Haplogroup D-M55
Possible time of origin45,357 (95% CI 52,258 - 39,364) ybp[1]

45,200 (95% CI 48,500 <-> 42,000) ybp[2]
Coalescence age21,434 (95% CI 24,812 - 18,513) ybp[3]

21,000 (95% CI 22,800 <-> 19,300) ybp[2]
Possible place of originpossibly Japanese archipelago
AncestorD-M174
Defining mutationsM55, M57, M64.1, M179, P37.1, P41.1, P190, 12f2b
Highest frequenciesJapanese people, Jōmon people, Ainu peopleRyukyuan people

Haplogroup D-M55 (M64.1/Page44.1) also known as Haplogroup D1a2a is a Y-chromosome haplogroup. It is one of two branches of Haplogroup D1a. The other is D1a1, which is found with high frequency in Tibetans and other Tibeto-Burmese populations and geographical close groups. D is also distributed with low to medium frequency in Central Asia, East Asia, and Mainland Southeast Asia.

Haplogroup D-M55 is found in about 33%[4][5][6][7][8] of present-day Japanese males. It has been found in fourteen of a sample of sixteen or 87.5% of a sample of Ainu males in one study published in 2004[9] and in three of a sample of four or 75% of a sample of Ainu males in another study published in 2005 in which some individuals from the 2004 study may have been retested.[5] It is currently the most common Y-DNA haplogroup in Japan if O1-F265 and O2-M122 (TMRCA approx. 30,000 ~ 35,000 ybp) are considered as separate haplogroups. Haplogroup D-M55 may have been born in Japan at any time between its MRCA with D-Y34637 (found in present-day Onge and Jarawas) about 45,000 years ago and the MRCA of all extant branches of D-M55 about 21,000 years ago.

In 2017 it was confirmed that the Japanese branch of haplogroup D-M55 is distinct and isolated from other branches of haplogroup D since about 50,000 years ago. The split in D1a may have occurred near the Tibetan Plateau.[10]

History

Migration route of haplogroup D
Migration route of Y-DNA haplogroups in East Asia

Among the subgroups of Haplogroup D, the ancestor of D-M55 went eastward to reach the Japanese archipelago.[11] According to Michael F. Hammer of the University of Arizona, haplogroup D originated near the Tibetan Plateau and migrated into Japan were it eventually became D-M55.[12] Mitsuru Sakitani said that Haplogroup D1 came from Tibet to northern Kyushu via the Altai Mountains and the Korean Peninsula more than, and Haplogroup D-M55 (D1a2a) was born in the Japanese archipelago.[11]

Recent studies suggest that D-M55 became dominant during the late Jōmon period, shortly before the arrival of the Yayoi, suggesting a population boom and bust.[13]

Frequency

The average frequency in Japanese is about 33%.[4][5][7][8] High frequencies are found in various places in Japan, especially in Hokkaidō, eastern Honshū, southern Kyūshū, and Okinawa.

Ancient DNA

A Jōmon period man excavated from Funadomari remains (about 3,800 - 3,500 YBP) in Rebun Island in Hokkaido belongs to Haplogroup D1a2a2a(D-CTS220).[21]

The analysis of an Jōmon sample (Ikawazu) and an ancient sample from the Tibetan Plateau (Chokhopani, Ch) found only partially shared ancestry, suggesting a positive genetic bottleneck regarding the spread of haplogroup D from an ancient population related to the Tibetan Chokhopani sample (and modern Tibeto-Burmese groups).[22]

Phylogenetic tree

By ISOGG tree(Version: 14.151).[23]

References

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  10. Mondal, Mayukh & Bergström, Anders & Xue, Yali & Calafell, Francesc & Laayouni, Hafid & Casals, Ferran & Majumder, Partha & Tyler-Smith, Chris & Bertranpetit, Jaume. (2017). Y-chromosomal sequences of diverse Indian populations and the ancestry of the Andamanese. Human Genetics. 136. 10.1007/s00439-017-1800-0.
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