Grenada, Mississippi | |
|---|---|
 Downtown Grenada | |
 Location of Grenada, Mississippi | |
  Grenada, Mississippi Location in the United States | |
| Coordinates: 33°46′30″N 89°48′32″W / 33.77500°N 89.80889°W | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Mississippi |
| County | Grenada |
| Area | |
| • Total | 30.03 sq mi (77.78 km2) |
| • Land | 30.01 sq mi (77.72 km2) |
| • Water | 0.03 sq mi (0.06 km2) |
| Elevation | 213 ft (65 m) |
| Population (2020) | |
| • Total | 12,700 |
| • Density | 423.23/sq mi (163.41/km2) |
| Time zone | UTC−6 (Central (CST)) |
| • Summer (DST) | UTC−5 (CDT) |
| ZIP codes | 38901-38902 |
| Area code | 662 |
| FIPS code | 28-29460 |
| GNIS feature ID | 0670734 |
| Website | www |
Grenada (/ɡrəˈneɪdə/[2]) is a city in Grenada County, Mississippi, United States. The population was 13,092 at the 2010 census.[3] It is the county seat of Grenada County.[4]
History
Grenada was formed in 1836, after federal removal of the Choctaw people who had previously occupied this territory. It was the result of the union of the two adjacent towns (separated by the present-day Line Street) of Pittsburg and Tulahoma (or Tullahoma), founded, respectively, by Franklin Plummer and Hiram Runnels.[5]
Development included stores and businesses that supported the county court and market days. Plantations were first developed along the Yalobusha River for transportation and access to water. Cotton was the major commodity crop, dependent on the labor of African slaves.
In 1851, Grenada townspeople founded the Yalobusha Baptist Female Institute for education of their young White women. In 1882, the school was taken over by the Methodists and renamed as Grenada College.[5] Classified in the 20th century as a junior college, it encountered financial troubles during the Great Depression. The church closed the college in 1936 and transferred its assets to Millsaps College.[6]
In the late 1850s, Grenada was one of the places Nathan Bedford Forrest sold slaves.[7] His brother John N. Forrest had a house on a hill in West Grenada.[7]
On December 20, 1862, Confederate general Earl Van Dorn, whose troops were encamped in Grenada, led the three brigades under his command in a raid that destroyed the Union supply depot at Holly Springs, Mississippi.[8][9]
In 1885 two men, Perry McChristian and Felix Williams, were accused of murdering two peddlers and were lynched. During the lynching, they implicated two black men, Bartley James and John Campbell, who were then also lynched by a mob of White men.[10][11][12]
Civil rights era
In 1966, Martin Luther King Jr. and Dick Gregory spent a week demonstrating in Grenada against discrimination and for voters' rights.[13] During that time, town officials cooperated and protected marchers with local police.[14] Six black voter registrars were hired and registered 1,000 black residents during that week. After the march passed through, the county fired the registrars and the town never entered the new black voters on official rolls; they had to start over again to gain official voter registration.[14]
As the civil rights movement continued to press in 1966 and 1967 for voter registration and opportunities in employment, the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) ran a civil rights organizing project in Grenada which lasted at least 11 months.[15] They worked to register voters and gain concessions for hiring black Americans in local businesses and restaurants. These were still segregated, despite the federal anti-segregation and voting rights laws.
In August 1966, a federal judge ordered Grenada to allow black students to enroll in the previously all-White schools. White leaders used threats of eviction and firing to coerce black parents to withdraw their children from school. While the intimidation caused 200 out of 450 students to withdraw, the remaining 250 students attempted to enter school on September 12, 1966. A group of White people met them at the school and chased them away, pursuing them through the streets and beating the children with chains, pipes and clubs. The group went so far as to beat reporters as well. The group repeated this for the first week of school, while local law enforcement did not intervene. Federal protection for the children began on September 17, and 13 members of the group were arrested.[16]
Geography
The Yalobusha River flows through Grenada. Grenada Lake is located a short distance east of the city.
According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 30.0 square miles (78 km2), of which 30.0 square miles (78 km2) is land and 0.03% is water.
Climate
| Climate data for Grenada, Mississippi (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1953–2015) | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °F (°C) | 83 (28) |
87 (31) |
89 (32) |
93 (34) |
98 (37) |
105 (41) |
104 (40) |
105 (41) |
105 (41) |
98 (37) |
87 (31) |
89 (32) |
105 (41) |
| Mean daily maximum °F (°C) | 53.8 (12.1) |
58.3 (14.6) |
67.4 (19.7) |
75.1 (23.9) |
81.8 (27.7) |
88.8 (31.6) |
91.5 (33.1) |
91.5 (33.1) |
87.4 (30.8) |
77.2 (25.1) |
65.5 (18.6) |
56.8 (13.8) |
74.6 (23.7) |
| Daily mean °F (°C) | 42.6 (5.9) |
46.1 (7.8) |
54.3 (12.4) |
62.1 (16.7) |
70.3 (21.3) |
78.0 (25.6) |
80.9 (27.2) |
80.1 (26.7) |
74.8 (23.8) |
63.4 (17.4) |
52.5 (11.4) |
45.4 (7.4) |
62.5 (17.0) |
| Mean daily minimum °F (°C) | 31.3 (−0.4) |
33.9 (1.1) |
41.3 (5.2) |
49.2 (9.6) |
58.8 (14.9) |
67.1 (19.5) |
70.3 (21.3) |
68.7 (20.4) |
62.2 (16.8) |
49.7 (9.8) |
39.5 (4.2) |
34.0 (1.1) |
50.5 (10.3) |
| Record low °F (°C) | −12 (−24) |
4 (−16) |
12 (−11) |
22 (−6) |
33 (1) |
44 (7) |
50 (10) |
51 (11) |
35 (2) |
25 (−4) |
15 (−9) |
1 (−17) |
−12 (−24) |
| Average precipitation inches (mm) | 5.08 (129) |
5.78 (147) |
5.61 (142) |
6.42 (163) |
5.53 (140) |
4.85 (123) |
5.43 (138) |
3.58 (91) |
4.36 (111) |
3.56 (90) |
4.84 (123) |
6.49 (165) |
61.53 (1,562) |
| Average snowfall inches (cm) | 0.5 (1.3) |
0.4 (1.0) |
0.2 (0.51) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.0 (0.0) |
1.1 (2.81) |
| Average precipitation days (≥ 0.01 in) | 9.9 | 9.3 | 9.6 | 8.6 | 8.7 | 8.1 | 8.1 | 7.1 | 5.9 | 6.4 | 7.7 | 9.3 | 98.7 |
| Average snowy days (≥ 0.1 in) | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.1 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.4 |
| Source: NOAA[17][18] | |||||||||||||
Demographics
| Census | Pop. | Note | %± |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1870 | 1,887 | — | |
| 1880 | 1,914 | 1.4% | |
| 1890 | 2,416 | 26.2% | |
| 1900 | 2,568 | 6.3% | |
| 1910 | 2,814 | 9.6% | |
| 1920 | 3,402 | 20.9% | |
| 1930 | 4,349 | 27.8% | |
| 1940 | 5,831 | 34.1% | |
| 1950 | 7,388 | 26.7% | |
| 1960 | 7,914 | 7.1% | |
| 1970 | 9,944 | 25.7% | |
| 1980 | 11,508 | 15.7% | |
| 1990 | 10,864 | −5.6% | |
| 2000 | 14,879 | 37.0% | |
| 2010 | 13,092 | −12.0% | |
| 2020 | 12,700 | −3.0% | |
| U.S. Decennial Census[19] | |||
2020 census
| Race | Num. | Perc. |
|---|---|---|
| White (non-Hispanic) | 4,799 | 37.79% |
| Black or African American (non-Hispanic) | 7,293 | 57.43% |
| Native American | 8 | 0.06% |
| Asian | 67 | 0.53% |
| Other/Mixed | 344 | 2.71% |
| Hispanic or Latino | 189 | 1.49% |
As of the 2020 United States census, there were 12,700 people, 5,100 households, and 2,988 families residing in the city.
2000 census
As of the census[21] of 2000, there were 14,879 people, 5,701 households, and 3,870 families residing in the city. The population density was 496.8 inhabitants per square mile (191.8/km2). There were 6,210 housing units at an average density of 207.3 per square mile (80.0/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 49.28% White, 49.34% African American, 0.16% Native American, 0.50% Asian, 0.02% Pacific Islander, 0.12% from other races, and 0.56% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.70% of the population.
There were 5,701 households, out of which 33.4% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 41.9% were married couples living together, 22.2% had a female householder with no husband present, and 32.1% were non-families. 28.3% of all households were made up of individuals, and 12.1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.52 and the average family size was 3.10.
In the city, the population was spread out, with 27.5% under the age of 18, 9.4% from 18 to 24, 26.7% from 25 to 44, 20.5% from 45 to 64, and 15.9% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 35 years. For every 100 females, there were 82.5 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 76.5 males.
The median income for a household in the city was $25,589, and the median income for a family was $31,316. Males had a median income of $27,946 versus $21,913 for females. The per capita income for the city was $13,734. About 20.3% of families and 23.6% of the population were below the poverty line, including 30.1% of those under age 18 and 27.3% of those age 65 or over.
Education
Prior to 1966, a segregated system of schools was provided, with black children attending one set of schools and White children another. In 1966 the school system instituted a "freedom of choice" plan, which allowed black students to attend previously all-White schools. White people congregated outside the schools to prevent black students from entering, and attacked young children when they left school in the afternoon.[22][23] In 1966, parents established the Grenada Educational Foundation, now known as Kirk Academy, as an alternative to racially-integrated education.[24] Grenada, as well as Grenada County, is currently served by the Grenada School District.
Notable people
- Phillip Alford, actor
- Chris Avery, football player
- Pete Boone, athletic director
- E.L. Boteler, politician and businessman
- Ace Cannon, musician
- Walter Davis, blues musician
- Emmanuel Forbes, football player
- Jake Gibbs, baseball player, All American football player
- George Robert Hightower, educator
- M. D. Jennings, football player
- Trent Lott, U.S. senator
- John Marascalco, songwriter
- Jim Miles, baseball player
- Ike Pearson, baseball player
- Tyre Phillips, football player
- Freeman Ransom, lawyer, businessman, and civic activist
- Greg Robinson, football player
- Magic Sam, blues musician
- Joseph D. Sayers, 22nd Governor of Texas
- Magic Slim, blues musician
- Homer Spragins, baseball player
- Trumaine Sykes, football player
- Donna Tartt, author
- Edward C. Walthall, United States senator
- Howard Waugh, Canadian football player and humanitarian
- Luke J. Weathers (1920–2011), former Tuskegee Airmen[25]
- Eddie Willis, member of Funk Brothers
- William Winter, governor of Mississippi (1980-1984)
- Charlie Worsham, country singer, musician, and songwriter
- Frank Wright, jazz musician
- Genard Avery, football player
See also
- Billups Neon Crossing Signal, a unique railroad crossing signal erected in Grenada.
References
- ↑ "2020 U.S. Gazetteer Files". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved July 24, 2022.
- ↑ Rick Aschmann (May 2, 2018). "North American English Dialects, Based on Pronunciation Patterns". Aschmann.net. Retrieved November 25, 2019.
- ↑ "Geographic Identifiers: 2010 Demographic Profile Data (G001): Grenada city, Mississippi". American Factfinder. U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved December 20, 2016.
- ↑ "Find a County". National Association of Counties. Archived from the original on May 31, 2011. Retrieved June 7, 2011.
- 1 2 Federal Writers' Project. Mississippi: A Guide to the Magnolia State. US History Publishers. p. 383. ISBN 978-1-60354-023-0. Retrieved July 24, 2012.
- ↑ J. C. Hathorn. A History of Grenada County. David Jensen. p. 55. Retrieved July 24, 2012.
- 1 2 Stokes, Rebecca Martin (1929). History of Grenada (1830–1880) (Master's thesis). Oxford, Miss.: University of Mississippi. 1972. p. 131
- ↑ David Stephen Heidler; Jeanne T. Heidler; David J. Coles (September 1, 2002). Encyclopedia of the American Civil War: A Political, Social, and Military History. W. W. Norton & Company. p. 987. ISBN 978-0-393-04758-5. Retrieved July 23, 2012.
- ↑ Shelby Foote. The Civil War: A Narrative. Volume Two, Fredericksburg to Meridian: "Good news reached [Jefferson Davis] on December 27.… Grant's army in North Mississippi was in full retreat; Van Dorn had broken loose in its immediate rear and burned its forward supply base at Holly Springs, capturing the garrison in the process." New York: Random House (1963), pp. 17–18. ISBN 9780307744685.
- ↑ "Southern Gleanings". Magnolia Gazette. July 17, 1885. Retrieved November 20, 2018.
- ↑ Daily Alta California 9 July 1885
- ↑ Thompson, Julies E. Lynchings in Mississippi: A History, 1865-1965. p. 25.
- ↑ Society of Former Special Agents of the FBI. Turner Publishing Company. June 15, 1998. p. 65. ISBN 978-1-56311-473-1. Retrieved July 23, 2012.
- 1 2 Robert Analavage (August 1966). "Which way in Grenada". The Southern Patriot., reprinted in Clayborne Carson; et al. (2003). Reporting Civil Rights: American Journalism, 1963-1973. Library of America. pp. 516–9. ISBN 9781931082297. Retrieved July 22, 2012.
- ↑ David Garrow (January 6, 2004). Bearing the Cross: Martin Luther King, Jr., and the Southern Christian Leadership Conference. HarperCollins. p. 563. ISBN 978-0-06-056692-0. Retrieved July 23, 2012.
- ↑ "Black Students Attacked for Integrating Grenada, Mississippi Schools". Retrieved May 4, 2021.
- ↑ "NOWData - NOAA Online Weather Data". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved October 31, 2023.
- ↑ "Summary of Monthly Normals 1991-2020". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved October 31, 2023.
- ↑ "Census of Population and Housing". Census.gov. Retrieved June 4, 2015.
- ↑ "Explore Census Data". data.census.gov. Retrieved December 16, 2021.
- ↑ "U.S. Census website". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 31, 2008.
- ↑ "Making a stand in Grenada". December 2010.
- ↑ "FBI Files: Grenada, Mississippi Public School Riots, 1966-1967 number M414". FBI. Retrieved May 4, 2021.
- ↑ "Coffey v. State Educational Finance Commission, 296 F. Supp. 1389 (S.D. Miss. 1969)". Retrieved May 4, 2021.
- ↑ "Tuskegee Airmen Pilot Roster". CAF Rise Above. CAF Rise Above. Retrieved August 11, 2020.
External links
Municipalities and communities of Grenada County, Mississippi, United States | ||
|---|---|---|
| Cities |  Map of Mississippi highlighting Grenada County | |
| CDPs | ||
| Other unincorporated communities | ||
