environmnt/Policy/Documents1/Green%20supply%20guidelines%20-%20proposals%20July%2008.pdf Archived 2009-01-07 at the Wayback Machine Ofgem: Green supply guidelines - proposals July 2008
  17. ↑ Final Green Supply Guidelines, Open letter dated 4 February 2009
  18. ↑ Green Energy Supply Certification Scheme website Archived 2016-01-16 at the Wayback Machine accessed 16 December 2010
  19. ↑ Ecotricity Press Release Archived 2010-03-18 at the Wayback Machine, 'New green energy guidelines from Ofgem are feel good but not do good says Ecotricity'
  20. ↑ "Protecting consumers in the green and renewable offers market - final proposals" (PDF). OFGEM.
  21. ↑ BusinessGreen.com, From; Network, part of the Guardian Environment (2009-05-14). "Good Energy accused of misleading green tariff customers". the Guardian. Retrieved 2016-07-21. {{cite web}}: |last1= has generic name (help)
  22. ↑ "Utility Week – Good Energy and Ecotricity clash over green claims". utilityweek.co.uk. Retrieved 2016-07-21.
  23. ↑ "ASA Ruling on Ecotricity Group Ltd - Advertising Standards Authority". www.asa.org.uk. Retrieved 2016-07-21.
  24. ↑ "Good Energy and Ecotricity in new row over who's greenest". 2016-04-07. Retrieved 2016-07-21.
  25. ↑ "#AxeDrax Campaign – biofuelwatch".
  26. ↑ Eisenstein, Charles. "The campaign against Drax aims to reveal the perverse effects of biofuels". The Guardian.

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