Halma
Board with "camps" marked for two players (blue) and four players (red)
Years active1883/84 to present
Genres
Players2 or 4
Setup time~1 minute
Playing time10 minutes to 1 or more hours
ChanceNone
SkillsStrategy, tactics

Halma (from the Greek word ἅλμα meaning "jump") is a strategy board game invented in 1883 or 1884 by George Howard Monks, an American thoracic surgeon at Harvard Medical School. His inspiration was the English game Hoppity which was devised in 1854.[1]

The gameboard is checkered and divided into 16×16 squares. Pieces may be small checkers or counters, or wooden or plastic cones or men resembling small chess pawns.[2] Piece colors are typically black and white for two-player games, and various colors or other distinction in games for four players.

Overview

The game is played by two or four players seated at opposing corners of the board. The game is won by being first to transfer all of one's pieces from one's own camp into the camp in the opposing corner. For four-player games played in teams, the winner is the first team to race both sets of pieces into opposing camps. On each turn, a player either moves a single piece to an adjacent open square, or jumps over one or more pieces in sequence.

Rules

Setup

Setup for two players
Setup for four players (when played in teams, teammates sit in opposite corners)
Simple wooden pawn-style playing pieces, often called "Halma pawns"
  • The board consists of a grid of 16×16 squares.
  • Each player's camp consists of a cluster of adjacent squares in one corner of the board. These camps are delineated on the board.
    • For two-player games, each player's camp is a cluster of 19 squares. The camps are in opposite corners.
    • For four-player games, each player's camp is a cluster of 13 squares. Each of the four corners of the board is a camp.
  • Each player has a set of pieces in a distinct color, of the same number as squares in each camp.
  • The game starts with each player's camp filled by pieces of their own color.

Play sequence

Valid (green) and invalid (red) moves of a white pawn in Halma
  • Players randomly determine who will move first.
  • Pieces can move in eight possible directions (orthogonally and diagonally).
  • Each player's turn consists of moving a single piece of one's own color in one of the following plays:
    • One move to an empty square:
      • Place the piece in an empty adjacent square.
      • This move ends the play.
    • One or more jumps over adjacent pieces:
      • An adjacent piece of any color can be jumped if there is an adjacent empty square on the directly opposite side of that piece.
      • Place the piece in the empty square on the opposite side of the jumped piece.
      • The piece that was jumped over is unaffected and remains on the board.
      • After any jump, one may make further jumps using the same piece, or end the play.
  • Once a piece has reached the opposing camp, a play cannot result in that piece leaving the camp.
  • If the current play results in having every square of the opposing camp occupied by one's own pieces, the acting player wins. Otherwise, play proceeds clockwise around the board.
Rules of Halma as printed by Joseph Scholz Verlag, Mainz

Comparison to other games

  • The mechanic of jumping pieces is reminiscent of draughts (checkers) but differs in that no opposing pieces are ever captured or otherwise withdrawn from the board nor is jumping compulsory.
  • Chinese Checkers, a variant of Halma, was originally published in 1892 as Stern-Halma (German for "Star Halma") and later renamed upon marketing to the United States to appear more exotic. The name is misleading, since the game has no historical connection with China, nor is it a checkers game.

Variations

16 x 16 Halma board from the 1890s

There are also 8×8 and 10×10 board variations, either of which is adequate for two players and they have 10 and 15 pieces per player, respectively, and a version for three players each with fifteen pieces arranged as a six-pointed star.

Halma board for three players, printed by Joseph Scholz Verlag, Mainz (undated)

There are various online versions, usually for two-player, turn-based play.

Halma set from the 1890s, showing box and pieces

Some sites implement a rule variation stating that a player automatically loses if they still have a piece in their start region after a certain number of moves (typically 30 for the 8×8 game, 50 for the 10×10 game). Fast-advancing players occasionally attempt to blockade an opposing piece, but this tactic can backfire if the other player is aware of it. In non-electronic versions, the number of moves is not normally counted.

Basic strategy and tactics

A game of Halma has three distinct phases. The beginning (before opposing pieces come into contact) is usually a set-piece battle, with players setting up their favoured openings. The middle (when opposing pieces are blocking or jumping each other) is usually characterised by opportunistic play; the player with the most patience to check the whole board for opportunities, including those gained by moving backwards in order to move forwards, will gain an advantage. Players should also set up for the endgame (when opposing pieces have passed one another and must run for home), avoiding stragglers.

As with most board games, early control of the center is a key tactic, as it provides additional mobility. Pieces can form a two-layer blocking wall, deflecting the opponent from the center and forcing them into a longer trajectory; however, if the opponent builds an adjacent wall, then the first player to disband his wall usually suffers a strategic disadvantage.

It is important to understand that paired pieces move faster than single pieces in the endgame. This means that a player with a pair of "leapfrogging" pieces has an advantage over a player with two individual stragglers.

The larger boards have more strategic combinations available than the smaller boards, and the four player game offers more tactical intrigue than the two player game.

1890 magazine advertisement

See also

References

Citations

  1. ↑ Brian Love, Great Board Games, London, (1979), p. 5
  2. ↑ Diagram Group (1975), p. 42
  3. ↑ "Rupert Bear and the Jumping Men. Where have all the games gone?"
  4. ↑ "The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy"
  5. ↑ “Memoirs of an Infantry Officer”, Part 10, IV.
  6. ↑ Brideshead Revisted (PDF). Penguin Australia. 1962 – via Archive.org. 338 page PDF
  7. ↑ “Black Mischief”, Chapter VII.

General and cited references

  • Diagram Group (1975). Midgley, Ruth (ed.). The Way to Play. Paddington Press Ltd. ISBN 0-8467-0060-3.
  • Whitehill, Bruce (2002). "Halma and Chinese Checkers: Origins and Variations". Step by Step, Proceedings of the 4th Colloquium of Board Games in Academia. Fribourg, Switzerland: Editions Universitaires Fribourg.

Further reading

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