Halacaridae
Agauopsis brevipalpus
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
Subphylum: Chelicerata
Class: Arachnida
Order: Trombidiformes
Superfamily: Halacaroidea
Family: Halacaridae
Murray, 1877

Halacaridae is a family of meiobenthic mites found in marine, brackish, and freshwater habitats around the world. It includes more than 1100 described species belonging to 64 genera [1][2] It is the largest marine radiation of arachnids.[3]

Description and life cycle

Halacarids have four pairs of legs (as adults and nymphs; see below), of which the first two pairs point forwards and the last two pairs point backwards. This is a synapomorphy of the group. Another synapomorphy are four plates on the dorsal surface of the body, except for several genera with reduction of certain plates.[4]

The life cycle of halacarids consists of egg, larva, 1-3 nymphal stages (protonymph->deutonymph->tritonymph) and adult. Additionally, between each of the free-living stages (i.e. except for the egg) is a quiescent pupal stage.[5]

  • Eggs are usually deposited by an adult female in a substrate, with the help of an ovipositor.
  • Larvae have three pairs of legs, with each leg five-segmented, and lack a genital plate.
  • Protonymphs have four pairs of legs (as do all following stages), of which the fourth pair is five-segmented, and they usually have a distinct genital plate.
  • Deutonymphs and tritonymphs have each leg six-segmented.
  • Adults are often similar to the last nymphal stage, but they have an ovipositor (if female) or spermatopositor (if male).

Like mites in general, halacarids have a pair of palps. The palps usually have four segments each, but they are three-segmented in Simognathus and just two-segmented in Acaromantis.[3]

Halacarids of subfamily Copidognathinae have just a single nymphal stage. Additionally, the number of genital papillae is reduced to a single pair.[3]

The subfamily Rhombognathinae, which is algivorous, can be recognised by the dark green or almost black pigment inside their digestive system. This pigment is partially digested chlorophyll from algae.[3]

Ecology

Halacaridae occur in various habitats including sandy beaches, tidal sediment, interstitial spaces, hydrothermal vents, mangroves, salt marshes and on larger animals.[2][6] They spend their entire lives on a substrate such as attached algae or sand.[3]

Most species and genera are predators, though Rhombognathinae are instead algivores.[3] In freshwater halacarids, some species are restricted to crayfish gill chambers, implying a parasitic lifestyle, while Lobohalacarus weberi is a scavenger that feeds on dead nematodes and oligochaetes but not on live ones.[7]

Phylogeny

Recent analyses place Halacaridae as the sister group to Parasitengona.[8][9] Within the group, algivorous Rhombognathinae consists of two lineages (Rhombognathus+Isobactrus and Rhombognathides+Metarhombognathus), meaning the habit of algivory has evolved two independent times.[3]

Genera

  • Acanthohalacarus Bartsch, 2001
  • Acanthopalpus Makarova, 1978
  • Acarochelopodia Angelier, 1954
  • Acaromantis Trouessart & Neumann, 1893
  • Acarothrix Bartsch, 1990
  • Actacarus Schulz, 1937
  • Agaue Lohmann, 1889
  • Agauides Bartsch, 1988
  • Agauopsis Viets, 1927
  • Anomalohalacarus Newell, 1949
  • Arhodeoporus Newell, 1947
  • Astacopsiphagus Viets, 1931
  • Bathyhalacarus Sokolov & Jankovskaja, 1968
  • Bradyagaue Newell, 1971
  • Camactognathus Newell, 1984
  • Coloboceras Trouessart, 1889
  • Colobocerasides Viets, 1950
  • Copidognathides Bartsch, 1976
  • Copidognathus Trouessart, 1888
  • Corallihalacarus Otto, 1999
  • Enterohalacarus Viets, 1938
  • Halacarellus Viets, 1927
  • Halacaroides Bartsch, 1981
  • Halacaropsis Bartsch, 1996
  • Halacarus Gosse, 1855
  • Halixodes Brucker & Trouessart, 1899
  • Hamohalacarus Walter, 1931
  • Himejacarus Imamura, 1957
  • Isobactrus Newell, 1947
  • Limnohalacarus Walter, 1917
  • Lobohalacarus Viets, 1939
  • Lohmannella Trouessart, 1901
  • Metarhombognathus
  • Mictognathus Newell, 1984
  • Parasoldanellonyx Viets, 1929
  • Parhalixodes Laubier, 1960
  • Pelacarus Bartsch, 1986
  • Peregrinacarus Bartsch, 1999
  • Plegadognathus Morselli, 1981
  • Porohalacarus Thor, 1922
  • Porolohmannella Viets, 1933
  • Rhombognathides Viets, 1927
  • Rhombognathus Trouessart, 1888
  • Ropohalacarus Bartsch, 1989
  • Scaptognathides Monniot, 1972
  • Scaptognathus Trouessart, 1889
  • Simognathus Trouessart, 1889
  • Soldanellonyx Walter, 1917
  • Spongihalacarus Otto, 2000
  • Stygohalacarus Viets, 1934
  • Thalassacarus Newell, 1949
  • Thalassarachna Packard, 1871
  • Thalassophthirius Bartsch, 1988
  • Troglohalacarus Viets, 1937
  • Tropihalacarus Otto & Bartsch, 1999
  • Werthella Lohmann, 1907
  • Werthelloides Bartsch, 1986
  • Winlundia Newell, 1984
  • Xenohalacarus Otto, 2000

References

  1. ↑ Durucan, Furkan (2018). "New record of the genus Scaptognathus (Acari: Halacaridae) from Antalya with a checklist of marine halacarid mites of Turkey". Turkish Journal of Zoology. 42 (4): 499–507. doi:10.3906/zoo-1803-6.
  2. 1 2 Bartsch, Ilse (2009). "Checklist of marine and freshwater halacarid mite genera and species (Halacaridae: Acari) with notes on synonyms, habitats, distribution and descriptions of the taxa" (PDF). Zootaxa. 1998: 1–170. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.1998.1.1.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Pepato, Almir R.; Vidigal, Teofânia H.D.A.; Klimov, Pavel B. (2018). "Molecular phylogeny of marine mites (Acariformes: Halacaridae), the oldest radiation of extant secondarily marine animals". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 129: 182–188. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2018.08.012. PMID 30172010.
  4. ↑ Harvey, MS (1989). "Pezidae, a new freshwater mite family from Australia (Acarina : Halacaroidea)". Invertebrate Systematics. 3 (6): 771. doi:10.1071/it9890771. ISSN 1445-5226.
  5. ↑ Bartsch, Ilse (2015-02-17). "The genital area of Halacaridae (Acari), life stages and development of morphological characters and implication on the classification". Zootaxa. 3919 (2): 201–259. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.3919.2.1. ISSN 1175-5334. PMID 25781126.
  6. ↑ Bartsch, I. (2003). "Mangrove halacarid fauna (Halacaridae, Acari) of the Dampier region, Western Australia, with description of five new species". Journal of Natural History. 37 (15): 1855–1877. doi:10.1080/00222930110089184. ISSN 0022-2933. S2CID 85063373.
  7. ↑ Proctor, H.C. (2009), "Hydrachnida (Water Mites)", Encyclopedia of Inland Waters, Elsevier, pp. 335–345, doi:10.1016/b978-012370626-3.00176-9, ISBN 978-0-12-370626-3, retrieved 2022-10-14
  8. ↑ Pepato, A R; Klimov, P B (2015). "Origin and higher-level diversification of acariform mites – evidence from nuclear ribosomal genes, extensive taxon sampling, and secondary structure alignment". BMC Evolutionary Biology. 15 (1): 178. doi:10.1186/s12862-015-0458-2. ISSN 1471-2148. PMC 4557820. PMID 26330076.
  9. ↑ Dabert, Miroslawa; Proctor, Heather; Dabert, Jacek (2016). "Higher-level molecular phylogeny of the water mites (Acariformes: Prostigmata: Parasitengonina: Hydrachnidiae)". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 101: 75–90. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2016.05.004. PMID 27150348.

Further reading

  • Breene, R.G.; Dean, D. Allen; Edwards, G.B.; Hebert, Blain; Levi, Herbert W.; Manning, Gail (2003). Common Names of Arachnids. Vol. Fifth Edition. American Tarantula Society. ISBN 1-929427-11-5.
  • Capinera, John L., ed. (2008). Encyclopedia of Entomology. Springer. ISBN 978-1402062421.
  • Jackman, John A. (2002). A Field Guide to Spiders and Scorpions of Texas. Gulf Publishing.
  • Krantz, G.W.; Walter, D.E., eds. (2009). A Manual of Acarology. Vol. 3rd Edition. Texas Tech University Press. ISBN 9780896726208.
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