Hiawatha, an 1874 painting by Thomas Eakins

Hiawatha (/ˌhaɪəˈwɒθə/ HY-ə-WOTH-ə, also US: /-ˈwɔːθə/ -⁠WAW-thə: Haiëñ'wa'tha [hajẽʔwaʔtha][1]), also known as Ayenwatha or Aiionwatha, was a precolonial Native American leader and cofounder of the Iroquois Confederacy. He was a leader of the Onondaga people, the Mohawk people, or both. According to some accounts, he was born an Onondaga but adopted into the Mohawks.

Legend

Although Hiawatha was actually a real person, he was mostly known through his legend.[2] The events in the legend have been dated to the middle 1100s through the occurrence of an eclipse coincident with the founding of the Iroquois Confederacy.[Note 1][3] This material and quotations are taken from the Mohawk version of the legend, as related by the prominent chief Seth Newhouse (Dayodekane).[4] For an Onondaga version of the legend, see Parker: "The Hiawatha Tradition".[5]

When the founder of the Confederacy, Dekanawidah, known as The Great Peacemaker, first came to Iroquoia, one of the first people he met was Hiawatha, not yet called by that name.[Note 2] At that time, Hiawatha was a wild man and a cannibal, known as "the man who eats humans." When Dekanawidah came to his cabin, he climbed onto the roof, looked down through the smoke hole, where there was a large kettle of water for cooking a meal of human flesh. When Hiawatha came home, he looked into the water and saw Dekanawidah's face reflected back to him, which he thought was his own. "In that face he was aware of a beauty, a wisdom and strength, which at first filled him with astonishment and then with shame, for it was not the face of one who killed and ate his fellow men." Dekanawidah came down, sat across the fire from him, and passed on to him the Great Law of Peace. Hiawatha accepted the message, and agreed to stay and work with his own people while Dekanawidah went on to pass the message to other nations.

The principal chief of the Onondaga at that time was a cruel tyrant called Tadodaho, or Atotarho. Tadodaho is described as twisted in both body and mind. "His hair was filled with living snakes. Snakes' eyes looked out from his finger ends." Dekanawidah charged Hiawatha with converting Tadodaho—to "comb the snakes out of [Tadodaho's] hair." He gave him the name Hiawatha, which means "he who combs."

After Dekanawidah left, Hiawatha presented his proposals to the Onondaga in councils, but Tadodaho kept frustrating all his efforts and disrupting the councils. It was claimed he has caused the death of Hiawatha's three daughters and his wife by magic. Grief-stricken, Hiawatha left his village and wandered, "stringing wampum and seeking someone who should understand the thirteen-string ceremony of condolence and take away his grief by the spell of the wampum." Finally, he came to the territory of the Mohawk, where Dekanawidah had converted the entire nation. Dekanawidah chanted the words that have since been part of the Iroquois Requickening Ceremony: "I wipe away tears from thy face, using the white fawn-skin of pity…I make it daylight for thee… I beautify the sky. Now shall thou do thy thinking in peace…" Afterwards, Hiawatha joined Dekanawidah in composing the laws of the Great Peace, and the Peace Hymn.

Then Hiawatha and Dekanawidah, together with the Mohawk chiefs, visited each of the other four Nations. They had no trouble with the Oneidas and the Cayugas, but the Senecas were divided against themselves and the Onondagas were afraid of the power of Tadodaho. A solar eclipse helped convince the Senecas, and the Onondagas were brought in by the power of the other four Nations and by the offer to Tadodaho that he become principal chief. "In the end the mind of [Tadodaho] was made straight, the crooks were taken out of his body, and Hiawatha combed the snakes out of his hair."

Hiawatha was noted for his speaking skills and message of peace. Dekanawidah, a Huron prophet and spiritual leader, proposed the unification of the Iroquois peoples who shared common ancestry and similar languages, but he suffered from a severe speech impediment which hindered him from spreading his proposal. Hiawatha was a skilled orator, and he was instrumental in persuading the Five Nations to accept the Great Peacemaker's vision and band together to become members of the Iroquois confederacy. The Tuscarora joined the Confederacy in 1722 to become the Sixth Nation. Little else is known of Hiawatha. The reason and time of his death is unknown; however, his legacy is still passed on from generation to generation through oral stories, songs, and books.

The 1855 epic poem The Song of Hiawatha by Henry Wadsworth Longfellow tells the story of a hero of the same name but has no relationship to the historical Hiawatha.

The Iroquois Confederacy

Within the Iroquois Confederacy, which originally included five tribes (Mohawk, Onondaga, Oneida, Cayuga, and Seneca), Hiawatha was a leader from the Mohawk tribe. There, he was well known and highly thought of by all of the tribes. He was a great speaker, and would eventually become the representative for the Great Peacemaker. The Great Peacemaker was a man who hoped to spread peace throughout all of the Haudenosaunee (Iroquois) Territory. Due to the fact that he had a severe speech impediment, the Great Peacemaker needed a spokesperson. Hiawatha was willing to speak on behalf of Dekanawidah because violence had been developing throughout the Iroquois Territory. During these times of chaos, a leader named Tadodaho, who had despised the idea of peace, targeted and killed Hiawatha's wife and daughters. Thereafter, Hiawatha became the Peacemaker's speaker, so he could stop the violence. Dewanawidah and Hiawatha eventually obtained peace throughout the Iroquois by promising Tadodaho that Onondaga would become the capital of the Grand Council, the main governing body of the Iroquois. Hiawatha and Dekanawidah created the Great Law of Peace, recorded in wampum belts, to solidify the bond between the original five nations of the Iroquois.

Among the names of the fifty traditional Hoyenah (sachems) of the Haudenosaunee, Hiawatha (among others) is a representative of the Mohawk, and Tadodaho of the Onondaga.[Note 3]

Hiawatha Belt

This belt depicts the original five nations of the Iroquois Confederacy and how they were all woven together.
The Hiawatha Belt, depicting the five original tribes of the Iroquois Confederacy their interconnections

The Hiawatha Belt is a wampum belt that symbolizes peace between the original five nations of the Iroquois.[6][7] The belt depicts the nations in a specific order from left to right. The Seneca are furthest to the left, representing their position as Keepers of the Western Door. Next is the Cayuga, and in the center of the belt, depicted with a different symbol, is the Onondaga, also known as the Keepers of the Central Fire. Next is the Oneida. Finally, shown farthest to the right is the Mohawk, the Keepers of the Eastern Door.[6] The white line connecting all of the symbols for each tribe together represents the unity of the Iroquois. It also represents the Great Law of Peace and the Iroquois Confederacy as a whole.

The wampum belt consists of black or purplish and white beads made of shells. Found in the Northeast of America, quahog clam shells are often used for the black and sometimes the white beads of these belts. Most often, the Iroquois used various types of whelk shells for the white beads.

Wampum figures in the story of Hiawatha. When Hiawatha was full of grief because his daughters were murdered, the Great Peacemaker gifted Hiawatha with the whelk shells and told him to put them on his eyes and ears and throat. These shells were a sign of healing and purity. Hiawatha used these shells to create unity. The Iroquois Nation believes that the Peacemaker was the one who gifted them the first wampum belt, which later was titled the Hiawatha Belt.[8]

Today the image of the Hiawatha Belt is used on the Flag of the Iroquois Confederacy.

The Song of Hiawatha

Written by Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, the 1855 epic poem The Song of Hiawatha tells of the adventures of "Hiawatha" and his heroic deeds. This poem has little to do with the actual Hiawatha; Longfellow most likely took the name of Hiawatha and applied it to the Ojibway demigod Manabozho.[4][9] The poem tells the story of a legendary heroic Native man[Note 4] starting from his birth and ending on his ascension to the clouds. It talks of many battles, losses, and moral lessons. Longfellow, along with another writer, Henry Rowe Schoolcraft, hoped to combine stories of Native Americans and create a sense of pride and remembrance for the Native Americans during the 1820s and later.[10]

See also

Explanatory notes

  1. ↑ Dates of 1390–1630 have also been proposed.
  2. ↑ His original name seems to be not recorded
  3. ↑ Morgan transcribes these as Hä-yo-went′-ha and To-do-dă-ho.
  4. ↑ He is nowhere identified as Iroquois.

References

  1. ↑ Bright, William (2004). Native American Place Names of the United States. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press. p. 166. ISBN 0-8061-3576-X.
  2. ↑ Johansen, Bruce E. (2006). "Shades of Hiawatha". American Native American Culture and Research. Journal 30 no2: 173 – via ebscohost.
  3. ↑ Johansen, Bruce E. "Dating the Iroquois Confederacy". Ratical Earth Journal. Retrieved Apr 5, 2022.
  4. 1 2 Wallace, Paul A.W. (October 1948). "The Return of Hiawatha". New York History. 29 (4): 385–403. JSTOR 23149546. Retrieved April 5, 2022.
  5. ↑ Parker, Arthur C. (April 1, 1916). "The Hiawatha Tradition" (PDF). New York State Museum Bulletin. 184: 114–118.
  6. 1 2 "Wampum". ganondagan.org. Retrieved 2019-11-25.
  7. ↑ It is the "national belt of the Haudenosaunee""Hiawatha Belt". Onondaga Nation. 18 June 2014. Retrieved Apr 6, 2022.
  8. ↑ eighty6. "Wampum: Memorializing the Spoken Word – Oneida Indian Nation". Retrieved 2019-12-01.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  9. ↑ McNally, Michael David (2006). "The Indian Passion Play: Contesting the Real Indian in Song of Hiawatha Pageants, 1901-1965". American Quarterly. 58 (1): 105–136. doi:10.1353/aq.2006.0031. ISSN 1080-6490. S2CID 144548510.
  10. ↑ Beauchamp, William M. (1922). Iroquois Folk Lore. Empire State Historical Publication. pp. 86–87.

Further reading

Juvenile audience

  • Bonvillain, Nancy (1992). Hiawatha: founder of the Iroquois Confederacy. ISBN 0-7910-1707-9 ISBN 9780791017074
  • Fradin, Dennis B. (1992). Hiawatha: messenger of peace. ISBN 0-689-50519-1 ISBN 9780689505195
  • McClard, Megan, George Ypsilantis and Frank Riccio (1989). Hiawatha and the Iroquois league. ISBN 0-382-09568-5 ISBN 9780382095689 ISBN 0-382-09757-2 ISBN 9780382097577
  • Malkus, Alida (1963). There really was a Hiawatha.
  • St. John, Natalie and Mildred Mellor Bateson (1928). Romans of the West: untold but true story of Hiawatha.
  • Taylor, C. J. (2004). Peace walker: the legend of Hiawatha and Tekanawita. ISBN 0-88776-547-5 ISBN 9780887765476
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