Indian Mujahideen
Founding leaderAmir Reza Khan
Iqbal Bhatkal
Riyaz Bhatkal
Yasin Bhatkal (−2013)
Abdul Subhan Qureshi (−2018)
Sadiq Israr Sheikh (−2008)
Foundation2003
Dates of operation2005–
IdeologyIslamic fundamentalism
Pan-Islamism
Jihadism
Anti-Hindu sentiment
StatusIndia Designated as terrorist organisation under the Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act (4 June 2010)[1]
New Zealand Designated terrorist organisation under the Terrorism Suppression Act 2002 (22 October 2010)[2]
United States Designated Foreign Terrorist Organization (15 September 2011)[3]
United Kingdom Banned by the United Kingdom
United Arab Emirates Designated as terrorist organization[4]
New Zealand Banned as a terrorist organization by New Zealand (22 October 2010)
Canada Designated as a terrorist organization.
Part ofStudents' Islamic Movement of India
AlliesLashkar-e-Taiba
Harkat-ul-Jihad-al-Islami Bangladesh
Jaish-e-Muhammad
Tehrik-e-Taliban Pakistan[5]

Indian Mujahideen (IM) is an Islamist terrorist group which has been particularly active in India.[6] The jihadist group was founded as an offshoot of the Students' Islamic Movement of India (SIMI) by several radicalized members including Iqbal Bhatkal, Riyaz Bhatkal, Yasin Bhatkal, Abdul Subhan Qureshi, Amir Reza Khan and Sadiq Israr Sheikh, among others.[lower-alpha 1][lower-alpha 2][9][10][11] It has been active since at least 2005 when it bombed the Dashashwamedh Ghat in Varanasi (where eight people were injured).[9][12] It carried out several serial-bombings in Indian cities in the following years notably the 2007 Uttar Pradesh bombings, 2008 Jaipur bombings, 2008 Ahmedabad bombings, 2008 Delhi bombings, 2010 Pune bombing, 2011 Mumbai bombings, 2011 Delhi bombing, 2013 Patna bombings,[lower-alpha 3] 2013 Hyderabad blasts and the 2013 Bodh Gaya bombings.[12]

Investigators believe that Indian Mujahideen is one of many groups composed of lower-tier SIMI members. According to the Indian Intelligence Bureau, SIMI took new titles because the top leadership of SIMI have been detained and would be available for interrogation.[13] The change in names is believed to signal a change in tactics as SIMI-affiliated militants attempt to garner more support from India's Muslim community rather than be seen as a group consisting of foreigners.[14] Two days after the 13 May 2008 Jaipur bombings, the extremist group[15] sent an e-mail to Indian media in which they claimed responsibility for the attacks[16] and said they would "demolish the faiths (all religions apart from Islam) of the infidels of India."[17] The biggest and boldest attack to date by the group was the 2008 Ahmedabad serial blasts, where it gained national notoriety with a casualty of more than 50 people.

The group has been linked with the jihadist Lashkar-e-Taiba and its backer Pakistan's Inter-Services Intelligence. Harkat-ul-Jihad-al-Islami Bangladesh is also closely linked with the group and was instrumental in its founding.[12][18]

Two of the founding leaders, Iqbal Bhatkal and Riyaz Bhatkal, shifted to Karachi in the aftermath of the Batla House encounter in 2008 and remain active from there, operating a faction of the group. Amir Reza Khan also fled to Karachi and is reported to run his own IM module from there.[12][18] Yasin Bhatkal was apprehended in 2013 and was sentenced to death in 2016 for the 2013 Hyderabad blasts; Abdul Subhan Qureshi was similarly apprehended in 2018.[19]

After multiple Indian Mujahideen bomb blasts in different cities of India over the years, many of which were claimed by the group itself, it was declared a terrorist organisation on 4 June 2010 and banned by the Government of India.[20][21][22] On 22 October 2010, New Zealand declared it a terrorist organisation.[2] In September 2011, the United States officially placed the Indian Mujahideen on its list of foreign terrorist organisations, with the State Department acknowledging that the group had engaged in several terrorist attacks in India and had regional aspirations with the ultimate aim of creating an "Islamic caliphate" across South Asia.[23] The group was banned by the United Kingdom as it aimed at creating an Islamic state and implementing sharia law in India, by use of indiscriminate violence.[24]

Background

The group was founded as the merger of Students' Islamic Movement of India's Usaba based in Bhatkal (where Iqbal Bhatkal, Riyaz Bhatkal and Yasin Bhatkal come from) and Asif Reza Commando Force which had been founded by Amir Reza Khan[lower-alpha 2] (in the name of his brother who had died in a shootout with the police) and had carried out the 2002 attack on American cultural centre in Kolkata.[18] Most of its recruits are from SIMI of which the IM is largely an offshoot of. It was founded in 2003 and first became active in 2005, it adopted the name "Indian Mujahideen" in emails after the 2007 Uttar Pradesh bombings.[12][25]

The Harkat-ul-Jihad-al-Islami Bangladesh also played an instrumental role in the founding of the group and had earlier been involved with the Asif Reza Commando Force. The Lashkar-e-Taiba also provided crucial support in IM's founding.[12]

The Batla House encounter in 2008, when several IM members were arrested, first brought to light the leadership of the jihadist group.[12]

Its signature weapons are timed improvised explosive devices (IEDs) made from ammonium nitrate, which it has used in most of its major attacks.[12]

Factionalism

Riyaz Bhatkal and Amir Reza Khan both run their own factions of the group from Karachi, while Iqbal is not currently active in the group's operations.[12]

Indian Mujahideen members are also known to have joined the Islamic State, as shown in one of their propaganda videos titled "The Bilad al-Hind [Land of India] – Between Pain and Hope".[26][27] Shafi Armar and Sultan Armar, brothers and former IM members from Bhatkal, founded Islamic State affiliates Ansar-ut Tawhid fi Bilad al-Hind (transl. Supporters of Monotheism in the Land of India) and Janood-ul-Khalifa-e-Hind (transl. Caliph's Army of India) encouraging Indian Muslim recruitment for jihad in Syria and Afghanistan. The Armar brothers had split from Indian Mujahideen and formed these affiliates after a rift developed between them and Iqbal and Riyaz Bhatkal.[28][29]

Members

It is suspected that these are the major leaders of the Indian Mujahideen group.[30]

Leaders

Others

  • Safdar Nagori, under arrest: architect of the transformation from SIMI to Indian Mujahideen
  • Fayaz Kagzi, IED expert, joined the Lashkar-e-Taiba from SIMI, suicide-bomber in the 2016 Saudi Arabia bombings
  • Zabiuddin Ansari, under arrest, joined the Lashkar-e-Taiba from IM, accused in the 2008 Mumbai attacks
  • Shafi Armar, former IM member from Bhatkal, later ISIS operative, killed in Syria in 2015[34][35]
  • Sultan Armar, former IM member from Bhatkal, later ISIS operative, killed in Syria in 2015[35]
  • Muhammad "Bada" Sajid, IM member, joined ISIS, killed in Syria in 2015[36]
  • Abu Rashid Ahmed, IM member, joined ISIS[27]
  • Mufti Abu Bashir, under arrest: a preacher from Azamgarh in Uttar Pradesh
  • Qayamuddin Kapadia, under arrest: a trader from Vadodara, started the first-ever mosque of the Ahle Hadis Tanzeem in Vadodara
  • Sajid Mansuri, under arrest: a graduate in psychology and formerly a marketing executive
  • Usman Agarbattiwala, wanted: a postgraduate diploma holder from Vadodara in human rights
  • Alamzeb Afridi, wanted: a jobless youth from Ahmedabad; purchased bicycles and then planted them in Ahmedabad after tying bombs
  • Abdul Razik Mansuri, wanted: an embroidery unit owner
  • Mujib Shaikh, wanted: a stone polishing artisan
  • Zahid Shaikh, wanted: a mobile phone repair shop owner from Ahmedabad
  • Amil Parwaz, wanted: a native of Ujjain, believed to be involved in the court bomb blasts in Uttar Pradesh in November 2007

Delhi group

The local group at Delhi is thought to include the following,[37] most of them from Azamgarh:

  • Mohammad Atif Amin aka Bashir: Planner and recruiter, killed in the Batla House, Jamia Nagar encounter on 19 September. Planted a bomb at M-block market in Greater Kailash-I, Delhi in the 2008 Delhi bombings and Varanasi bombs in the 2006 Varanasi bombings.
  • Mohammed "Chota" Sajid aka Pankaj: killed during the Batla House encounter. Planted a bomb at Barakhamba Road in Connaught Place.
  • Mohammad Saif: arrested from Batla House in Jamia Nagar after the 19 September encounter. Planted a bomb at Regal Theatre, New Delhi in Connaught Place.
  • Zeeshan: arrested after the Jamia Nagar encounter. Planted a bomb at Barakhamba Road in Connaught Place.
  • Junaid: Escaped during the Batla House encounter. Planted a bomb at M-block market in Greater Kailash-I, and Varanasi bombs.
  • Mohammad Shakeel: arrested on 21 September, 2008 from Jamia Nagar. Planted a bomb at Nehru Place in south Delhi.
  • Zia-ur-Rehman: arrested on 21 September, 2008 from Jamia Nagar. Planted a bomb at Connaught Place and on a cycle in Ahmedabad in the 2008 Ahmedabad bombings.
  • Saqib Nisar: arrested on 21 September, 2008 from Jamia Nagar.
  • Shahzad alias Pappu: arrested, from Azamgarh by UP STF. He escaped during the Jamia Nagar encounter. Planted a bomb in Central Park, Connaught Place.
  • Alihas Malik: wanted. Planted a bomb at Central Park, Connaught Place.
  • Mohammad Khalif: wanted.
  • Salman: arrested by the Special Cell of the Delhi Police.

Attacks

The group has carried out several serial bombings in Indian cities. There were emails sent by the Indian Mujahideen that claimed that they were responsible for some of the following terror incidents. One warning email was received 5 minutes before the first blast in Ahmedabad. Another was received soon after the first blast of Delhi bombings. The timing makes it impossible for any other groups to have sent the two emails. The following are attacks where it has claimed responsibility or is suspected of involvement:[12][38]

Suspects and arrests

Mufti Abu Bashir Ishlahi alias Abdul Wasir was arrested with the help of Uttar Pradesh police at his father's home at Sarai Mir in Azamgarh, Uttar Pradesh on 14 August 2008.[41] Bashir studied in the local Madarsatul Islah and later in Deoband. According to the reports, Bashir claimed that the 2008 Ahmedabad bombings cost Rs 75,000. A SIMI activist sold his house in Kutch to get the amount.[42] Bashir, who had stayed in Ahmedabad along with Abdul Subhan Qureshi alias Tauqeer, a co-conspirator, had bought five SIM cards using local names and addresses.[43] He had used these cell phone numbers to remain in touch with the other members of the module at the planning stage of the conspiracy. Bashir had given the SIM cards to the bomb planters on 26 July, who had used them carefully. Each member had contacted the others through STD-PCO booths after successfully planting the bombs. These numbers were used only for receiving calls. Many of the calls were from Juhapura, where Zahid Shaikh, one of the key members of the group, lived at Sandhi Avenue near the Sarkhej highway. These numbers had become inactive immediately after the blasts.[43]

In March 2014, the Special Cell of the Delhi Police arrested four members of IM, out of which one was Waqas alias Javed, a bomb-making expert in the group. They were arrested in Jaipur and Jodhpur in Rajasthan.

On 28 August 2013, in a major breakthrough, Yasin Bhatkal, co-founder of IM, and another IM terrorist were arrested by Indian Police and NIA near the India–Nepal border. According to Gujarat police, the breakthrough in the 2008 Ahmedabad serial blasts case came from five 'switched-off' mobile phone numbers.[44] Joint Commissioner of Police (crime) Ashish Bhatia said that the terrorists had procured five SIM cards of phones that were switched off on the day of the blasts – 26 July. The analysis of the phone calls made to those SIM cards from PCOs provided them the key leads.

Ejaz Sheikh, wanted in several cases including the 2010 Jama Masjid attack, was arrested on 6 September 2014 from the Saharanpur area of western Uttar Pradesh by the Special Cell of the Delhi Police. He is considered a "technical expert" and considered a key member of IM.

Batla House encounter

On 19 September 2008, the police raided an apartment in Jamia Nagar, near Jamia Millia Islamia In Delhi. There is speculation that the prime suspect in the 2008 Ahmedabad bombings, Mufti, a madrasa teacher from Azamgarh, may have pointed out the apartment.[45]

The raid resulted in the death of terrorists Bashir alias Mohammed Atif Amin (son of Mohammed Amin, cloth merchant in Bhiwandi, Mumbai) and Mohammad Sajid, and a decorated police officer, Mohan Chand Sharma, in the gunfight.[46] Mohammad Saif (the son of Samajwadi Party leader Shadab Ahmed)[47] was arrested while two hostiles managed to flee by possibly jumping the rooftops.[48] All of the suspects were from the town of Sarai Mir in Azamgarh district.[47] They claimed to be students of Jamia Milia Islamia, but that was denied by the university.[49]

The five were responsible for manufacturing bombs used in the Ahmedabad, Jaipur and Delhi blasts.

Atif claimed to have been studying for a diploma in human resources development from Jamia Milia Islamia University.[50] However,[51] Jamia Milia denied having him as a student. Some residents of Sarai Mir thought he was pursuing his bachelor's degree in technology from Jamia Hamdard.[52]

Atif was said to have been the leader of a group of 14 young men from Azamgarh in Uttar Pradesh, all claiming to have been studying in Delhi: Atif, Sajid alias Pankaj (both now dead), Shehzad alias Pappu, Junaid, Shahdab Bhai alias Mallick, Sajid, Mohammad Khalid, Arif, Shakil, Zia Khan and Salman, Zeeshan and Mohammad Saif.

Zeeshan Jawed was arrested from the offices of a private TV station. He worked for a private company, Monarch International on Vikas Marg, and is also said to be studying management. Both he and Saif claim to have been recruited by Atif.

It is reported that Mohammad Saif has said that the plans to carry out several blasts across the country were mooted about three years ago when the Indian Mujahideen was formed.[53] Although the blasts spanned a period of 10 months (the first blasts took place in August 2007 in Hyderabad), the planning was made far back in 2005. After that a series of explosions occurred in Uttar Pradesh, Jaipur, Ahmedabad and Delhi.

There is considerable resentment in Sarai Mir over the death of the local boys.[52] Villagers have blamed the media for giving a bad name to Azamgarh by calling it a "nursery of terror".[54] Mafia don Abu Salem hails from here. Azamgarh used to export its famous country-made pistols, known as "kattas", whose factories dot the region. The district was also known for young sharpshooters who joined Mumbai gangs. Individuals from the area have been accused of the murders of Bollywood producer Gulshan Kumar in Mumbai and Left leader Shankar Guha Niyogi in Chhattisgarh.

Notes

  1. ↑ All three are from Bhatkal in the Karnataka state of India, hence their nickname "Bhatkal".[7]
  2. 1 2 Amir Reza Khan is from Kolkata and carried out the 2002 attack on American cultural centre in Kolkata and the Khadim abduction.[8]
  3. 1 2 The Patna bombings targeted a rally of the then Prime Ministerial candidate Narendra Modi.

See also

Further reading

  • Shishir Gupta (2011). The Indian Mujahideen: The Enemy Within. Hachette India. ISBN 9789350092521.
  • V. S. Subrahmanian; Aaron Mannes; Animesh Roul; R. K. Raghavan (2013). Indian Mujahideen: Computational Analysis and Public Policy. Springer Science & Business Media. ISBN 978-3-319-02818-7.

References

  1. ↑ "Terrorism Act 2000". Ministry of Home Affairs (India). Archived from the original on 10 May 2012. Retrieved 20 May 2012.
  2. 1 2 "New Zealand bans Indian Mujahideen". Indian NewsLink. 31 October 2010. Archived from the original on 24 January 2012. Retrieved 5 July 2012.
  3. ↑ "Terrorist Designations of the Indian Mujahideen". US Dept of State. Archived from the original on 27 May 2019. Retrieved 2 June 2012.
  4. ↑ "List of terror groups published by UAE". gulfnews.com. 16 November 2014. Archived from the original on 28 March 2022. Retrieved 4 July 2020.
  5. ↑ Indian Mujahideen Archived 9 September 2022 at the Wayback Machine. Study of Terrorism and Responses to Terrorism.
  6. ↑ "What is Indian Mujahideen?" Archived 30 July 2008 at the Wayback Machine. 2008–07–27. NDTV.
  7. ↑ This is Bhatkal, where commerce & religion play chicken Archived 15 April 2023 at the Wayback Machine. 19 May, 2018. Newslaundry.
  8. ↑ Profile: Amir Reza Khan of Indian Mujahideen Archived 19 August 2022 at the Wayback Machine. Mantraya.
  9. 1 2 "Indian Mujahideen". The Times of India. Archived from the original on 19 August 2022. Retrieved 19 August 2022.
  10. ↑ Joshi, Sandeep (29 August 2013). "It took six months to pin him down". The Hindu. ISSN 0971-751X. Archived from the original on 19 August 2022. Retrieved 19 August 2022.
  11. ↑ "A Profile of Iqbal Bhatkal: The First Indian Mujahideen Leader Added to India's Most Wanted List". Refworld. United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. Archived from the original on 15 September 2023. Retrieved 19 August 2022.
  12. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 "A short history of the Indian Mujahideen". The Indian Express. 24 January 2018. Archived from the original on 23 January 2018. Retrieved 19 August 2022.
  13. ↑ Nanjappa, Vicky (27 July 2008). "Investigators say Indian Mujahideen is SIMI, V2.0". Rediff.com. Archived from the original on 7 April 2020. Retrieved 29 July 2008., Retrieved on 07–29–2008
  14. ↑ Nanjappa, Vicky (29 July 2008). "Revealed: Indian Mujahideen'S two-pronged terror strategy". Rediff.com. Archived from the original on 30 July 2008. Retrieved 29 July 2008., Retrieved on 07–29–2008
  15. ↑ "Unknown Islamic group threatens more blasts In tourist India", Agence France-Presse, 14 May 2008. Archived 6 July 2008 at the Wayback Machine
  16. ↑ "Mujahideen sends pre−blast video footage", IndiaToday, 14 May 2008. Archived 7 January 2009 at the Wayback Machine
  17. ↑ "Outraged India set to expel migrants Archived 16 January 2009 at the Wayback Machine", The Australian, 19 May 2008.
  18. 1 2 3 4 "Profile: Amir Reza Khan of Indian Mujahideen". Mantraya. Archived from the original on 19 August 2022. Retrieved 19 August 2022.
  19. ↑ "Abdul Subhan Qureshi: 2008 Gujarat blasts mastermind arrested after decade-long manhunt | India News – Times of India". The Times of India. 22 January 2018. Archived from the original on 9 November 2020. Retrieved 12 January 2021.
  20. ↑ "Indian Mujahideen declared a terrorist organisation". NDTV News. Archived from the original on 26 January 2011. Retrieved 4 June 2010.
  21. ↑ "Indian Mujahideen declared as terrorist outfit". Deccan Herald. 4 June 2010. Archived from the original on 24 January 2016. Retrieved 11 January 2012.
  22. ↑ "List of Organisations Declared as Terrorist Organisations Under the Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act, 1967". Ministry of Home Affairs, Govt of India. Archived from the original on 10 May 2012. Retrieved 11 January 2012.
  23. ↑ "US places Indian Mujahideen on terror list". The Express Tribune. 15 September 2011. Archived from the original on 4 September 2014. Retrieved 16 September 2011.
  24. ↑ "UK bans Indian Mujahideen". 6 July 2012. Archived from the original on 7 April 2020. Retrieved 6 July 2012.
  25. 1 2 Dr V Balasubramaniyan; Dr SV Raghavan (2017). Terror Funds in India: Money Behind Mayhem. Lancer Publishers LLC. ISBN 9788170623168.
  26. ↑ "Does Islamic State Pose a Threat to India?". Refworld, United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. Archived from the original on 15 September 2023. Retrieved 19 August 2022.
  27. 1 2 "UP Police confirm, 2 suspected Indian Mujahideen fugitives in Islamic State video". The Indian Express. 24 May 2016. Archived from the original on 20 August 2022. Retrieved 20 August 2022.
  28. ↑ "Janood-ul-Khalifa-e-Hind / Army of Caliph of India (Islamic State India/ ISI / ISISI)". Terrorism Research and Analysis Consortium. Archived from the original on 20 August 2022. Retrieved 20 August 2022.
  29. ↑ "Ansar-ut Tawhid fi Bilad al-Hind (AuT)". Terrorism Research and Analysis Consortium. Archived from the original on 20 August 2022. Retrieved 20 August 2022.
  30. ↑ "The new terror: IN THIS ISSUE – India Today". Indiatoday.digitaltoday.in. 18 September 2008. Archived from the original on 1 December 2008. Retrieved 19 August 2013.
  31. ↑ Nazia Sayed; Sharmin Hakim (12 September 2016). Six Minutes of Terror: The Untold Story of the 7/11 Mumbai Train Blasts. Penguin India. ISBN 9789386057525.
  32. ↑ "Profile: Mohsin Chaudhary of Indian Mujahideen". Mantraya. Archived from the original on 19 August 2022. Retrieved 19 August 2022.
  33. ↑ "Profile: Mirza Shadaab Beg of Indian Mujahideen". Mantraya. Archived from the original on 11 November 2023. Retrieved 20 August 2022.
  34. ↑ "When did IS terrorist Shafi Armar die: 2019 or 2016?". Hindustan Times. 25 March 2019. Archived from the original on 20 August 2022. Retrieved 20 August 2022.
  35. 1 2 Nanjappa, Vicky (26 March 2019). "Bhatkal's Armar brothers who ran the Indian Islamic State confirmed dead". oneindia.com. Archived from the original on 20 August 2022. Retrieved 20 August 2022.
  36. ↑ "Muhammad Sajid, Indian Mujahideen serial bombing suspect, killed in Syria conflict: Jihadi websites". The Indian Express. 4 July 2015. Archived from the original on 20 August 2022. Retrieved 20 August 2022.
  37. ↑ "The terror thirteen of Indian Mujahideen". Archived from the original on 25 September 2008.
  38. ↑ "GTD Search Results". Global Terrorism Database. Archived from the original on 19 August 2022. Retrieved 19 August 2022.
  39. ↑ Siddique, Haroon; Neild, Barry (13 July 2011). "Mumbai blasts − Wednesday 13 July 2011". The Guardian. London. Archived from the original on 6 March 2016. Retrieved 17 December 2016.
  40. ↑ "Suspected IM member arrested in Kolkata for Bodh Gaya terror attack". India Today. Archived from the original on 28 January 2015. Retrieved 20 May 2015.
  41. ↑ ""Hang him if he is a terrorist, says Abu Bashir's father"". Archived from the original on 16 September 2012.
  42. ↑ ""Mufti Abu Bashir admits involvement In Ahmedabad blasts: Police!"". Archived from the original on 29 January 2013.
  43. 1 2 "The art of mastering SIMple cards". Express India. Archived from the original on 10 April 2013.
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  45. ↑ "More attacks possible, says Ahmedabad blasts prime suspect". India Today. Archived from the original on 1 December 2008. Retrieved 20 May 2015.
  46. ↑ "Shootout at Jamia Nagar; 2 terrorists killed". The Times of India. Archived from the original on 20 July 2012. Retrieved 20 May 2015.
  47. 1 2 "The Telegraph – Calcutta (Kolkata) – Nation – Jamia trail ends in hitmen cradle". telegraphindia.com. Archived from the original on 4 December 2008. Retrieved 20 May 2015.
  48. ↑ "The Telegraph – Calcutta (Kolkata) – Frontpage – War in warren-like Delhi Blast suspects killed in gun battle". Telegraph India. Archived from the original on 20 September 2008. Retrieved 20 May 2015.
  49. ↑ "The Statesman". thestatesman.net. Archived from the original on 1 December 2008. Retrieved 20 May 2015.
  50. ↑ "Atif didn't shy from tenant verification"
  51. ↑ "Linked to Lashkar, fan of Osama, Atif was part of 14 behind blasts: police". The Indian Express. 21 September 2008. Retrieved 20 May 2015.
  52. 1 2 "Azamgarh shocked, angry over news of Delhi encounter". The Times of India. Archived from the original on 24 October 2012. Retrieved 20 May 2015.
  53. ↑ "Serial blasts were planned in 2005". Hindustan Times. Archived from the original on 16 June 2013. Retrieved 20 May 2015.
  54. ↑ "Azamgarh, the terror nursery in eastern UP – India – DNA". Dnaindia.com. Archived from the original on 19 August 2013. Retrieved 19 August 2013.
  55. ↑ "NIA keen to probe Karnataka students' kidnap-murder case – Indian Express". Archived from the original on 16 August 2021. Retrieved 14 August 2017.
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