Iniidae
Temporal range: Miocene-Holocene
An Amazon river dolphin at Duisburg Zoo holding an Armored catfish in the mouth.
Size compared to an average human
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Order: Artiodactyla
Infraorder: Cetacea
Superfamily: Inioidea
Family: Iniidae
Gray, 1846
Genera

Inia

Iniidae is a family of river dolphins containing one living genus, Inia, and four extinct genera. The extant genus inhabits the river basins of South America, but the family formerly had a wider presence across the Atlantic Ocean.

Iniidae are highly morphologically different from marine dolphins by way of adaptations suited to their freshwater riverine habitat.[1] They also display a high amount of sexual dimorphism in the form of color and size.[2] Seasonal movement between flooded plains and rivers is common, due to the variation of seasonal rain.[3] There has been little research done on the family, in particular the species aside from the Amazon river dolphin.[2]

Evolution

The South American river basins were flooded by marine waters, creating a new brackish habitat that allowed marine mammals to move into them. During the Miocene era, the sea level began to recede, trapping the mammals within the continent.[1]

Morphology

Their necks are flexible, since their cervical vertebra are movable; this is remarkable since nearly all cetaceans' neck vertebra are fused, which rigidly aims most other cetaceans' heads forward.[4] The Iniidae have other morphology common to species adapted to freshwater riverine habitats;[5] which include highly reduced or absent dorsal fins, so they do not become entangled in vegetation from the flooded terrestrial plains; and large, wide, paddle-like pectoral fins that allow maneuverability in confined areas cramped by vegetation.[4] Other riverine adaptations including a long rostrum, skull and jaw and reduced orbits.[6]

Iniidae share many other characteristics in common with their marine odontocete relatives: Their stomachs include a fore-stomach, singled chambered main stomach, and a pyloric stomach with connecting channels. Like most other cetaceans Iniidae have lost their fur and lack true vocal cords.[7] They share the similar structure of the tympanic bulla and lung shape, the position of their diaphragm and the position of the blowhole to the back of the head with their marine ancestors.

The dentition of Iniidae dolphins is heterodont, having conical, small teeth that differ slightly in the front of the mouth. The teeth extend lingually in the back and in the front they have a small depression on the side of each. These mammals are carnivorous, finding prey by using echolocation.

Speciation

There is scientific debate on the number of species within the genus Inia: The main issue is whether there are two or three species, or whether those can be considered sub-species. According to some researchers

  • Inia geoffrensis
  • Inia humboldtiana
  • Inia boliviensis

are three separate species, while many consider I. geoffrensis and I. boliviensis to be the only two.[8][9][3] Martin in 2004 found supporting evidence that genetic exchange occurs between multiple sites on the Amazon, even places hundreds of kilometres apart.

Taxonomy

The family was described by John Edward Gray in 1846.[10]

Current classifications include a single living genus, Inia, with one to four species and several subspecies.[11][12] The family also includes three extinct genera described from fossils found in South America, Florida, Libya, and Italy.[10]

References

  1. 1 2 Hamilton, Healy; et al. (2001). "Evolution of river dolphins". Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences. 268 (1466): 549–556. doi:10.1098/rspb.2000.1385. PMC 1088639. PMID 11296868.
  2. 1 2 Martin, A.R.; Silva, V.M. (2006). "Sexual dimorphism and body scarring in the boto (Amazon river dolphin) Inia geoffrensis". Marine Mammal Science. 22 (1): 25–33. doi:10.1111/j.1748-7692.2006.00003.x.
  3. 1 2 Rice, Dale W. (1998). Marine Mammals of the World: Systematics and distribution. Society for Marine Mammalogy Special Publication. Vol. 4. Lawrence, KS: Society for Marine Mammalogy. pp. 1–231. ISBN 978-189127603-3. ISBN 1891276034
  4. 1 2 Gomez-Salazar, C. (2011). "Photo-identification: A reliable and noninvasive tool for studying pink river dolphins (Inia geoffrensis)". Aquatic Mammals. 37 (4): 472–485. doi:10.1578/am.37.4.2011.472.
  5. ↑ Gutstien, Carolina (2014). "The antiquity of riverine adaptations in Iniidae (Cetacea, Odontoceti) documented by a humerus from the Late Miocene of the Ituzaingo Formation, Argentina". The Anatomical Record. 297 (6): 1096–1102. doi:10.1002/ar.22901. PMID 24585575. S2CID 42361824.
  6. ↑ Pyenson, N.D.; Vélez-Juarbe, J.; Gutstein, C.S.; Little, H.; Vigil, D.; O’Dea, A. (1 September 2015). "Isthminia panamensis, a new fossil Inioid (Mammalia, Cetacea) from the Chagres Formation of Panama and the evolution of 'river dolphins' in the Americas". PeerJ. PeerJ Inc. 3: e1227. doi:10.7717/peerj.1227. PMC 4562255. PMID 26355720.
  7. ↑ Kaiya, Zhou (1982). "Classification and phylogeny of the superfamily Platanistoidea, with notes on evidence of the monophyly of the Cetacea". Sci. Rep. Whale Res. Inst. 34: 93–108.
  8. ↑ Gravena, Waleska; et al. (2014). "Looking to the past and the future: Were the Madeira River rapids a geographical barrier to the boto (Cetacea: Iniidae)?". Conservation Genetics. 15 (3): 619–629.
  9. ↑ Ruiz-García, M.; Banguera, E.; Cardenas, H. (2006). "Morphological analysis of three Inia (Cetacea: Iniidae) populations from Colombia and Bolivia". Acta Theriologica. 51 (4): 411–426. doi:10.1007/bf03195188. S2CID 22868836.
  10. 1 2 "Inia taxon description". The Paleobiology Database. Archived from the original on 2012-10-12. Retrieved 2022-09-21.
  11. ↑ Hrbek, Tomas; da Silva, Vera Maria Ferreira; Dutra, Nicole; Gravena, Waleska; Martin, Anthony R.; Farias, Izeni Pires (2014-01-22). "A new species of river dolphin from Brazil or: How little do we know our biodiversity?". PLOS ONE. 9 (1): e83623. Bibcode:2014PLoSO...983623H. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0083623. PMC 3898917. PMID 24465386.
  12. ↑ "Inia geoffrensis". Mammal Diversity Database (mammaldiversity.org). Explore the Database. Retrieved 2021-09-05.
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