Illustration of a hygge situation, with Meik Wiking's The Little Book of Hygge
"Hygge" sign in a restaurant in Nørrebro

Hygge (/ˈh(j)uːɡə/, H(Y)OO-gə; Danish: [ˈhykə]; Norwegian: [ˈhŷɡːə]) is a word in Danish and Norwegian that describes a cozy, contented mood evoked by comfort and conviviality. As a cultural category with its sets of associated practices hygge has more or less the same meaning in both places and in both languages;[1] however, the emphasis on hygge as a core part of Danish culture is a recent phenomenon, dating to the late 20th century. In the 21st century, the concept has also been familiarized abroad.

Etymology

By convention, the word hygge is thought to originate from a Danish word meaning "valiant, comfort, joy."[2] Hygge stems from hyggja, which means "to think" in Old Norse.[2] Hygge is derived from the Old Norse hugr, later hug, which means the soul, mind, consciousness.[3]

But it is speculated that hygge may derive from a homograph hug, originating in the 1560s word hugge, which means "to embrace." Hugge is of unknown origin but is highly associated with an Old Norse term, hygga, "to comfort," which comes from hugr, meaning "mood." In turn, hugr is a cognate of the Old English hycgan, and comes from the Germanic hugyan, meaning, like Old Norse hyggja, "to think, consider."[4]

It first appeared in Danish writing in the 19th century and has since evolved into the cultural idea known in Denmark and Norway today.[5] While hygge has exactly the same meaning in Norwegian as in Danish and is a widely used word in both Norway and Denmark (including in its derived forms, such as hyggelig), the emphasis specifically on "hygge" as an important part of cultural identity is mostly Danish; in Norway "hygge" is just a word, similar in status to "cosy."

Use

In both Danish and Norwegian, hygge refers to "a form of everyday togetherness", "a pleasant and highly valued everyday experience of safety, equality, personal wholeness and a spontaneous social flow".[6]

The noun hygge includes something nice, cozy, safe and known, referring to a psychological state.[2] The Happiness Research Institute in Copenhagen has studied the positive effect of hygge on Danish society.[4]

Collins English Dictionary defines the word as "a concept, originating in Denmark, of creating cosy and convivial atmospheres that promote wellbeing".[7]

In "Cultural Semantics and Social Cognition: a Case Study on Danish Universe of Meaning", De Gruyter Mouton addresses how translating hygge into English is highly problematic. The difference in translation has led to different interpretations of the word.[8]

Hygge's cultural impact on Denmark

Hygge is a way of life for Danes that embodies a sense of coziness, simplicity, and being present.[4] Researchers Smoyer and Miking define hygge as a "restorative practice" and emphasize Danes' strong commitment to it.[9] Meik Wiking, the author of The Little Book of Hygge, created the Hygge Manifesto, which quantifies hygge into ten ideals: atmosphere, presence, pleasure, equality, gratitude, comfort, togetherness, harmony, truce, and shelter.[10] Wiking believes that these ten ideals are key qualities for living a happy life.[4]

Many different Danish traditions are influenced by hygge.[4] For instance, in winter months Danes often make home-cooked food, such as cakes or meatballs, from scratch.[11] Additionally, hygge inspires Danish interior design throughout the year.[11] Since pie, yuletide, sweaters, hot cocoa and soup are Yuletide traditions, autumn and winter may seem to be the sole seasons of hygge. However, moments of hygge happen throughout the year, including in summer. Examples of hot-weather outdoor activities considered hygge include picnics, barbecues, concerts, street fairs and cycling.[12] In Lindsey Robert's article "6 Ways to get that Hygge feeling, even in the Summer Swelter", she suggests giving furniture a second life, adding plants indoors, cleaning one's space, alternating textile, picking statement pieces, and designing outdoor areas.[11]

Hygge also influences jails in Denmark.[9] In "Hygge: Food and the Construction of Safety among Incarcerated Women in Denmark", researchers Smoyer and Minke interviewed such women and found that they are permitted to wear their own clothes and attempt to make their cells as simple and cosy as possible.[9] The research concluded that hygge benefited these women.[9]

Hygge's international influence

The concept of hygge has been adopted in countries outside of Denmark.[10] For instance, in an article called "Home with Hygge", Broyles says that Americans often dream of bigger things, and yet, per the World Happiness Report, rank only eighteenth, while Danes consistently rank in the top three.[13] Some have begun to incorporate the Hygge Manifesto into their lives as a means to simplify.[10] Hygge has likewise affected India through its distinct interior design.[14] Ashok Mohanni, vice president of the National Real Estate Development Council west, says developers in Indian cities are suggesting that architects incorporate hygge's simplistic and cosy style of design into new builds.[14]

Sweden has a similar culture concept, Lagom, described as "not too much, not too little", so embodying similar values to Hygge's "less is more" attitude.[15]

Collins English Dictionary named hygge the runner-up (after Brexit) as word of the year in the UK in 2016.[7] This followed a period during which several books focusing on hygge had been marketed in the UK,[16] such as Meik Wiking's The Little Book of Hygge,[17] Marie Tourell Søderberg's Hygge: The Danish Art of Happiness,[18] and Louisa Thomsen Brits's The Book of Hygge: The Danish Art of Living Well.[19]

The concept of hygge gained popularity with an international audience in late 2017, resulting in an increase of online searches and the rise of the hashtag "#Hygge" on Instagram.[20]

In Copenhagen, the capital of Denmark, there is a Hygge & Happiness walking tour.[21]

Act II of the Broadway musical Frozen opens with the song "Hygge", which is all about being comfortable, happy, and together.

In the Australian soap opera Neighbours, Jemima Davies-Smythe incorporates hygge into a redesign of her half-brother Karl Kennedy's living room.[22]

In the 2019 book by Sally Goldenbaum, A Murderous Tangle (Seaside Knitter's Society Book 3), pg 26, the character Nell sees a poster and says the phrase out loud: "SEASIDE KNITTING STUDIO'S FIRST HOLIDAY HYGGE." The meaning and the format of their hygge is discussed in the poster and amongst the friends who meet regularly on Thursday nights for food, conversation, warmth, and knitting at the studio. Chapter 9 has descriptions of the first hygge event which went well despite the "cold and damp day . . .and news of a murder", p87.

A UK housing development in the town of Keynsham, Somerset, was named "Hygge Park" by developer Crest Nicholson in 2019.[23]

Swedish-owned ferry company Stena Line offers a series of premium relaxation lounges on its Irish Sea ferry services called "Hygge Lounges".[24] In November 2020, The Hygge Suite brand of vacation rentals opened in Giants Ridge, Minnesota; and later two more in Lutsen, Minnesota, aimed at getting people away from the cities to relax and unwind with their loved ones.[25] In September 2022, Hotel Hygge opened in Buellton, California.[26]

The second episode of the second series of BBC sitcom Motherland, "Soft Opening", saw Amanda open a concept store called "Hygge Tygge" which, unbeknown to her, means "cosy chewing" in Danish.[27]

The Ghost and Molly McGee episode "Ready, Set, Snow" sees Molly trying to get the most out of a snow day while her family and Libby stay inside to experience hygge.[28]

Similar words

  • The Dutch words gezellig and gezelligheid have a similar concept to hygge, also pertaining to comfort and cosiness, but the Dutch words are often more socially oriented.
  • In German Gemütlichkeit means the state of warmth, friendliness and belonging.
  • The Norwegian adjective koselig is used to describe a feeling of warmth, intimacy and getting together in an agreeable environment.
  • The Swedish adjective mysig (and its associated noun mys) describes a pleasant and warm atmosphere of togetherness in a pleasant setting.
  • The Japanese adjective/verb まったり (mattari) suggests a feeling of calm relaxation.[29]
  • In Yiddish, the adjective היימיש (heimish) conveys the sense of "familiar, homey, informal, cozy, warm".

See also

References

  1. ↑ Gullestad, Marianne (1992). "Home Decoration as Popular Culture". The art of social relations: essays on culture, social action and everyday life in modern Norway. Oslo: Scandinavian University Press. p. 235 (note 12 for chapter III). ISBN 8200216527.
  2. 1 2 3 Falk, Hjalmar; Torp, Alf (1903). "Hygge". Etymologisk Ordbog over det norske og det danske Sprog (in Norwegian). Kristiania: Aschehoug. p. 315.
  3. ↑ Falk, Hjalmar; Torp, Alf (1903). "Hu". Etymologisk Ordbog over det norske og det danske Sprog (in Norwegian). Kristiania: Aschehoug. p. 303.
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 Wiking, Meik (September 2016). The Little Book of Hygge: The Danish Way to Live Well. National Geographic Books. ISBN 9780241283912. OCLC 958463988.
  5. ↑ Parkinson, Justin (2 October 2015). "Hygge: A heart-warming lesson from Denmark". BBC News. Retrieved 25 May 2017.
  6. ↑ Linnet, Jeppe Trolle (2010). "Interweavings – A cultural phenomenology of everyday consumption and social atmosphere within Danish middle-class families" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 September 2018. Retrieved 18 October 2016.
  7. 1 2 "Top 10 Collins Word of the Year 2016". Collins English Dictionary. 3 November 2016. Retrieved 7 November 2016.
  8. ↑ Levisen, Carsten (2012-11-14). Cultural Semantics and Social Cognition: A Case Study on the Danish Universe of Meaning. DE GRUYTER. doi:10.1515/9783110294651. ISBN 978-3-11-029460-6
  9. 1 2 3 4 Smoyer, Amy B.; Minke, Linda Kjær (2019). "Hygge: Food and the construction of safety among incarcerated women in Denmark". Appetite. Elsevier BV. 141: 104319. doi:10.1016/j.appet.2019.104319. ISSN 0195-6663. PMID 31199940. S2CID 184483448.
  10. 1 2 3 Broyles, Addie. "HOME with HYGGE: Why Americans are Obsessed with Hygge and what we can Learn from Lagom." Austin American Statesman, 2018, ProQuest Central.
  11. 1 2 3 Roberts, Lindsey M. (July 14, 2020). "6 ways to get that hygge feeling, even in the summer swelter." The Washington Post. ProQuest Central. Retrieved 17 April 2023.
  12. ↑ "What is 'Hygge'?". VisitDenmark. Retrieved 10 August 2021.
  13. ↑ McDonough, Megan (May 29, 2018). "Americans are obsessed with hygge". The Washington Post. Retrieved 17 April 2023.
  14. 1 2 Leena, Mudbidri. "HIGH ON HYGGE: Indian Cities are Cosying Up to the Danish Concept of Comfort. here's how.." The Times of India (Online), 2019, ProQuest Central.
  15. ↑ "What's all the Hygge? Global Habits Gain U.S. Fans." The Washington Post, 2018, ProQuest Central.
  16. ↑ Cartier-Morley, Jess (18 October 2016). "Hygge – a soothing balm for the traumas of 2016". The Guardian. Retrieved 7 November 2016.
  17. ↑ Crace, John (11 September 2016). "The Little Book of Hygge by Meik Wiking – digested read". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 25 May 2017.
  18. ↑ "Hygge". Goodreads. Retrieved 25 May 2017.
  19. ↑ Williams, Zoe (29 September 2016). "The Book of Hygge review – can the Danes really teach us how to live?". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 25 May 2017.
  20. ↑ Stieg, Cory (23 November 2019). "Why people are so obsessed with 'hygge,' the cozy Danish lifestyle movement". cnbc.com. Retrieved 29 July 2020.
  21. ↑ By Mie, Copenhagen. "Hygge & Happiness tour". copenhagenbymie.com. Retrieved 27 September 2020.
  22. ↑ Astle, David (8 March 2019). "David Astle's Wordplay: when Euro-curios become a gaffer-tape solution". Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 1 February 2021.
  23. ↑ "Hygge Park at Keynsham". Crest Nicholson. Retrieved 20 December 2020.
  24. ↑ "Hygge Recline Lounge | Stena Line". www.stenaline.co.uk. Retrieved 30 May 2021.
  25. ↑ "About Us". The Hygge Suite. 4 August 2020. Retrieved 14 February 2023.
  26. ↑ Hertzfeld, Esther (6 September 2022). "Hotel Hygge opens in California's wine country". Hotel Management. Retrieved 7 September 2022.
  27. ↑ "Soft Opening". IMDb.
  28. ↑ "Ready, Set, Snow". IMDb.
  29. ↑ Watanabe, Masaki (15 December 2009). "That "Mattari" Feeling…: Why Today's Japanese Don't Want to Go Overseas". The Bulletin: a journal of Japanese-Canadian community, history+culture. Retrieved 27 April 2021.
Look up hygge in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.