Irdin Manha Formation
Stratigraphic range: Eocene
TypeGeological formation
Location
Coordinates43°42′N 112°00′E / 43.7°N 112.0°E / 43.7; 112.0
RegionInner Mongolia
Country China
Approximate paleocoordinates45°12′N 105°42′E / 45.2°N 105.7°E / 45.2; 105.7
Irdin Manha Formation is located in China
Irdin Manha Formation
Irdin Manha Formation (China)

The Irdin Manha Formation is a geological formation from the Eocene located in Inner Mongolia, China, a few kilometres south of the Mongolian border.[1]

Fossil content

Color key
Taxon Reclassified taxon Taxon falsely reported as present Dubious taxon or junior synonym Ichnotaxon Ootaxon Morphotaxon
 Notes
Uncertain or tentative taxa are in small text; crossed out taxa are discredited.

Mammals

U.S. paleontologists Henry Fairfield Osborn and Roy C. Andrews discovered two premolars on the site in 1923, and assigned the specimen to the new genus Eudinoceras because he believed it to be related to "Dinoceras" (now known as Uintatherium). Within a decade, however, as more complete specimens were recovered, the animal was identified as a Mongolian relative to the North American pantodont Coryphodon. The expedition also lead to the discovery of the only known skull of Andrewsarchus.[2]

Artiodactyls

Artiodactyls reported from the Irdin Manha Formation
GenusSpeciesPresence MaterialNotesImages
Achaenodontidae? An incomplete upper tooth (AMNH 20136).[3] Doubtfully assigned to the family.
Cf. Archaeomeryx, gen indet. Fragment of lower jaw (AMNH 20173).[3] A traguliform.
Andrewsarchus A. mongoliensis Around Telegraph Line Camp.[4] A large skull.[5] A relative of entelodonts formerly thought to be a mesonychid.
Erlianhyus E. primitivus Irdin Manha, Erlian Basin, Nei Mongol.[6] A right upper maxilla with P3–M3 (IVPP V 28275).[6] A basal artiodactyl.
Gobiohyus G. orientalis Telegraph Line Camp.[7] Jaw elements.[3][7] A helohyid also found in the Ulan Shireh Formation.
G. pressidens Telegraph Line Camp.[7] Partial right rami.[3][7] A helohyid.
G. robustus Telegraph Line Camp.[7] Left ramus (AMNH 20246).[3][7] A helohyid.
Obotherium O. parvum Irdin Manha, Erlian Basin, Nei Mongol.[8] Teeth and lower jaws[8] A tapirulid.

Cimolestans

Cimolestans reported from the Irdin Manha Formation
GenusSpeciesPresence MaterialNotesImages
Eudinoceras E. mongoliensis 2 premolars & jaw elements.[2][3][9] A coryphodontid.

Dinoceratans

Dinoceratans reported from the Irdin Manha Formation
GenusSpeciesPresence MaterialNotesImages
Gobiatherium G. mirificum 25 miles southwest from Iren Dabasu.[2] Skull, jaws & limb elements.[2] An uintatheriid.

Ferae

Ferae reported from the Irdin Manha Formation
GenusSpeciesPresence MaterialNotesImages
Miacis M. invictus Isolated upper molar (AMNH 20137).[3] A miacid.
Propterodon P. irdinensis Jaw fragments.[3] A hyaenodontid.
Sarkastodon S. mongoliensis About 25 miles southwest of Iren Dabasu.[10] Skull & jaws.[10] An oxyaenid.

Glires

Glires reported from the Irdin Manha Formation
GenusSpeciesPresence MaterialNotesImages
Advenimus A. burkei Near Camp Margetts.[11] Jaw elements.[11] A ctenodactyloid rodent.
Asiomys A. dawsoni Huheboerhe.[12] Fragment of right calcaneus (IVPP V24417).[12] An ischyromyid rodent.
Erenlagus E. anielae Huheboerhe.[13] Teeth.[13] A stem-lagomorph.
Gomphos G. shevyrevae Huheboerhe escarpment.[14] Teeth & foot elements.[14] A mimotonid.
Ischyromyidae genus indet. Species A Irdin Manha escarpment.[12] Right calcaneus (IVPP V24416).[12] Relatively large ischyromyid rodent, calcaneus comparable in size to that of a coypu or Asiatic brush-tailed porcupine.[12]
Species B Daoteyin Obo.[12] Right calcaneus (IVPP V24418).[12] Large ischyromyid rodent with calcaneus matching in length that of a coypu & similar in structure to that of Paramys.[12]
Mimolagus M. aurorae Irdin Manha escarpment.[15] Teeth & foot elements.[15] A large mimotonid.
Pappocricetodon P. neimongolensis Huheboerhe.[16] Teeth.[16] A cricetid rodent.
P. cf. P. zhongtiaensis Huheboerhe.[16] A left molar.[16] A cricetid rodent.
P. sp. Huheboerhe.[16] A right molar.[16] A cricetid rodent.
Paramyidae Paramyid spp. Teeth & jaws.[11] 3 sizes of paramyid rodents, possibly different species.
?Paramyid sp. Left jaw (AMNH 80801).[11] Possible small paramyid rodent.
Simplicimys S. bellus Huheboerhe.[17] Teeth.[17] A ctenodactyloid rodent also known from the Arshanto Formation.
Strenulagus S. solaris Irdin Manha and Huheboerhe localities.[18] Isolated cheek teeth, fragmentary upper incisors (dI2) and postcranial elements.[18] A stem-lagomorph also known from the Khaychin Formation.
Tamquammys T. fractus Huheboerhe.[17] Right maxilla (V17798).[17] A ctenodactyloid rodent.
T. wilsoni Teeth.[17] A ctenodactyloid rodent also known from the Arshanto & Nomogen formations.
Yongshengomys Y. extensus Huheboerhe.[17] Teeth.[17] A ctenodactyloid rodent.
Yuomys Y. huheboerhensis Huheboerhe.[17] Teeth.[17] A ctenodactyloid rodent.
Y. sp. A Huheboerhe.[17] A right molar (V17805).[17] A ctenodactyloid rodent.
Y. sp. B Huheboerhe.[17] A right molar (V17806).[17] A ctenodactyloid rodent.
Y. sp. C Huheboerhe.[17] A right molar (V17807).[17] A ctenodactyloid rodent.

Mesonychians

Mesonychians reported from the Irdin Manha Formation
GenusSpeciesPresence MaterialNotesImages
Hapalodectes ?H. auctus An upper molar or possibly premolar (AMNH 20130).[3] A hapalodectid.
H. serus Around Telegraph Line Camp.[4] Lower cheek tooth (AMNH 20172).[3][4] A hapalodectid.
Harpagolestes H. leei Huheboerhe & Daoteyin Obo.[19] Tooth elements.[19] A mesonychid.
Mesonychidae Gen. indet. AMNH 20132.[3] About the size of Harpagolestes uintensis.
Gen. indet. Isolated tooth (AMNH 20133).[3] About the size of Synoplotherium lanius.
Mongolonyx M. dolichognathus 7 miles west of Camp Margetts.[4] Jaw elements.[4] A large mesonychid.

Perissodactyls

Perissodactyls reported from the Irdin Manha Formation
GenusSpeciesPresence MaterialNotesImages
Caenolophus C. proficiens Lower jaw & isolated teeth.[20] A rhinocerotoid.
Cooperia C. totadentata Telegraph Line Camp, 23 miles southeast of Iren Dabasu.[21] Front of skull (AMNH 20116).[21] Generic name preoccupied, renamed Forstercooperia.
Desmatotherium D. fissum Upper jaw fragment.[20] A helaletid.
D. mongoliense Irdin Manha escarpment, Duheminboerhe, Huheboerhe & Chaganboerhe.[22] Parts of 10 individuals.[20][23] A helaletid also found in the Mergen Formation.
Forstercooperia F. totadentata Telegraph Line Camp, 23 miles southeast of Iren Dabasu.[21] Front of skull (AMNH 20116).[21] A paraceratheriid, originally named Cooperia.
F. ulanshirehensis Irdin Manha site.[24] Jaw elements.[24] A paraceratheriid also known from the Ulan Shireh Formation.
Gnathotitan G. berkeyi Irdin Manha.[25] Jaw elements.[25] A brontothere.
Lophialetes L. expeditus Jaw elements.[20] A lophialetid.
L. minutus Upper molar.[20] A lophialetid.
Metatelmatherium M. cristatum Camp Margetts.[25] Skull & lower jaw (AMNH 26411).[25] A brontothere.
M. parvum Irdin Manha.[25] Fragment of left lower jaw (AMNH 20168).[25] A brontothere.
Microtitan M. mongoliensis Jaw elements.[25] A brontothere.
Pappaceras P. confluens Upper gray clays & Camp Margetts area.[26] Skull & jaw elements.[26] A paraceratheriid.
Paracolodon P. fissus Duheminboerhe & Daoteyin Obo.[22] Skull elements & teeth.[22] A helaletid.
Protitan P. bellus Spring Camp, East Mesa, Shara Murun region.[25] Palatal side of skull (AMNH 26104).[25] A brontothere.
P. grangeri Skull elements.[25] A brontothere.
P. minor Camp Margetts.[25] Skull elements.[25] A brontothere.
P. obliquidens Irdin Manha.[25] Part of left maxilla (AMNH 20125).[25] A brontothere.
P. robustus Irdin Manha.[25] Jaw elements & teeth.[25] A brontothere.
Protitanotherium P. mongoliense Lower jaw & foot bones (AMNH 18653).[23] Moved to the genus Rhinotitan.[25]
Rhinotitan R. mongoliensis Lower jaw & foot bones (AMNH 18653).[23] A brontothere originally reported as a species of Protitanotherium.
Rostriamynodon R. grangeri East of Camp Margetts.[27] Complete skull & mandible (AMNH 107635).[27] An amynodontid.
Teleolophus T. medius Teeth & jaws.[20]

Primates

Primates reported from the Irdin Manha Formation
GenusSpeciesPresence MaterialNotesImages
Tarkops T. mckennai Huheboerhe.[28] Incomplete left lower jaw (IVPP V16424).[28] An omomyid.

Reptiles

Birds

Birds reported from the Irdin Manha Formation
GenusSpeciesPresence MaterialNotesImages
Buteoninae Chimney Butte.[29] Left coracoid (AMNH FR 2941).[29] Specimen reassigned to Eogrus? sp.
Eogrus E. aeola Chimney Butte.[29] Right metatarsus (AMNH 2936).[29] An eogruid.
E.? sp. Chimney Butte.[29] Left coracoid (AMNH FR 2941).[29] Formerly thought to represent a buteonine, now thought to be an eogruid.[30]
Telecrex T. grangeri Chimney Butte, Shara Murun region.[29][31] An incomplete right femur (AMNH 2942).[29][31] A guineafowl, formerly thought to be a rail.

Crocodilians

Crocodilians reported from the Irdin Manha Formation
GenusSpeciesPresence MaterialNotesImages
Asiatosuchus A. grangeri 25 miles southwest of Iren Dabasu.[32] Portions of at least 2 individuals.[32] A crocodyloid.

Testudines

Testudines reported from the Irdin Manha Formation
GenusSpeciesPresence MaterialNotesImages
"Adocus" "A". orientalis Telegraph Line Camp.[33][34] Anterior half of plastron (AMNH 6356).[33][34] An adocid.
Amyda? A.? johnsoni Telegraph Line Camp.[34] Two-thirds of a carapace (AMNH 6357) & many carapace fragments (AMNH 6359).[34] A softshell turtle.
Trionychidae Indeterminate Telegraph Line Camp.[34] Several kinds of sculptured fragments (AMNH 6360).[34] Remains of softshell turtles.

Fish

Fish reported from the Irdin Manha Formation
GenusSpeciesPresence MaterialNotesImages
Pappichthys P. mongoliensis Telegraph Line Camp.[35] Vertebrae.[36] Specimens now believed to represent Siluriformes.
Siluriformes Indeterminate Telegraph Line Camp, Chahar Province.[35] 5 vertebrae (AMNH 8535).[35] A catfish likely related to ictalurids. Formerly assigned to Pappichthys mongoliensis.

See also

References

  1. ↑ Irdin Manha Beds (1930 AMNH Eudinoceras site) (Eocene of China) in the Paleobiology Database. Retrieved July 2013.
  2. 1 2 3 4 Osborn, Henry Fairfield; Granger, Walter (August 17, 1932). "Coryphodonts and uintatheres from the Mongolian Expedition of 1930". American Museum Novitates (552): 1–16. hdl:2246/3000.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Matthew, William Diller; Granger, Walter (November 21, 1925). "New mammals from the Irdin Manha Eocene of Mongolia". American Museum Novitates (198): 1–10. hdl:2246/3182.
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 Szalay, Frederick S.; Gould, Stephen Jay (1966). "Asiatic Mesonychidae (Mammalia, Condylarthra)". Bulletin of the AMNH. 132 (2). hdl:2246/1112.
  5. ↑ Osborn, H. F. (11 November 1924). "Andrewsarchus, giant mesonychid of Mongolia" (PDF). American Museum Novitates. American Museum of Natural History (146). Archived from the original on 2 November 2020.
  6. 1 2 Li, Qian; Li, Qi (2022-10-03). "A new middle Eocene bunodont artiodactyl from the Erlian Basin (Nei Mongol, China)". Historical Biology. 34 (10): 1941–1949. doi:10.1080/08912963.2021.1989679. ISSN 0891-2963. S2CID 239828310.
  7. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Coombs, Margery C.; Coombs, Walter P. (1977). "Dentition of Gobiohyus and a Reevaluation of the Helohyidae (Artiodactyla)". Journal of Mammalogy. 58 (3): 291–308. doi:10.2307/1379328. ISSN 0022-2372. JSTOR 1379328.
  8. 1 2 Bai, Bin; Wang, Yuan-Qing; Theodor, Jessica M.; Meng, Jin (2023). "Small artiodactyls with tapir-like teeth from the middle Eocene of the Erlian Basin, Inner Mongolia, China". Frontiers in Earth Science. 11. doi:10.3389/feart.2023.1117911. ISSN 2296-6463.
  9. ↑ Osborn, Henry Fairfield; Granger, Walter; Andrews, Roy Chapman; Matthew, William Diller (1931). "Coryphodonts of Mongolia: Eudinoceras mongoliensis Osborn, E. kholobolchiensis sp. nov". American Museum Novitates (459). hdl:2246/3066.
  10. 1 2 Granger, Walter; Garber, A. Z. (April 21, 1938). "A giant oxyaenid from the Upper Eocene of Mongolia". American Museum Novitates (969): 1–5. hdl:2246/2199?show=full.
  11. 1 2 3 4 Dawson, Mary (1964). "Late Eocene rodents (Mammalia) from Inner Mongolia". American Museum Novitates (2191). hdl:2246/3304.
  12. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Fostowicz-Frelik, Łucja; López-Torres, Sergi; Li, Qian (2021-06-02). "Tarsal morphology of ischyromyid rodents from the middle Eocene of China gives an insight into the group's diversity in Central Asia". Scientific Reports. 11 (1): 11543. Bibcode:2021NatSR..1111543F. doi:10.1038/s41598-021-90796-1. ISSN 2045-2322. PMC 8172891. PMID 34078948.
  13. 1 2 Fostowicz-Frelik, Łcja; Li, Qian (2014-12-31). "A new genus of stem lagomorph (Mammalia: Glires) from the Middle Eocene of the Erlian Basin, Nei Mongol, China". Acta Zoologica Cracoviensia. 57 (1): 29–42. doi:10.3409/azc.57_1-2.29. ISSN 0065-1710.
  14. 1 2 Meng, Jin; Kraatz, Brian P.; Wang, Yuanqing; Ni, Xijun; Gebo, Daniel L; Beard, K. Christopher (2009-11-30). "A New Species of Gomphos (Glires, Mammalia) from the Eocene of the Erlian Basin, Nei Mongol, China". American Museum Novitates (3670): 1–11. doi:10.1206/673.1. ISSN 0003-0082.
  15. 1 2 Fostowicz-Frelik, Łucja; Li, Chuankui; Mao, Fangyuan; Meng, Jin; Wang, Yuanqing (2015-03-30). "A large mimotonid from the Middle Eocene of China sheds light on the evolution of lagomorphs and their kin". Scientific Reports. 5 (1): 9394. doi:10.1038/srep09394. ISSN 2045-2322. PMC 4377629. PMID 25818513.
  16. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Li, Qian (July 2012). "Middle Eocene Cricetids (Rodentia, Mammalia) from The Erlian Basin, Nei Mongol, China". Vertebrata PalAsiatica. 50 (3): 237–244.
  17. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Li, Qian; Meng, Jin (2015). New ctenodactyloid rodents from the Erlian Basin, Nei Mongol, China, and the phylogenetic relationships of Eocene Asian ctenodactyloids. New York, NY: American Museum of Natural History.
  18. 1 2 Łucja, Fostowicz-Freldc; Chuankui, Li; Qian, Li; Jin, Meng; Yuanqing, Wang (March 3, 2015). "Strenulagus (Mammalia: Lagomorpha) from the Middle Eocene Irdin Manha Formation of the Erlian Basin, Nei Mongol, China". Acta Geologica Sinica - English Edition. 89 (1): 12–26. doi:10.1111/1755-6724.12391. S2CID 128886984.
  19. 1 2 Jin, Xun (July 2012). "New mesonychid (Mammalia) material from the lower Paleogene of the Erlian Basin, Nei Mongol, China". Vertebrata PalAsiatica. 50 (3): 245–257.
  20. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Matthew, William Diller; Granger, Walter (November 23, 1925). "The smaller perissodactyls of the Irdin Manha Formation, Eocene of Mongolia". American Museum Novitates (199): 1–9. hdl:2246/3183.
  21. 1 2 3 4 Wood, Horace Elmer (December 30, 1938). "Cooperia totadentata, a remarkable rhinoceros from the Eocene of Mongolia". American Museum Novitates (1012): 1–20. hdl:2246/2209?show=full.
  22. 1 2 3 Bai, Bin (2017). New material of Eocene Helaletidae (Perissodactyla, Tapiroidea) from the Irdin Manha Formation of the Erlian Basin, Inner Mongolia, China, and comments on related localities of the Huheboerhe area. American Museum of Natural History Library. New York, NY : American Museum of Natural History.
  23. 1 2 3 Osborn, Henry Fairfield (October 17, 1923). "Titanotheres and lophiodonts in Mongolia". American Museum Novitates (91): 1–5. hdl:2246/3206.
  24. 1 2 Wang, Hai-bing; Wang, Hai-bing; Bai, Bin; Meng, Jin; Wang, Yuanqing (2018). A new species of Forstercooperia (Perissodactyla, Paraceratheriidae) from northern China with a systematic revision of forstercooperiines. New York, NY: American Museum of Natural History.
  25. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 Granger, Walter; Gregory, William K. (February 4, 1943). "A revision of the Mongolian titanotheres". Bulletin of the AMNH. 80 (10): 349–389. hdl:2246/383.
  26. 1 2 Wood, Horace Elmer (July 25, 1963). "A primitive rhinoceros from the late Eocene of Mongolia". American Museum Novitates (2146): 1–11. hdl:2246/3390.
  27. 1 2 Wall, William P.; Manning, Earl (1986). "Rostriamynodon grangeri n. gen., n. sp. of Amynodontid (Perissodactyla, Rhinocerotoidea) with Comments on the Phylogenetic History of Eocene Amynodontidae". Journal of Paleontology. 60 (4): 911–919. doi:10.1017/S0022336000043079. ISSN 0022-3360. JSTOR 1305081. S2CID 59363111.
  28. 1 2 Ni, Xijun; Meng, Jin; Beard, K. Christopher; Gebo, Daniel L.; Wang, Yuanqing; Li, Chuankui (2010-01-22). "A new tarkadectine primate from the Eocene of Inner Mongolia, China: phylogenetic and biogeographic implications". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 277 (1679): 247–256. doi:10.1098/rspb.2009.0173. ISSN 0962-8452. PMC 2842661. PMID 19386655.
  29. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Wetmore, Alexander (1934). "Fossil birds from Mongolia and China". American Museum Novitates (711): 1–16. hdl:2246/2095.
  30. ↑ "Division of Paleontology". research.amnh.org. Retrieved 2023-02-05.
  31. 1 2 Olson, S. (1974). "Telecrex Restudied: A Small Eocene Guineafowl". The Wilson Journal of Ornithology. 86 (3): 246–250. S2CID 73581614.
  32. 1 2 Mook, Charles Craig (1940). "A new fossil crocodilian from Mongolia". American Museum Novitates (1097): 1–3. hdl:2246/2242.
  33. 1 2 Danilov, I. G.; Sukhanov, V. B.; Syromyatnikova, E. V. (2011). "New Asiatic materials on turtles of the family Adocidae with a review of the Adocid record in Asia". Proceedings of the Zoological Institute RAS. 315 (2): 101–132. doi:10.31610/trudyzin/2011.315.2.101. S2CID 55392207.
  34. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Gilmore, Charles W. (1931). "Fossil turtles of Mongolia". Bulletin of the AMNH. 59 (4). hdl:2246/345.
  35. 1 2 3 Stucky, Richard K. (1982). "Early Fossil Catfish from Mongolia". Copeia. 1982 (2): 465–467. doi:10.2307/1444634. ISSN 0045-8511. JSTOR 1444634.
  36. ↑ Hussakof, Louis; Granger, Walter (1932). "The fossil fishes collected by the Central Asiatic Expeditions". American Museum Novitates (553). hdl:2246/3001.
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