Hindu American Foundation
AbbreviationHAF
FormationSeptember 22, 2003 (2003-09-22)
FoundersSanjay Garg, Nikhil Joshi, Mihir Meghani, Nagendra Rao, Aseem Shukla
68-0551525[1]
Legal status501(c)(3) non-profit
PurposeHindu American advocacy
HeadquartersWashington, D.C.
Location
  • United States
  • 910 17th St NW, Suite 315
Region served
United States
Official language
American English
Executive Director
Suhag Shukla
WebsiteOfficial website

The Hindu American Foundation (abbr. HAF) is an American Hindu non-profit advocacy group founded in 2003. The organisation has its roots in the Hindu nationalist organisation Vishwa Hindu Parishad America and its student wing Hindu Students Council.

HAF's areas of activism include protecting Hindu rights in the United States, highlighting Hindu persecution in other countries, pushing back against the cultural appropriation of Yoga, and opposition to legislation of anti-caste-discrimination laws. Scholars argue that HAF's activism aligns with Hindu nationalism and impinges on academic freedom.

Establishment

The Hindu American Foundation (HAF) was founded in September 2003 by Mihir Meghani, an emergency care physician; Aseem Shukla, an associate professor in urologic surgery; Suhag Shukla, an attorney; Nikhil Joshi, a labor law attorney; and Adeeti Joshi, a speech therapist.[2] The organization describes itself as a human rights and advocacy group and emphasizes upon the "Hindu and American ideals of understanding, tolerance and pluralism."[3]

The first Hindu advocacy organization to have a professional organizational structure and full-time staff, it is widely considered to be the most prominent Hindu advocacy organization operating out of America.[4][5] Scholar Vinay Lal notes that the organization drew on the claims of Hinduism being unique in its tolerance and religious pluralism as well as the enormous goodwill created by Gandhi in the West.[6]

Hindu nationalist ties

HAF co-founder Mihir Meghani had also founded the University of Michigan's chapter of the Hindu Students Council (HSC), a nationwide network of student societies affiliated with the Vishwa Hindu Parishad America (VHPA), in 1991.[7] He served on the governing council of VHPA and had even authored an essay for the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP).[8][9][10] In the essay, he compared Hindus—a religious majority in India—with Jews, Black Americans, and colonized groups, whose bottled-up anger, for over a millennium, allegedly found a channel of outburst in the rise of BJP and demolition of the Babri Masjid.[7][11][lower-alpha 1] Coalition Against Genocide (CAG)—a platform established in the aftermath of 2002 Gujarat riots against Hindu nationalist violence directed at minorities[4]—alleges that the formation of the Hindu American Foundation was the outcome of Meghani's parleys on the governing council of VHPA and an effort to rebrand the Hindutva agenda[lower-alpha 2] as "Hindu rights" as needed for mainstream American politics; Sangay K. Mishra, an assistant professor of political science at Drew University, agrees about the rebranding motto.[12][13]

CAG further notes that most of the office bearers of the Hindu American Foundation were drawn from HSC activists.[14] Georgetown University's Bridge Initiative finds the HAF board member Rishi Bhutada to have been the official spokesperson of "Howdy Modi," an RSS-backed rally in support of India's incumbent prime minister Narendra Modi held in Houston, Texas on September 22, 2020.[15] A report published by BBC notes HAF to have lobbied support in favor of Modi among the diaspora.[15][16] In September 2019, HAF published an open letter criticizing congressman Ro Khanna's public plea to reject Hindutva.[17] The Bridge Initiative as well as several journalists have documented anti-Muslim statements made by HAF board members, past and present, and individuals invited to speak by HAF.[15][10][18] Academic and journalists have also documented money trails linking HAF to other Sangh Parivar groups via their donors.[10]

Sonia Sikka, an academic specializing in the intersection of religion and politics, notes clear alignments between HAF's activities and the politics of Hindutva Nationalism despite their claims to non-partisanship.[19] Chad Bauman, a professor of religion at Butler University, contends HAF's portrayal of Hinduism to be misleadingly monolithic and sanitized, in service of a political agenda.[20] Nishant Upadhyyay, a professor at the University of Colorado, Boulder, specializing in gender and sexuality studies finds the group's queer-friendly portrayal of Hinduism to be embedded within a discourse of Hindutva homonationalism.[21] Dheepa Sundaram, a scholar of religion and digital culture at University of Denver, notes that the group aimed at sanitizing Hindutva, in part by borrowing from decolonial vocabulary, misleadingly portraying terms like Hindutva, Brahminism etc. as oriental pejoratives.[22]

HAF denies these charges, claims to be non-partisan, and has unsuccessfully filed defamation suits against a wide range of organisations and individuals that alleged its links to Hindutva.[23][24] However, Arun Chaudhuri, an anthropologist of religion and politics at York University, cautions that such disavowals are not be taken as face value but rather as efforts at distancing HAF from the negative connotations of Hindu nationalism. Sailaja Krishnamurti, a professor at Saint Mary's University (Halifax) who specializes in religious traditions of the South Asian diaspora, summarizes that HAF has "earned a reputation" of being a conservative group purveying Hindu nationalist politics,[25][26] as does Ilyse Morgenstein Fuerst, a historian specializing in South Asian religions at the University of Vermont, who qualifies HAF as a "deeply conservative" outfit.[27] Audrey Truschke, a historian of South Asia at Rutgers University, finds HAF to be an integral component of the "wider Sangh Parivar" and Hindu right in the United States; she notes that the organization had "prioritized attacks on higher education."[28]

Activism

Hindu persecution in other countries

During 2004–05, the organization held events to educate legislators about issues of concern to Hindu Americans. These included the abuse of Hindus in the Muslim majority regions of South Asia, including Kashmir, Bangladesh and Pakistan.[8] Since then, they have continued to publish regular "Hindu Human Rights" reports to such effect.[4] They have critiqued Pakistan's treatment of Hindus and advocated for better assimilation and integration of Pakistani Hindu migrants/refugees in India.[29] The organization also supports strong ties between India, Israel and the US to create an axis of countries aiming to fight Islamic terrorism.[30]

Religious freedom and Hindu rights in the United States

Ten Commandments monument at issue in Van Orden

In 2004, HAF challenged the public display of the Ten Commandments in Texas, where it appeared as amici curiae (friend of the Court) in Van Orden v. Perry in the United States Supreme Court; they argued that the display represented an "inherent government preference" for Judeo-Christian religions over others and the state must be reminded of its obligation to maintain religious neutrality.[31][32] In 2005, it joined the American Jewish Committee (AJC) to jointly sponsor a program at Stanford University on "countering biases against Hindus and Jews on the College campus."[30] In 2008, HAF, along with a coalition of other religious groups, filed a lawsuit and blocked the issuance of Christian-themed license plates in South Carolina.[33]

In 2013, HAF joined a coalition of Christian, Jewish, Hindu, Sikh, and Muslim organizations urging the Justice Department investigate the New York City Police Department for discriminatory surveillance of American Muslims.[34] In 2015, as a part of the Hate Crimes Coalition, HAF participated in the drafting and submission of the edits to an FBI manual to specifically track hate crimes against Hindus, Sikhs and Muslims.[35] In 2016, HAF along with Indiaspora and other organizations successfully convinced the United States Postal Service to issue a stamp commemorating the Hindu festival of Diwali.[36]

Visa for Narendra Modi

In 2002, Gujarat witnessed a communal riot under the Chief Ministership of Narendra Modi; the incumbent government and even Modi himself is widely blamed by scholars for complicity.[37][38][39] In 2005, when Modi was invited to address the Asian-American Hotel Owners Association, activists including John Prabhudoss lobbied the United States Congress to introduce a resolution criticizing him for his role in those riots.[4] Reps. Joseph Pitts and John Conyers introduced House Resolution 160 to this effect.[40] HAF opposed this resolution and called it "Hinduphobic," expressing frustration that the Congressmen "made India a focus of a resolution condemning religious persecution in South Asia while discrimination and violence against Hindus in Pakistan and Bangladesh escaped mention."[41][4] Nonetheless, the bill led to the State Department denying Modi a visa to enter the country, two days after the bill was introduced.[42][4] In 2013, HAF successfully opposed a House bill by Rep. Pitts that commended the 2005 visa denial and encouraged the federal government "to review the applications of any individuals implicated in religious freedom violations under the same standard."[43][44] Modi would qualify for a visa, and visit the United States, only after becoming Prime Minister of India in 2014.[45][46]

"Take Back Yoga" campaign

In 2010, the Foundation launched the "Take Back Yoga" campaign as a reaction to alleged cultural appropriation and secularization of yoga by popular press and neo-gurus who abstained from discussing the origins of yoga in Hinduism and corrupted a Hindu philosophical practice to a mere collection of physical postures.[47][48][49] Particular emphasis was laid on the Hindu nature of yoga manuals across centuries to corroborate claims of yoga being a Hindu form of spiritual quest.[49]

Andrea Jain, a professor of Religious Studies at Indiana University, finds such claims to be embedded within a polemical discourse of religious fundamentalism that unwittingly borrowed from and mirrored the West—while HAF waxed about the inevitable Hinduization of anybody who chooses to practice Yoga in its true essence, the Christian far-right denounced Yoga as a satanic act which took practitioners away from Christ into the fold of Brahmins.[49] Furthermore, Jain finds HAF's essentialist discourse on Yoga to be ahistorical—Yoga was a fluid tradition which was made and remade by different socioreligious cultures across different times with different connotations.[49] Other scholars reiterate Jain's observations;[50] Christopher Patrick Miller, a professor of Yoga Studies at Loyola Marymount University, finds it ironic that to defend against perceived Christian ingressions, HAF had to borrow from Christian (and colonial) notions of what constituted a Yogic canon.[51]

Caste

in 2010, HAF issued a report titled "Hinduism: Not Cast in Caste" alleging that Christian missionaries were able to push their proselytizing agenda only because of the prevalence of caste discrimination in India; it went to argue that caste cannot be considered to be an intrinsic definitional aspect of Hinduism—due to a lack of theological sanction in its most sacred texts—and urged for reforms led by Hindus themselves.[52][4] This led to a flutter in conservative Hindu circles of India and the next year, HAF toned down their report; they cautioned against the trend of passing resolutions against caste discrimination adopted by various global organizations and held caste to be an internal affair of a sovereign India.[4] HAF has since portrayed castes as occupational guilds which had brought stability to premodern India before being reified under British colonialism; it has vehemently opposed drawing parallels between caste-discrimination and racism, and even any depiction of the caste-system as a rigid birth-determined pyramid of hierarchy.[4][53]

In 2021, on the heels of prolonged transnational activism by Dalits, "caste" was added as a protected category to California State University's anti-discrimination policy.[54][55] HAF perceived such policies to have the potential of enabling in the malicious targeting of Indian Hindu academics and lodged stiff opposition; their post-bearers argued caste to be a "stereotype", that was imposed upon South Asians only by the British Raj.[56] Ajantha Subramaniam, a professor of South Asian Studies at Harvard University, rejects HAF's charges and accompanying accusations of being discriminated on the basis of religion; she and other scholars emphasize on the depth of scholarship that has held caste to be a reality of central significance from premodern S. Asia to present day India including diaspora.[56][57][25]

In September 2022, HAF sued the California Civil Rights Department for allegedly misrepresenting caste as intrinsic to Hinduism in its submission to the Cisco caste discrimination lawsuit.[58] In October 2022, two University of California professors sued their employer to prevent the implementation of caste-based protections; HAF is representing them in the lawsuit.[59]

In 2023, HAF was among several Hindu-American organizations that opposed the SB 403 bill, which was a bill aiming to add caste into the definition of ancestry under multiple discrimination categories in California.[60] The bill was passed by the California State Senate after a divisive debate in May 2023.[61][62] The proponents of the bill insisted that an explicit ban on caste discrimination was needed to raise awareness on this bias, but HAF contended that this proposal unfairly targeted Hindus;[63] and may result in racial profiling against Hindu Americans.[64] In October 2023, California Governor Gavin Newsom vetoed the bill arguing that "caste discrimination is already prohibited under existing civil rights protections".[65][63] Welcoming the governor's decision, Suhag Shukla, executive director of HAF asserted that HAF has long reasoned that "existing laws on ancestry and religion were sufficient"; and introducing caste as a category would have negatively impacted the civil rights of all South Asians.[63]

Attacks on academic freedom

Textbook revisionism

In 2006, HAF was actively involved in the Californian Hindu textbook controversy. On 16 March 2006, it filed a lawsuit contesting the California's Curriculum Commission's decision to reject many of the Vedic Foundation and Hindu Education Foundation's suggested edits to California's textbook curriculum on Hinduism and India. The proposed changes had been publicly opposed by Indologists organized by Michael Witzel, who denounced them as "politically and religiously motivated",[66] as well as by various Hindu groups.[67] The court ruled to retain the textbooks, noting the significant expense associated with reissuing the textbooks.[68]

In 2016, the HAF lobbied against the replacement of the word "Indian" with "South Asian" in middle school history textbooks in California, arguing that the change was essentially an erasure of India itself. These efforts were protested by South Asian academics and activists belonging to India's minority groups, who said that those on the side of the HAF sought to whitewash California's history textbooks to present a nativist, blemish-free view of how the Hindu caste system was enforced in India. They also argued that the term "South Asia" correctly represents India's collective history with countries like Pakistan and Bangladesh. A letter to the California State Board of Education about this issue, which garnered thousands of signatures, was spearheaded by the HAF.[69]

2021 defamation suit

In May 2021, the Hindu American Foundation filed a defamation lawsuit against Sunita Viswanath and Raju Rajagopal of Hindus for Human Rights, Rasheed Ahmed from the Indian American Muslim Council, John Prabhudoss from the Federation of Indian American Christian Organizations, and Audrey Truschke, a historian of South Asia based at Rutgers University.[70][23] The lawsuit was based on statements in two Al Jazeera articles that characterized the HAF as having "ties to Hindu supremacist and religious groups" and with the RSS.[70] A diverse group of intellectuals and academics — Akeel Bilgrami, Amitav Ghosh, Anita Desai, Cornel West, Martha Nussbaum, Nandini Sundar, Noam Chomsky, Romila Thapar, Sudipta Kaviraj, Sheldon Pollock, and Wendy Doniger among others — condemned HAF's tactics as a SLAPP, designed to silence critics and push forward Hindutva.[70][71]

On 15 March 2022, Judge Amit Mehta stayed defendants' motions to dismiss the suit since he deemed one of their arguments about whether HAF had satisfied the second requirement of invoking diversity jurisdiction — by proving the amount of monetary loss to have exceeded 75,000 USD — as a "substantial question" of procedure, that needed to be settled prior to adjudication on merits.[72] Discovery was ordered, and Judge Mehta accepted HAF's evidence to pass muster.[lower-alpha 3] However, on 20 December 2022, he dismissed the suit since HAF had failed not only to establish any cause of action even assuming that their allegations were factually accurate[lower-alpha 4] but also evidence that the court had any personal jurisdiction[lower-alpha 5] over the defendants except one.[73][lower-alpha 6]

Dismantling Global Hindutva conference

During August–September 2021, the Hindu American Foundation launched a protest campaign against a virtual conference, titled Dismantling Global Hindutva: Multidisciplinary Perspectives, organized by a conglomeration of American universities.[74] Multiple academics and activists involved in the conference reported receiving death threats and being subject to other forms of intimidation.[74][75] In response, the American Historical Association condemned the attacks against academic freedom, while the Association for Asian Studies noted Hindutva to be a "majoritarian ideological doctrine" different from Hinduism, whose rise to prominence had accompanied "increasing attacks on numerous scholars, artists and journalists."[76][77]

The conference went ahead as scheduled.[78] HAF has since lodged a complaint against the University of Pennsylvania before the United States Department of Education's Office of Civil Rights for violating Title VI requirements—they allege that the university, having co-sponsored a "one-sided" conference, promoted negative "stereotypes and slurs" about Hindu academics and discriminated against them.[79][80] Multiple Hindu professors of UPenn rejected the accusations and highlighted how transnational Hindutva was weaponized to stifle free speech.[79][80] Sundaram, who identifies as a Hindu, notes the lawsuit to have leveraged "the rhetoric and tactics of social justice activists" but in "pursuit of an oppressive ideology."[22]

Notes

  1. ↑ Meghani critiqued the "denigrations of Hindu traditions" and "pseudi-secularism" practiced by Indian National Congress and went on to warn Muslims about the need of adjusting to a Hindutva-ised Bharat. Meghani claims to have changed his views on the subject in the years since publication - the essay was, apparently, a part of his academic coursework (as a history-major at UMich) and he professes ignorance about how it came to BJP.
  2. ↑ Hindutva is the term used for the strand of Hindu nationalism in the present day context, which covers the present ruling party of India, the Bharatiya Janata Party, its parent organisation Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh, and dozens of affiliated organisations that are collectively termed the Sangh Parivar.
  3. ↑ Judge Mehta notes that HAF offered little causal connection between the defendants' actions and loss of revenue. However, the evidence was sufficient to pass the "low bar" required for invoking the diversity jurisdiction.
  4. ↑ Judge Mehta rejected that HAF had provided any evidence to support that the defenders were acting with malice, which is integral to maintainability of a defamation suit.
  5. ↑ HAF requested for a discovery to bolster its jurisdictional claims; Judge Mehta denied the request for being a "fishing expedition, [..] not made in good faith."
  6. ↑ As to the lone defendant - Prabhudoss - over whom the Court had jurisdiction, Judge Mehta ruled that his statements were opinions that could not be plausibly alleged to be "verifiably false" and hence not litigable.

References

  1. ↑ "Hindu American Foundation Guidestar Profile". Guidestar. Retrieved 6 January 2019.
  2. ↑ Lavina Melwani (April 2009). "Meet the Young Hindu American Foundation". Hinduism Today.
  3. ↑ Prema Kurien, Place at the Multicultural Table (2007), p. 159.
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Kurien, Prema (26 July 2016). "Majority versus minority religious status and diasporic nationalism: Indian American advocacy organisations: Majority versus minority religious status and diasporic nationalism". Nations and Nationalism. 23 (1): 109–128. doi:10.1111/nana.12255.
  5. ↑ "Hindu Group Stirs a Debate Over Yoga's Soul". The New York Times. 27 November 2010.
  6. ↑ Vinay Lal, The Other Indians (2012), p. 123.
  7. 1 2 Prema Kurien, Place at the Multicultural Table (2007), pp. 145–146.
  8. 1 2 Kurien, Prema A. (2007), "Who speaks for Indian Americans? Religion, ethnicity, and political formation", American Quarterly, 59 (3): 759–783, doi:10.1353/aq.2007.0059, JSTOR 40068449, S2CID 143780494
  9. ↑ Prema Kurien, Place at the Multicultural Table (2007), p. 145.
  10. 1 2 3 Raqib Hameed Naik; Divya Trivedi (16 July 2021). "Sangh Parivar's U.S. funds trail". Frontline.
  11. ↑ Prema Kurien, Place at the Multicultural Table (2007), p. 146.
  12. ↑ Coalition Against Genocide (2013), Sec. 2: 'With the VHP-A led by first-generation immigrants who are unable to penetrate the mainstream American political framework, Meghani's creation of the HAF provided a hitherto unavailable opportunity to bridge the gap between the Hindutva agenda and mainstream American politics. By situating the HAF's work within a framework of American multiculturalism, Meghani effectively gained the ability to push the VHP-A's Hindutva agenda as an issue of "Hindu rights".'
  13. ↑ Mishra, Sangay K. (1 March 2016). Desis Divided : The Political Lives of South Asian Americans. University of Minnesota Press. p. 101–103, 215. ISBN 978-0-8166-8115-0.
  14. ↑ Coalition Against Genocide (2013), Sec. 2: "[Meghani's] trajectory as a “second generation” leader of the U.S. Sangh is also notable for the fact that Meghani utilized a rich crop of young Sangh activists like himself to build the HAF. Meghani's team of volunteers/staff who went on to become the founding leadership of HAF (and continue to be its leaders today) are largely drawn from within the ranks of those placed exactly like him, individuals with established credentials as members of one or another American Sangh organization or initiative. Thus Rishi Bhutada came out of the HSC at University of Pennsylvania, Sheetal Shah served as the Southeast Regional Coordinator for the HSC, Suhag Shukla was active with organizing HSC's regional conferences in the same region, Kavitha Pallod out of the VHP-A’s American Hindu Youth Camp, Padma Kuppa with the VHP-A's Hindu Temple Executive Council, and Ramesh Rao with the India Development and Relief Fund (IDRF), a fund-raising arm of the VHP-A.".
  15. 1 2 3 "Factsheet: Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS)". Bridge Initiative. Retrieved 11 July 2021.
  16. ↑ "Why the West is reckoning with caste bias now". BBC News. 28 April 2022. Retrieved 4 May 2022.
  17. ↑ "230 Indian-American organisations urge Congressman RO Khanna to withdraw from Pakistan Caucus". The Economic Times. 17 September 2019.
  18. ↑ Ram Vishwanathan (29 October 2020). "How the American Sangh hopes to win the 2020 US elections". The Caravan.
  19. ↑ Sikka, Sonia (12 July 2022). "Indian Islamophobia as Racism". The Political Quarterly. 93 (3): 1467–923X.13152. doi:10.1111/1467-923X.13152. ISSN 0032-3179. S2CID 250515835.
  20. ↑ Bauman, Chad; Saunders, Jennifer B. (January 2009). "Out of India: Immigrant Hindus and South Asian Hinduism in the USA: Immigrant Hindus and South Asian Hinduism in the USA". Religion Compass. 3 (1): 116–135. doi:10.1111/j.1749-8171.2008.00121.x.
  21. ↑ Upadhyay, Nishant (18 May 2020). "Hindu Nation and its Queers: Caste, Islamophobia, and De/coloniality in India". Interventions. 22 (4): 464–480. doi:10.1080/1369801X.2020.1749709. ISSN 1369-801X. S2CID 218822737.
  22. 1 2 Sundaram, Dheepa (23 June 2023). "Hindutva 2.0: How a Conference on Hindu Nationalism Launches a Change in Strategy for North American Hindutva Organizations". Journal of the American Academy of Religion. 90 (4): 809–814. doi:10.1093/jaarel/lfad028. ISSN 0002-7189.
  23. 1 2 Mythili Sampathkumar (20 May 2021). "Hindu American Foundation files defamation suit against Hindu rights nonprofit". Religion News Service.
  24. ↑ Menon, Vandana (14 June 2022). "A mysterious new report tells you who funds Hindu nationalism in US, and with how much money". ThePrint. Retrieved 7 August 2022.
  25. 1 2 Krishnamurti, Sailaja (31 December 2020). "Race, representation, and Hindu–Christian encounters in contemporary North America". The Routledge Handbook of Hindu–Christian Relations. Routledge Handbooks Online. pp. 180–192. doi:10.4324/9781003139843-18. ISBN 978-0-367-00070-7. S2CID 229400060. Despite claiming to have no affiliations with transnational Hindu groups like the VHP, however, the HAF has earned a reputation as a conservative group supporting a nationalist Hindu politics. At best, the version of Hinduism promoted by HAF is homogenous and simplistic, as Bauman and Saunders (2009) suggest.
  26. ↑ Jenkins, Laura Dudley; Teater, Kristina M. (2020), "Hindu perspectives on the right to religious freedom", Routledge Handbook of Freedom of Religion or Belief, pp. 102–116, doi:10.4324/9780203732625-11, ISBN 9780203732625, S2CID 228820013, retrieved 7 August 2022
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  28. ↑ Truschke, A. The Hindu Right in the United States. Oxford Research Encyclopedia of American History.
  29. ↑ Raheja, Natasha (1 September 2018). "Neither Here nor There: Pakistani Hindu Refugee Claims at the Interface of the International and South Asian Refugee Regimes". Journal of Refugee Studies. 31 (3): 334–352. doi:10.1093/jrs/fey013. ISSN 0951-6328.
  30. 1 2 Vinay Lal, The Other Indians (2012), p. 122.
  31. ↑ Prema Kurien, Place at the Multicultural Table (2007), p. 1.
  32. ↑ Vinay Lal, The Other Indians (2012), pp. 122–123.
  33. ↑ Jon Hood (5 November 2009). "Religious License Plate Banned in South Carolina". Consumer Affairs.
  34. ↑ "NAACP, ACLU, Faith Groups Say NYPD Is Engaging in Religious Discrimination". ACLU. 24 October 2013. Retrieved 11 November 2018.
  35. ↑ Sunita Sohrabji (26 March 2015). "FBI Adds Hindus, Sikhs to New Hate Crime Tracking Manual". IndiaWest. Retrieved 11 November 2018.
  36. ↑ "Diwali stamp to be released by the United States Postal Service on 5 October". American Bazaar. 23 August 2016.
  37. ↑ "The Republic", A History of India (6 ed.), Routledge, p. 287, 2016, doi:10.4324/9781315628806-8, ISBN 978-1-315-62880-6
  38. ↑ Nielsen, Kenneth Bo; Nilsen, Alf Gunvald (30 December 2021), "Hindu nationalist statecraft and Modi's authoritarian populism", Routledge Handbook of Autocratization in South Asia (1 ed.), London: Routledge, p. 99, doi:10.4324/9781003042211-10, ISBN 978-1-003-04221-1, S2CID 245165294
  39. ↑ Santhosh, R. (11 August 2015), Jacobsen, Knut A. (ed.), "Muslims in Contemporary India", Routledge Handbook of Contemporary India (1 ed.), Routledge, p. 393, doi:10.4324/9781315682570-31, ISBN 978-1-315-68257-0, retrieved 22 December 2022
  40. ↑ "IMC-USA applauds Congressional Resolution condemning persecution by Modi - IAMC". iamc.com. Retrieved 15 August 2023.
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  43. ↑ Bureau, Sikh Siyasat (11 December 2013). "Proposed US Congress resolution makes Minority Rights central concern of Indo-US relations". Sikh Siyasat News. Retrieved 15 August 2023.
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  45. ↑ "Obama invites Modi to visit U.S. despite past visa ban". Reuters. 16 May 2014. Retrieved 4 August 2023.
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  47. ↑ Nanda, Meera (12 February 2011), "Not as Old as You Think", OPEN Magazine
  48. ↑ Chideya, Farai (24 March 2011). "Has Yoga Strayed Too Far From Its Hindu Roots?". NPR. Retrieved 4 August 2023.
  49. 1 2 3 4 Jain, Andrea (2014). "Yogaphobia and Hindu Origins". Selling Yoga: From Counterculture to Pop Culture. Oxford University Press. pp. 130–157. doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199390236.003.0006. ISBN 978-0-19-939023-6.
  50. ↑ Corigliano, Stephanie (31 December 2020). "Orientalism and postcolonial theory in Hindu–Christian encounters". The Routledge Handbook of Hindu–Christian Relations. Routledge Handbooks Online. pp. 54–66. doi:10.4324/9781003139843-6. ISBN 978-0-367-00070-7. S2CID 229427069.
  51. ↑ Miller, Christopher Patrick (31 December 2020). "Christian and Hindu responses to Christian yoga practice in North America". The Routledge Handbook of Hindu–Christian Relations. Routledge Handbooks Online. pp. 280–293. doi:10.4324/9781003139843-27. ISBN 978-0-367-00070-7. S2CID 229449147.
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  53. ↑ Kurien, Prema A (22 June 2022). "The Racial Paradigm and Dalit Anti-Caste Activism in the United States". Social Problems. 70 (3): 717–734. doi:10.1093/socpro/spac035. ISSN 0037-7791.
  54. ↑ Walker, Nani Sahra (20 January 2022). "Cal State system adds caste to anti-discrimination policy in groundbreaking decision". Los Angeles Times.
  55. ↑ Sriram, Lakshman. "Group opposes protection from caste discrimination in California Varsity's faculty union". The Hindu. No. 24 January 2022.
  56. 1 2 Chopra, Rohit; Subramaniam, Ajantha (11 February 2022). "Caste Discrimination Exists in the U.S., Too—But a Movement to Outlaw It Is Growing". Time.
  57. ↑ "Not Even Indian Students in American Colleges Can Escape Caste Discrimination". www.vice.com. Retrieved 6 August 2022.
  58. ↑ "HAF Sues California for 'Misrepresenting' Hindu Beliefs, Practices". The Wire. Retrieved 21 December 2022.
  59. ↑ "California State University professors sue over caste policy, allege discrimination". 20 October 2022.
  60. ↑ He, Eric (7 October 2023). "Newsom vetoes a proposed ban on caste discrimination in California". Politico. Retrieved 7 October 2023.
  61. ↑ Venkatraman, Sakshi (11 May 2023). "California Senate passes bill that would make caste discrimination illegal". NBC News. Retrieved 9 June 2023.
  62. ↑ "The divisive debate over California's anti-caste bill". BBC News. 9 June 2023. Retrieved 9 June 2023.
  63. 1 2 3 Qin, Amy (7 October 2023). "Newsom Vetoes Bill Banning Caste Discrimination". The New York Times. Retrieved 7 October 2023. Hindu residents and organizations who had argued that the proposal unfairly targeted them because the caste system is most commonly associated with Hinduism
  64. ↑ Hatch, Jenavieve (3 May 2023). "Republican-backed recall committee forms against Bay Area Democratic Sen. Aisha Wahab". The Sacramento Bee. Retrieved 4 September 2023.
  65. ↑ He, Eric (7 October 2023). "Newsom vetoes a proposed ban on caste discrimination in California". Politico. Retrieved 7 October 2023. The governor said the bill is unnecessary because caste discrimination is already prohibited under existing civil rights protections.
  66. ↑ Bose, Purnima (2008). "Hindutva Abroad: The California Textbook Controversy". The Global South. 2 (1): 11–34. doi:10.2979/GSO.2008.2.1.11. S2CID 145295643.
  67. ↑ "New Battleground In Textbook Wars: Religion in History", The Wall Street Journal, 25 January 2006, ProQuest 398911134
  68. ↑ "US text row resolved by Indian". The Times of India. 9 September 2006. Archived from the original on 15 July 2012.
  69. ↑ Jennifer Medina (4 May 2016). "Debate Erupts in California Over Curriculum on India's History". The New York Times.
  70. 1 2 3 Anisha Sircar. "Explained: The Hindu American Foundation's defamation case against Hindus for Human Rights founders". Scroll.in. Retrieved 18 July 2021.
  71. ↑ "Over 300 Writers, Academics and Scholars Repudiate HAF's Attempt to Silence Hindus for Human Rights". Hindus for Human Rights. Retrieved 18 July 2021.
  72. ↑ "ORDER staying the pending motions to dismiss in this matter for a limited period of jurisdictional discovery as to the amount in controversy." (PDF), Hindu American Foundation v. Sunita Vishwanath (Court Filing), D.D.C., vol. No. 1:21-cv-01268, no. Docket 48, 15 March 2022 – via Recap (PACER current docket viewPaid subscription required)
  73. ↑ Scroll Staff. "US court dismisses Hindutva group's defamation case against academic Audrey Truschke, four activists". Scroll.in. Retrieved 21 December 2022.
  74. 1 2 "Death threats sent to participants of US conference on Hindu nationalism". The Guardian. 9 September 2021.
  75. ↑ Raqib Hameed Naik (7 September 2021). "US academic conference on 'Hindutva' targeted by Hindu groups". Al Jazeera.
  76. ↑ "AAS Statement on the Dismantling Global Hindutva Conference". Association for Asian Studies. 10 September 2021. Retrieved 11 September 2021.
  77. ↑ "AHA Releases Statement on Threats to Academic Conferences (September 2021) | AHA". www.historians.org.
  78. ↑ "Explained: What is 'Dismantling Global Hindutva Conference', and why has it triggered a row?". The Indian Express. 14 September 2021.
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  80. 1 2 Snyder, Susan. "A Hindu foundation has filed a complaint against University of Pennsylvania, saying an online conference perpetuated stereotypes". The Philadelphia Inquirer. Retrieved 7 August 2022.

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