| Isotria medeoloides | |
|---|---|
 | |
Scientific classification  | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| Clade: | Tracheophytes |
| Clade: | Angiosperms |
| Clade: | Monocots |
| Order: | Asparagales |
| Family: | Orchidaceae |
| Subfamily: | Vanilloideae |
| Genus: | Isotria |
| Species: | I. medeoloides |
| Binomial name | |
| Isotria medeoloides | |
Isotria medeoloides, commonly known as small whorled pogonia or little five leaves, is a terrestrial orchid found in temperate Eastern North America.
Distribution
The orchid's range is from southern Maine south to Georgia and west to southern Ontario, Michigan, and Tennessee. A population was found in Missouri in 1897,[5] but the plant is no longer believed extant there.[6]
It has always been considered a rare species, often legendarily so. It has been called "the rarest orchid east of the Mississippi",[7] and findings of it are covered by the media, such as the one found in Vermont in 2022.[8]
The plant's habitat includes hardwood and conifer-hardwood forests, where it is found in leaf litter along small "braided" intermittent streams. Its native range includes the Appalachian Mountains and Great Lakes region.
Description
Isotria medeoloides is a rhizomatous herb producing a waxy gray-green stem up to about 25 centimeters tall. The gray-green leaves are up to 8.5 centimeters long by 4 wide and are borne in a characteristic whorl.
The flower has green and green-streaked yellowish petals measuring between 1 and 2 centimeters long.[9]
Conservation
The plant is listed as a threatened species by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, having been downlisted from endangered status in 1994 as more populations were discovered, and several were given protection.[6] It is listed as an endangered species by most states or provinces within its range.[10] There are about 104 populations known to exist, but most of these are small, containing fewer than 25 plants.[7]
The main threat to the species' existence is the destruction of its habitat.[7] Other threats include wild pigs, off-road vehicles, predation by deer and slugs, vandalism, and collection.[11]
Taxonomy
This orchid is sometimes confused with the common Indian cucumber (Medeola virginiana), which has similar whorled leaves and grows in similar habitat types. The species name medeoloides is a reference to this similarity.[7]
Anecdotal tales of the species only appearing at decades-long intervals do not appear to be supported by field studies. The plant can usually remain dormant for up to three years.[7]
Notes
- ↑ Treher, A.; Sharma, J.; Frances, A.; Poff, K. (2015). "Isotria medeoloides". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2015: e.T64176265A65215480. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-4.RLTS.T64176265A65215480.en. Retrieved 24 October 2022.
- ↑ "Small whorled pogonia (Isotria medeoloides)". Environmental Conservation Online System. U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service. Retrieved 20 August 2023.
- ↑ 47 FR 39827
- ↑ 59 FR 50852
- ↑ Small whorled pogonia. Archived 2010-05-28 at the Wayback Machine Missouri Conservationist.
- 1 2 USFWS. Isotria medeoloides Five-year Review. October 2008.
- 1 2 3 4 5 Isotria medeoloides. Archived 2010-12-15 at the Wayback Machine Center for Plant Conservation.
- ↑ "A rare orchid, thought to be extinct, has been rediscovered in Vermont". Vermont Public Radio. 2022-06-08. Retrieved 2022-06-12.
- ↑ I. medeoloides. Flora of North America.
- ↑ USDA Plants Profile
- ↑ USFS. I. medeoloides. Celebrating Wildflowers.
References
- Gleason, H.A. and A. Cronquist. 1991. Manual of Vascular Plants of Northeastern United States and Adjacent Canada. New York Botanical Garden, Bronx, New York.
- Radis, R.P. 1983. Endangered, Threatened, Vulnerable, and Rare Vascular Plant Species of the Delaware Water Gap National Recreation Area. U.S. Department of the Interior, National Park Service, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.