Evaluation of the color and flavor of grated Hikimi wasabi. From left, Hikimi wasabi (Daijin species), Hikimi wasabi (native species) and wasabi from Shizuoka Prefecture (Mazuma species). Each is a three-year-old root. Residents of the Kantō region (in eastern Japan) prefer deep green wasabi; whereas residents of the Kansai region (in western Japan) prefer light green or yellow wasabi.[1]

Hikimi Wasabi (匹見ワサビ) is a variety of wasabi cultivated in Hikimi Town (now part of Masuda City), Shimane Prefecture, Japan.

A replica of an old document, allegedly written by the feudal lord Mōri Terumoto (1553–1625). The document is preserved at Myōrinji temple in Yamaguchi Prefecture, and describes how Masuda Motonaga, the 20th feudal lord of the Masuda area, which included Hikimi, during the Edo period, entertained and impressed Mōri Terumoto with wasabi cuisine.[2]
A replica of the Iwami Gaiki, which was compiled in 1820 by Nakagawa Akisuke, a scholar retained by a Hamada feudal lord. The original book is preserved at Mononobe Shrine, founded in the year 513, in Oda City, Shimane Prefecture. According to the description, wasabi was also called Yamaaoi, produced in the mountain area of Hikimi, and the book also refers to the pharmacological effects of wasabi.[3]

Wasabi cultivation in Hikimi began in 1818[lower-alpha 1][4] and by the early Shōwa era (1926–1989) reached an annual production of 300 metric tons (330.7 US tons). Of the wasabi from Shimane, 90% came from the town of Hikimi[5][6] At the time, Shimane Prefecture was one of the top producers of wasabi in Japan.[5][6] The two top areas of wasabi production were Shizuoka Prefecture in the East and Shimane Prefecture in the West.[5][6] Hikimi's wasabi production declined due to numerous factors, including two large floods since the 1970s, recent generations of farming families choosing different careers, and global warming.[5][6] In recent years, new residents of Hikimi have been attempting to revive the production of Hikimi wasabi.[5][7] In 2013, Shimane Prefecture produced 74.5 metric tons of wasabi (70.2 metric tons were soil-grown wasabi, 4.3 metric tons were water-grown wasabi). That is fifth most in Japan, but far behind the top three prefectures: Shizuoka (867.6 metric tons), Nagano (604.7 metric tons), and Iwate (432.7 metric tons).[8] Shimane Prefecture is known for its Hikimi wasabi. Due to this small amount, Hikimi wasabi is now considered to be fairly rare.[9]

Climate

Japan, except for the Hokkaido region, is in the subtropical high-pressure belt, a unique area in the world rich in water despite being located at a latitude which often is desert.[10] When winter comes, rainfall often turns into snowfall, and the Japan Sea side of the main island Honshū has one of the highest amounts of snow at that latitude or lower in the world.[11] Hikimi is located in the southwestern tip of this heavy snow fall area in Japan.[12] Snow acts as insulation to help protect wasabi from frost during the winter. Snow also functions as a natural dam, keeping water plentiful, which is good for growing wasabi. Hikimi is also humid and, being in the mountains, has fewer daylight hours throughout the year.[13] A species native to Japan, wasabi was originally distributed mainly around the Japan Sea side of Honshū.[14] It grows much better in areas with high humidity and short daylight hours than in areas with strong sunlight and high temperatures.[15] With all these favorable factors existing in Hikimi, wasabi grows naturally and has been used by the local people since before it was farmed[4] In terms of climate, Hikimi is the best place for wasabi cultivation, but there are concerns about the future of wasabi production in Hikimi.[16] It is said that the average global rise in temperature is 0.68 °C per 100 years (1.22 °F), but the temperature of Hikimi rose 1.1 °C (1.98 °F) in the past 100 years.[17] This means that ideal conditions for wasabi cultivation rose 200 meters in that time,[18] since temperatures decrease at a rate of 0.55 °C per 100 meters.[19] In the past, top-quality wasabi could be harvested even in the lower areas. However, the water temperature gradually has been rising since World War II, and the warmer temperatures have resulted in more damage to the crops from insects.[16] Some farmers are trying to avoid disease and pests by farming fields at higher elevations,[20] but soon they will run out of land to move up to. Moreover, on the Japan Sea side, in recent years there have been torrential rainstorms at a scale never seen before.[21][22] These large storms wash away wasabi plants and sometimes devastate entire farms.[16][20]

Cultivation

Water-grown cultivation

In Hikimi, water-grown wasabi is commonly grown on farms in the Keiryū style (渓流式, keiryū-shiki, "mountain–stream style").[15] The water comes from the Takatsu River system, which is one of the cleanest rivers in Japan.[23] The Tatami-ishi style (畳石式 tatami-ishi-shiki, "paving-stone style") is the main style used in Shizuoka, and the Heichi style (平地式 heichi-shiki, "flatland style") in Nagano. These use spring water as a source and are usually constructed on a large scale using heavy machinery[15] in easily accessible locations. On the other hand, Keiryū-style fields use water mainly from mountain streams. The fields are built on a small-scale by hand along mountain streams, making full use of the natural features of the landscape.[15] To access the Keiryu Style fields, people need to be excellent mountain hikers, because the fields are located in difficult to access places[9]

Water-grown wasabi traits

Slow growth

Slow growth[24] owes to Keiryū-style cultivation being exceedingly connected to the natural environment.[15] The temperature of spring water (ground water) has little variation year-round. On the other hand, mountain stream water is always exposed to the elements, so the temperature is easily affected by the outside temperature. For that reason, the water temperature in Keiryū-style farming changes significantly according to the season. The water temperature range to grow wasabi is as narrow as 8 to 18.6 °C (the ideal temperature is 12 to 13 °C), and growth stops if it is higher or lower than that.[15] Therefore, water-grown wasabi in Keiryū-style fields goes through periods of growth and rest similar to annual growth rings on trees.

Flavor and appearance

The flavor and appearance of Hikimi wasabi are described as:[4][24][6]

  1. Mild sweetness spreading after a sharp pungent flavor
  2. Rich in aroma and with a viscous texture
  3. Grated color is light green. (Native species are mostly yellow or white.)

Regarding this sweetness, Hoshi Norimitsu, a former executive chef of the Hotel Okura, stated: "Hikimi Wasabi is not only posses a strong pungency, but also contains sweetness in the sharpness. I think it is because Hikimi wasabi spends time in snow. Well ... people have said for years that Japanese radish (daikon) which is preserved in the snow is sweeter. Wasabi is the same."[25]

The viscosity of wasabi is believed to help retain pungency and flavor compounds after being grated, and keeps its quality longer.[1][26] At the same time, wasabi goes well as a sushi topping or in a sushi rice ball. For example, watery sushi toppings such as herring roe or abalone easily slide from a sushi rice ball, but wasabi makes sushi toppings hard to slide down. Viscous Hikimi wasabi works especially well.[27]

Regarding the color of grated wasabi, residents of Tokyo prefer the deep green wasabi produced in Shizuoka Prefecture, whereas residents of the Keihanshin region (the Kyoto–Osaka–Kobe area) prefer the light green wasabi produced in Shimane Prefecture. The largest company of processed wasabi manufactures and sells two different colors of powdered wasabi for business use. One is the western Japan style, and the other is eastern Japan style. The western Japan style of wasabi is lighter colored than wasabi from eastern Japan.

Farm-grown cultivation

Farm-grown wasabi is mainly grown on the slopes of forests where broad-leaved trees grow. The broad-leaf trees naturally adjust the sunlight suitable for growth of wasabi by blocking strong sunlight in the summer, and allowing weak sunlight through after the leaves fall in the winter.[15] The fields are made at various altitudes from 250 meters to 1100 meters above sea level. By farming at different altitudes at the same time, farmers can harvest over a wider period of time.

Revival efforts

To revive wasabi cultivation in Hikimi, the following institutions and measures are being conducted.

Wasabi Bio-center
This institution produces seedlings of elite breeds. It is located at the former site of the branch in Hikimi.[6] This institution is equipped with an air-controlled laboratory, a breeder room with various equipment, and equipment to keep bacteria out.[6]
Wasabi College Hikimi
This approach is planned and sponsored by the local administration with the aim of getting people interested in agriculture and rural life, finding new farmers, and promoting settlement.[6] Some participants of the college moved to Hikimi to farm.[6]

Breed varieties

Shimane No. 3 is one of the main breed varieties and is cultivated in both water fields and soil fields. Shimane No. 3 was developed by Dr. Yokogi Kuniomi of Shimane Prefecture's Agricultural Experiment Station with the cooperation of Kenjirō Tanaka, a farmer in Nichihara Town (now part of Tsuwano Town) in 1942.[28] It is the only superior variety found to be resistant to the putrefaction disease which destroys wasabi cultivation, and it saved the wasabi industry in Shimane Prefecture.[28][6] For water-grown wasabi only, in addition to local species native to Hikimi, there is Daijin, which is bred from native varieties from elsewhere in Japan. Misawa, which was developed in 2002, is used for soil-grown wasabi only.[6]

Processed products

Shōyu-zuke (pickled vegetables in soy sauce). Carefully selected shoots of wasabi. Only those with a good texture are used for shōyu-zuke. The shoots of wasabi are known to locals as ganime[14] and treated as a luxury ingredient.[29]

Processed products of water-grown wasabi include additive‐free wasabi paste, Japanese yam paste mixed with wasabi,[7] sausages containing wasabi, and other things.[30] Soil-grown wasabi is used mainly to make wasabi paste.[31][32] Soil-grown wasabi's leaves, stems, and flower parts are also used as ingredients of pickled products such as shōyu-zuke (soy sauce pickles), sakekasu-zuke (pickles in sake lees), miso-zuke (miso pickles),[33] and sweets such as ice cream[34] and pudding.[35][36] Wasabi shoots (known locally as ganime) with good texture are used especially for shōyu-zuke.

Culture

Yamaoi-Tengu-Sha shrine

Yamaaoi-Tengu-Sha shrine is the only shrine dedicated to wasabi in which wasabi farmers pray for a good harvest in Japan.[6] The shrine is located halfway up Mount Daijingataki, 1170 meters (3838 feet) above sea level, in the town of Hikimi, Mikazura District.[4] This town is regarded as the birthplace of Hikimi Wasabi. The shrine's goshintai (object of worship) is a carved tengu with a round fan dedicated to the shrine.[6]

Wasabi Kagura

Kagura being performed at the Wasabi Shrine. The title of this performance is Yamaaoi Tengu, and it is well known as a Wasabi Kagura. A demon, an anthropomorphized form of disease and some insects, attacks a wasabi farmer in one of the scene. These days, smoke is also used to be more dramatic. A crow-billed goblin slays the demon, and the story comes to a happy ending.

Iwami Kagura is a traditional performance art of western Shimane Prefecture. In modern times, a Kagura play has been created by locals to pray for a good wasabi harvest.[37] Nishida Tamotsu created the wooden masks. Watanabe Tomochiyo, who is a researcher of Iwami Kagura and ethnology, created the words, and the Mikazura Kagura Preservation Society, all members of which are wasabi farmers, created the choreography.[37] The title "Yamaaoi Tengu" was named after the official name of the Wasabi Shrine. The performance was first performed at the Shrine on June 5, 1983.[37] The Wasabi Kagura has continued to be performed since then. The story goes that a tengu, an object of worship of the shrine, slays disease and insects (in anthropomorphized forms) to save suffering wasabi farmers.

The story is performed by members of the Mikazura Kagura Preservation Society. The group has been designated as a Shimane prefectural intangible folk cultural property. The story is performed at a unique Rokuchōshi tempo.[37]

Uzume-meshi

This recipe for uzume meshi is from Hagi no Ikai, a local group that aims to preserve the traditional cuisine of the town of Hikimi. The recipe is as follows:[38]
  1. Ingredients: burdock roots, taro, carrots, fried tofu, nameko mushrooms and chicken cut into small cubes.
  2. Boil the ingredients in a dashi broth made from bonito flaks, kelp, soy sauce and sweet sake, and thicken with potato starch.
  3. Put the boiled ingredients in a bowl with a little of the broth, and then top with some grated wasabi.
  4. Cover the ingredients with rice, then decorate with some Japanese parsley leaves on top, and it is finished.

Cuisine using wasabi has existed in the town of Hikimi since the Middle Ages.[2] Most notably, uzume-meshi was selected as one of the "Five Great Japanese Rice Meals" in a nationwide survey of local cuisine, conducted by the Imperial Household Agency.[39] Uzume-meshi looks like a simple bowl of rice, but when the rice is removed with chopsticks, chicken, taro, burdock, carrots, nameko mushrooms, and other ingredients appear in a broth under the rice. Uzume means "to fill up", and meshi means "rice". It is said that uzume-meshi was named after how the dish is arranged.[40] In Hikimi, it is said that Uzume-meshi was eaten as part of a feast when guests visited a house for ceremonial occasions, such as visits from bureaucrats, festivals, or the New Year's holiday.[40] Its origins are unknown, but there are three origin stories:[40]

  1. Wasabi long ago was so expensive that if farmers sold some, they could earn enough money to live for a month. Therefore, wasabi was hidden under the rice to prevent their guests from feeling apprehensive by seeing they were being served such expensive food.
  2. Hosts were embarrassed by putting such cheap vegetables on rice, so they hid the ingredients under the rice.
  3. In ancient times, copper pheasant was a source of protein for the local people. In the Edo period, an edict forbidding the harming of living things came into effect, so people began to hide the ingredients under the rice so as not to get in trouble.

The ingredients vary in homes and restaurants, but the common elements are shirukakegohan (rice mixed with broth) and wasabi. Uzume-meshi is served at local restaurants,[40][41][42][43] and is also provided at the rest stop of a local bicycle race, Masuda I・NA・KA Ride. Riders can ride through the 100 kilometer course, starting from the Iwami Airport runway and passing through various local roads without traffic lights. Uzume-meshi appeared in the Japanese comic series Oishinbo.[38]

Mascot

In 2011, the mascot Wasamaru, inspired by the shape of wasabi, was designed as a promotional tool for settlement in Masuda city.[44][45][46]

Notes

  1. ↑ 1818 corresponds to the first year of the Bunsei era on the traditional Japanese calendar.

References

  1. 1 2 横木国臣・上野良一『ワサビ』農山漁村文化協会（新特産シリーズ）、1980年
  2. 1 2 Prefectural History Editor's Room "History of Yamaguchi Prefecture Historical Materials Medieval 3", page 796, 2004県史編さん室『山口県史 史料編 中世3』796頁、2004年
  3. ↑ 中川顕允『石見外記』204頁、1820年
  4. 1 2 3 4 矢富熊一郎『石見匹見町史』島根郷土史会、1965年8月15日 [Ichiro Aragami "History of Iwami Tomimi Town" Shimane Regional History Association]
  5. 1 2 3 4 5 『知ってる！？しまね うまいもの編』（匹見わさび） Archived 2015-02-21 at the Wayback Machine - 一般社団法人移住・交流推進事業
  6. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 匹見町誌編さん委員会『匹見町誌』山陰中央新報社、2007年6月
  7. 1 2 益田の匹見ワサビにペースト商品 手軽に本物の味 Archived 2015-02-21 at the Wayback Machine - 朝日新聞デジタル島根版（2014年12月20日）
  8. ↑ 平成25年特用林産基礎資料（政府統計の総合窓口）掲載の「わさび（生産量）」による。
  9. 1 2 「”幻の匹見わさび”を食す」『カートピア』2014年6月号、富士重工業 カートピア編集室、2014年
  10. ↑ 加藤 内藏進; 東 伸彦 (2013-03-08). "Development of an exploratory lesson on the climatologic features of the rainy season rain focusing on the occurrence frequency of heavy rain (Practice at affiliated junior high school using daily rainfall data) 豪雨の出現頻度に注目した梅雨降水の気候学的特徴に関する探究的授業の開発（日降水量データを用いた附属中学校での実践）". 岡山大学教師教育開発センター紀要. 岡山大学教師教育開発センター. 3: 18.
  11. ↑ "日本列島の降雪を考える イッツコム 2014年3月3日閲覧". Retrieved 2015-03-03.
  12. ↑ "YOMIURI ONLINE 2014 年02月26日 元匹見町長 道路整備、国会で訴え". Archived from the original on 2015-02-22. Retrieved 2015-02-22.
  13. ↑ "ニッポン美肌県グランプリ2014" (PDF) (Press release). ポーラ. 2014-11-11. Retrieved 2015-03-03.
  14. 1 2 "山根京子 ワサビにおける農産物直売所が果たす役割と文化地理学的傾向 2011年11月" (PDF). Retrieved 2015-03-03.
  15. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 星谷佳功『ワサビ』農山漁村文化協会（新特産シリーズ）、1996年
  16. 1 2 3 『中国山地』中国新聞社、1967年2月30日
  17. ↑ "地球温暖化の進行と影響及びとりまく情勢 島根県" [The progress and influence of global warming and surrounding conditions Shimane Prefecture] (PDF). Retrieved 2015-03-25.
  18. ↑ 大山英久「地球温暖化と日本の農業」議会官庁資料調査室、2006年6月 [Hidehisa Oyama "Global Warming and Japanese Agriculture" Parliamentary Office Materials Research Office]
  19. ↑ "気温の逓減率について 二宮書店". Archived from the original on 2015-04-02. Retrieved 2015-03-25.
  20. 1 2 『新中国山地』中国新聞社、1986年8月30日 ["New China Mountain" China News Agency, August 30, 1986]
  21. ↑ "ネットアイビーニュース 山口島根を襲ったゲリラ豪雨の爪痕?安倍首相4日に現地視察へ" [Net Ivy News Yamaguch Nailguard of guerilla heavy rain attacking Shimane? Prime Minister Abe to visit the site on the 4th]. Retrieved 2015-03-25.
  22. ↑ "YAHOO!ニュース 島根県で再び豪雨。今夏の集中豪雨は、日本海側に集中するクセがある" [YAHOO! News It is again heavy rain in Shimane prefecture. The summer heavy downpour has a habit of concentrating on the Sea of Japan side]. Retrieved 2015-03-25.
  23. ↑ "圏域の宝「清流高津川」が4年連続（平成22年、23年、24年、25年）で水質日本一となりました". Archived from the original on 2015-02-16. Retrieved 2015-02-27.
  24. 1 2 "Wasabi of the dikes" Masuda-shi production pamphlet,『ひきみのワサビ』益田市製作パンフレット、2015/03/03閲覧
  25. ↑ 天野礼子『日本一の清流で見つけた未来の種』中央公論新社、2015年
  26. ↑ 金印わさび機能性研究所『 健康・美容わさびレシピ』辰巳出版 2013年1月 18頁
  27. ↑ 特集「わさび 日本のフレーバー」 その1「日本一」を求めて - 朝日新聞デジタル（2016年12月29日）
  28. 1 2 横木国臣先生喜寿記念刊行会『喜寿と回想』島根県農業試験場、1980年11月21日
  29. ↑ "Aoi Hayama recipe". Shimane Prefectural Government (in Japanese). 2013 Shimane Prefectural Government. 19 March 2015. Archived from the original on 2 April 2015. Retrieved 11 March 2018.
  30. ↑ 匹見ワサビ Archived 2015-04-02 at the Wayback Machine『ウォーカープラス』2014年6月16日
  31. ↑ 益田市 Archived 2015-04-02 at the Wayback Machine『平成25年度 第1回 匹見地域協議会 会議報告書』2013年4月24日
  32. ↑ テレビ朝日 Archived 2015-04-02 at the Wayback Machine島根・益田市 ?単身移住でワサビ栽培? 2015年3月19日閲覧
  33. ↑ 益田市 Archived 2015-04-02 at the Wayback Machine「わさびの花芽摘み・わさび尽くし料理体験」開催します！ 2015年3月19日閲覧
  34. ↑ 月刊しまねIWAMIマガジン Archived 2015-04-08 at the Wayback Machine匹見峡レストパーク 地元産のものを使ったメニュー 2015年3月19日閲覧
  35. ↑ 島根県庁 いきいきファーマーだより わさび料理コンテスト 2015年3月19日閲覧
  36. ↑ 益田市観光協会 Archived 2015-04-02 at the Wayback Machineわがまち自慢フェア匹見収穫祭 匹見特産のわさびを使ったわさびプリンが販売 2015年3月19日閲覧
  37. 1 2 3 4 "'New Wasabi Kagura' Wasabi praying for harvesting and dedicating tomorrow" Sanin Chuo Shimpo, June 4, 1983.『新作「ワサビ神楽」ワサビの豊作祈願しあす奉納』 山陰中央新報 1983年6月4日
  38. 1 2 小学館「美味しんぼ」第8話（新妻の手料理） 2016年10月20日閲覧
  39. ↑ 島根県広聴広報課『シマネスク No.103 2017 Spring 「うずめ飯」』、2017年3月 [Shimane Prefecture Public Information Division "Shimanesque No. 103, Spring 2017: Uzume-meshi", March 2017]
  40. 1 2 3 4 『現代農業 1月増刊「うかたま」 雪舟山荘のうずめめし』 農文協 2005年12月5日発売 [Contemporary Agriculture January supplement "Ukatama", Uzume-meshi from Sesshō Sansō (guesthouse), December 5, 2005]
  41. ↑ うずめ飯 Archived 2015-01-09 at the Wayback Machine 津和野町 2015年4月30日閲覧
  42. ↑ 石見観光振興協議会事務局 森の洋食屋さん「ねむの木」 Archived 2016-05-13 at the Wayback Machine 2015年5月1日閲覧
  43. ↑ 田舎のごちそう 島根県 益田市 前編 2015年5月1日閲覧
  44. ↑ 益田・匹見特産ワサビPR マスコットキャラ「わさまる」市長表敬 Archived 2015-02-21 at the Wayback Machine - 山陰中央新報 2015年1月8日
  45. ↑ あまりにゆるすぎ？ 匹見のキャラ「わさまる」 Archived 2015-02-25 at the Wayback Machine - 朝日新聞デジタル島根版2014年4月26日
  46. ↑ ゆるすぎるご当地キャラ「わさまる」に2号誕生 Archived 2015-02-25 at the Wayback Machine - 朝日新聞デジタル島根版2015年1月16日
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