His Excellency
Iván Duque
ODB ODSC OSP GOM CYC OSC OMDSM GColIH
Duque in 2020
33rd President of Colombia
In office
7 August 2018 – 7 August 2022
Vice PresidentMarta Lucía Ramírez
Preceded byJuan Manuel Santos
Succeeded byGustavo Petro
President pro tempore of PROSUR
In office
12 December 2020 – 27 January 2022
Preceded bySebastián Piñera
Succeeded byMario Abdo Benítez
Senator of Colombia
In office
20 July 2014 – 10 April 2018
Personal details
Born
Iván Duque Márquez

(1976-08-01) 1 August 1976
Bogotá, Colombia
Political partyDemocratic Center
Spouse
​
(m. 2003)​
Children3
Alma materSergio Arboleda University
American University
Georgetown University
Signature

Iván Duque Márquez ODB ODSC OSP GOM CYC OSC OMDSM GColIH (Spanish pronunciation: [iˈβan ˈdu.ke ˈmaɾkes]; born 1 August 1976) [1] is a Colombian politician and lawyer who served as the president of Colombia from 2018 to 2022. He was elected as the candidate from the Democratic Centre Party in the 2018 Colombian presidential election.[2] Backed by his mentor, former president and powerful senator Alvaro Uribe, he was elected despite having been relatively unknown a year before the election.[3] He ran on a platform that included opposing Juan Manuel Santos' peace agreement with the FARC guerrilla group. After Duque's term came to an end, he was succeeded by Gustavo Petro on 7 August 2022, after Petro won the runoff round in the 2022 Colombian presidential election.

Life and career

Duque was born in Bogotá to a wealthy political family originally from the Colombian town of Gómez Plata, Antioquia. He is the son of Juliana Márquez Tono (born 1950), a political scientist and Iván Duque Escobar (1937–2016), a powerful local political leader who was Governor of Antioquia, auditor in the United Nations, Minister of Mines and Energy, and head of the National Registry of Civil Status in the Government of Andrés Pastrana.[4] Duque's siblings are Andrés and María Paula Duque.[5]

Duque attended Colegio Rochester but obtained his high-school diploma from Colegio Winston-Salem in Bogota. He then graduated from Sergio Arboleda University in Bogotá in 2000 with a degree in law.[6] He holds a LLM in International economic law from American University and a Masters in Public Policy Management from Georgetown University, Washington D.C..

He began his professional career in 1999 as a consultant in CAF – Development Bank of Latin America and the Caribbean and later served as an advisor at the Colombian Ministry of Finance and Public Credit during the government of Andrés Pastrana (1998–2002).

Subsequently, he was appointed by Juan Manuel Santos, future president and then-Minister of Finance, as one of Colombia's representatives at the Inter-American Development Bank (IDB), a post he held between 2001 and 2013. There he served as chief of the Division of Culture, Solidarity, and Creativity.[7]

Duque also served as international advisor of former President Álvaro Uribe Vélez. Between 2010 and 2011, he was a consultant at the United Nations (UN) in the Panel of Inquiry appointed by the Secretary-General for the Incident of the Gaza Flotilla that occurred on 31 May 2010, between Israel and Turkey, known as Mavi Marmara.[8]

Political background

Duque returned to Colombia to become a candidate for the Senate in the legislative elections of 2014, for the Partido Centro Democrático (Democratic Center Party) which split away from the ruling governing party after Juan Manuel Santos opened peace negotiations with the FARC. This new party campaigned against the new peace agreement and the Santos Government, and was led by right wing former president Uribe.[9]

Uribe created his own political party and presented himself and a list of hand picked political allies as candidates for the office of Congressman in a closed list, which meant that people could not vote for an individual congressman but had to vote for the party as a whole in both the upper and lower chamber elections. Duque was included in the number seven spot of the closed off list for the Senate and thus was elected senator.

During his time as a senator, he was the author of four laws:

  • Law 1822 of 4 January 2017,[10] increasing the maternity leave from 14 to 18 weeks, so mothers could spend more time with their newborn children, a benefit that was also extended to adoptive mothers.
  • Law 1831 of 2 May 2017,[11] for the availability of defibrillators in public facilities and places of high public influx, to save lives, since heart attacks are the leading cause of death in Colombia.
  • Law 1809 of 29 September 2016,[12] for the use of advanced severance payments for educational insurance, so that more families can send their children to the university.
  • Law 1834 of 23 May 2017,[13] the "Orange Law" for the promotion, development and protection of the creative and cultural industries.

2018 presidential election

On 10 December 2017, Duque was nominated by his party as its candidate for President of Colombia. He won the nomination through a system of surveys conducted by the party, with a 29.47% favorability compared to the other two candidates: Carlos Holmes Trujillo who obtained 20.15%, and Rafael Nieto with 20.06%. In January 2018, it was announced that the center-right coalition would participate in the Grand Primary for Colombia – an interparty consultation – with Duque as its candidate confronting Marta Lucía Ramírez (civil-center right movement) and Alejandro Ordóñez (right wing civil movement).[14] On 11 March 2018, Duque won the primary with more than 4 million votes. Ramírez was second, with just over 1.5 million votes, and Ordóñez came third with 385,000 votes. During his speech, Duque thanked the support of Colombians at the polls and announced Marta Lucía Ramírez as his running mate in the elections.[15]

On 27 May 2018, Duque earned the most votes in the first round of the presidential election with over 39% of the vote. Duque was elected President of Colombia on 17 June 2018 after defeating Gustavo Petro 54% to 42% in the second round.[16]

Presidency (2018–2022)

Duque (left) shakes hands with Argentinian President Mauricio Macri in August 2018

Duque was sworn in on 7 August 2018 at Bogotá's Bolívar Square.[17] Duque's government main priorities are legality and entrepreunership, among other areas.[18]

In 2020, after the drug lord "Ñeñe" Hernandez was murdered in Brazil, some audios of him conspiring to give money to Duque's party in order to buy votes for his election were published in what is known as the "Ñeñepolítica".[19][20]

Duque's term concluded on 7 August 2022 and he was succeeded by Gustavo Petro.[21]

Domestic policy

Opposed to the peace agreement signed in 2016 with the FARC guerrilla group, Duque, nevertheless stated at the time of his election that he had no intention of "smashing it to bits". As president, he tried to eliminate certain points of the agreement. His government sought to weaken the Special Jurisdiction for Peace and cut the budget of the Truth Commission and the Unit for the Search for Disappeared Persons by 30%. The government also promoted generals involved in extrajudicial executions (see : "False positives" scandal), appoints controversial figures to key positions and halts negotiations with the other guerrilla group, the National Liberation Army (ELN).[22]

Through its National Development Plan 2018–2022, the Colombian government planned to revive the country's gold and copper markets. In addition, 161 new oil drilling sites were planned for 2022, four times more than the 46 existing in 2018. Hydraulic fracturing was legalised in 2019. The plan was widely criticised by environmentalists, who considered it dangerous for the environment and the climate, and offering the country's non-renewable resources to foreign multinationals. The share of extraction profits paid to the state has dropped to 0.4% for gold and silver, and 3.27% for open-cast coal mines. The plan also threatened indigenous communities, whose territories and resources were under threat. In mid-2019 the Pan-American Highway was blocked for several weeks by the mobilisation of thousands of indigenous people in the department of Cauca.[23]

During the COVID-19 pandemic, the Colombian government created the "Prevention and Action" television programme, in which Duque communicated with citizens through a national network, with the Colombian public and private media, broadcasting every day at 6pm.[24] The program enjoyed great popularity initially, since it was shown as an effective means to timely communicate the news about the measures used to contain the spread COVID-19. His approval rating increased at the start of the pandemic, as a result. However, the program was extended over time and lost popularity, as there were no constant news about the pandemic; the program mutated to a space where Duque talked to the public, however the program continued during the start of the 2021 protests, Duque continued to present the television program, which generated strong criticism. By May 2021, as protests continue and the unemployment was out of control, the programme ended.

In 2020, the defence minister Carlos Holmes Trujillo died of COVID-19, and was replaced by Diego Molano.[25] As a result of the COVID-19 pandemic, GDP in Colombia decreased by 6.8% in 2020, the worst drop in the country's GDP in history.[26]

Public safety

Insecurity in Colombia has increased during Iván Duque's presidency.[27] In four years there have been more than 260 massacres that have left more than 1,100 people dead. Violence against social leaders in the territories has increased substantially. As of 4 June 2022, 930 social leaders had been assassinated. In addition, 245 former FARC combatants who took advantage of the Peace Accords have been assassinated during the Duque government.

War on drugs

Duque made the war on drugs a central issue of his presidency and called his country "a partner for all of the Western Hemisphere in the fight against drugs."[28][29] Despite his efforts, however, cocaine production reached record highs during his presidency.[30] With a potential output of 1,400 metric tons in 2022 according to the UN, Colombia remained the world's leading producer of the drug.[31]

Protests

The 2019–2020 Colombian protests were a collection of protests that have occurred since 21 November 2019.[32] Hundreds of thousands of Colombians demonstrated to support the Colombian peace process and against the Duque government.[32][33][34] Demonstrators criticise also the government's desire to make the labour market more flexible, to reduce the public pension fund in favour of private entities and to raise the retirement age . The unions also protested against the tax reform aimed at reducing the taxes paid by companies and against the planned privatisation of public companies such as the oil company Ecopetrol and the electricity company Cenit. The army was deployed in the main cities of the country and a curfew was introduced.[35] The unpopularity rate of Iván Duque reached almost 70%.[36]

The 2021 Colombian protests began on 28 April 2021 against increased taxes proposed by the Duque government amid the pandemic.[37]

Venezuelan refugee crisis

The Presidency of Ivan Duque has continued the policies of his predecessor Juan Manuel Santos in regards to immigration and the Venezuelan refugee crisis. Ivan Duque's government has been a vocal supporter for the refugees at the United Nations and has provided aid, schooling and health care for many, and has been a vocal critic of other South American countries closing of doors to Venezuelan refugees.[38]

In 2018, Duque dedicated 0.5% of government spending to supporting refugees accounting for about 20% of Colombia's budget short fall, despite opposition.[39] In response to this criticism on a televised address Duque stated: "For those who want to make from xenophobia a political path, we adopt the path of brotherhood, for those who want to outcast or discriminate against migrants, we stand up today ... to say that we are going to take them in and we are going to support them during difficult times."

Duque's policies regarding this issue have received repeated praise from international humanitarian organizations for its efforts to legalize, formalize and offer assistance to refugees, and the Atlantic has noted that it has set the bar welcoming refugees. A representative from the International Rescue Committee has noted that: "[she's] never seen a government trying this hard to register people and leave the borders open. Unfortunately," she added "the scale of this crisis, and the speed at which it changes, is more than Colombia can handle."[40] His decision to provide temporary protected legal status to nearly 1.7 million Venezuelan migrants drew praise from leaders around the world.[41]

Foreign policy

Duque and his wife María Juliana Ruiz Sandoval with U.S. President Donald Trump and First Lady Melania Trump in 2019
Duque with U.S. President Joe Biden in 2022

Duque pursued very close relations with the Trump administration in the United States and supported its projects in Colombia and Latin America.[42] In return, Colombia benefited from U.S. military support and increased foreign aid funds.[43]

Duque described the Venezuelan government of Nicolás Maduro as dictatorial and supported the Trump administration's efforts for regime change, recognizing Juan Guaido as interim president and encouraging the country's military to back the Guaido government.[44]

Duque's government welcomed the removal of Bolivian President Evo Morales during the 2019 Bolivian political crisis, and was accused of interference in the Ecuadorian elections of 2021 by accusing the left-wing candidate Andrés Arauz of being financed by the Colombian guerrilla group ELN.[42]

Despite his party supporting Donald Trump during the 2020 US presidential election, Duque maintained very good relations under the presidency of Joe Biden. The Biden administration showed signs of favoring right-wing candidates in the Colombian presidential election of 2022: senior US diplomats spoke to the press about alleged Russian, Cuban and Venezuelan interference in the election in favor of leftist candidate Gustavo Petro, while US officials avoided meeting Petro before the election while meeting other candidates.[42]

Duque condemned the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine and considered the invasion a violation of international law and the United Nations charter.[45]

Criminal investigation

Following the publication of alleged evidence in March 2018 that Duque's political party conspired with the drug trafficking organization of Marquitos Figueroa to commit fraud in the presidential election,[46] Congress's Accusations Committee and the National Electoral Council opened an investigation into his alleged role in the fraud.[47] The Supreme Court opened a criminal investigation into his political sponsor, right-wing former President Álvaro Uribe,[48] who is already being investigated for alleged witness fraud and bribery.

After the presidency

Two days after the end of his presidency, he was named a "distinguished fellow" at the influential Woodrow Wilson Center in Washington, D.C., a U.S. government-funded think tank with a monthly salary of $10,000.[42]

He supports far-right candidate Javier Milei in 2023 Argentine general election.[49]

Published books

Iván Duque is the author of the books Monetary Sins (2007), Machiavelli in Colombia (2010),[50] Orange Effect (2015), IndignAcción (IndignAction) (2017), The Future is at the Center (2018) Archaeology of My Father (2018), Humanism Matters (2019), The Road to Zero (2021) and is co-author of the book The Orange Economy: An Infinite Opportunity (2013).[51][52]

Duque has also been an Op-Ed contributor to several newspapers: El Colombiano, from Medellín; Portafolio and El Tiempo from Casa Editorial El Tiempo in Bogotá; and El País in Spain.

Personal life

Duque is Roman Catholic. He is married to María Juliana Ruiz Sandoval, with whom he has three children: Luciana, Matías, Eloísa and David, a Yale SOM graduate.[53]

Awards

Honours

Coat of arms of Duque as Knight of the Collar of the Order of Isabella the Catholic.

National honours

Foreign honours

References

  1. ↑ "H.E. Iván Duque Márquez".
  2. ↑ "Iván Duque: Colombia's new president sworn into office". BBC News. 8 August 2018. Archived from the original on 30 October 2020. Retrieved 8 August 2018.
  3. ↑ Times, New York (17 June 2018). "Colombia Elects Iván Duque, a Young Populist, as President". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 31 December 2018. Retrieved 28 December 2018.
  4. ↑ "Ivan Duque Escobar". Semana. 26 May 2002. Archived from the original on 28 August 2019. Retrieved 28 August 2018.
  5. ↑ Tiempo, Casa Editorial El (11 December 2017). "Este es Iván Duque, el candidato uribista a la presidencia 2018". Archived from the original on 20 May 2020. Retrieved 3 December 2018.
  6. ↑ "Por primera vez, la Sergio Arboleda tiene presidente" (in Spanish). Semana. 17 June 2018. Archived from the original on 13 August 2019. Retrieved 11 July 2018.
  7. ↑ "IDB Cultural Center launches call for proposals for cultural projects | IADB". www.iadb.org. Retrieved 27 March 2023.
  8. ↑ Tiempo, Casa Editorial El (11 December 2017). "Este es Iván Duque, el candidato uribista a la presidencia 2018". El Tiempo (in Spanish). Retrieved 27 March 2023.
  9. ↑ Semana (6 July 2014). "La derecha es la nueva fuerza política del país". Semana.com Últimas Noticias de Colombia y el Mundo (in Spanish). Retrieved 27 March 2023.
  10. ↑ "Ley 1822 de 2017" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 30 October 2020. Retrieved 3 December 2018.
  11. ↑ "Ley 1831 de 2017" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 24 September 2020. Retrieved 3 December 2018.
  12. ↑ "Ley 1809 de 2016" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 30 October 2020. Retrieved 3 December 2018.
  13. ↑ "Ley 1834 de 2017" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 30 October 2020. Retrieved 3 December 2018.
  14. ↑ "Iván Duque, el gran ganador de la jornada". Semana (in Spanish). 11 March 2018. Archived from the original on 15 June 2018. Retrieved 25 June 2018.
  15. ↑ "Iván Duque gana consulta de derecha por encima de Ramírez y Ordóñez". El País (in Spanish). 11 March 2018. Archived from the original on 12 March 2018. Retrieved 16 July 2022.
  16. ↑ Murphy, Helen. "Colombia president-elect vows to unite nation, alter peace deal". Reuters. Archived from the original on 24 June 2018. Retrieved 25 June 2018.
  17. ↑ "Iván Duque: Colombia's new president sworn into office". BBC News World Latin America. 8 August 2018. Archived from the original on 30 October 2020. Retrieved 8 August 2018.
  18. ↑ "Overview". World Bank. Archived from the original on 17 January 2022. Retrieved 17 January 2022.
  19. ↑ "Interceptions to drug trafficker 'Ñeñe' Hernández expose vote-buying for Duque by order of Uribe".
  20. ↑ "Audio proves Duque's party conspired with narcos to rig Colombia's presidential election". 16 March 2020.
  21. ↑ "Leftist ex-rebel Gustavo Petro takes oath as Colombia's president in historic shift". AP. Bogotá. 8 August 2022. Archived from the original on 8 August 2022. Retrieved 8 August 2022.
  22. ↑ "Accord de paix en Colombie : Le gouvernement sape le travail de mémoire". Archived from the original on 13 December 2021. Retrieved 13 December 2021.
  23. ↑ "En Amazonie colombienne, les terres autochtones pillées par l'extractivisme". Archived from the original on 18 June 2019. Retrieved 13 December 2021.
  24. ↑ Semana (11 December 2020). "¿Se acerca el final del programa "Prevención y acción" del presidente Duque?". Semana.com Últimas Noticias de Colombia y el Mundo (in Spanish). Retrieved 10 May 2021.
  25. ↑ S.A.S, Editorial La República. "Diego Molano, director del Dapre, fue nombrado como nuevo ministro de Defensa". www.asuntoslegales.com.co (in Spanish). Retrieved 10 May 2021.
  26. ↑ Semana (15 February 2021). "PIB de Colombia en 2020 bajó 6,8 %, la peor caída de su historia". Semana.com Últimas Noticias de Colombia y el Mundo (in Spanish). Retrieved 11 May 2021.
  27. ↑ "Iván Duque centró su periodo en la seguridad, pero deja una Colombia más violenta". 15 June 2022.
  28. ↑ "Colombia: New left-wing leader wants global drugs rethink". BBC News. 8 August 2022. Retrieved 27 March 2023.
  29. ↑ Meredith, Sam. "Colombia is the Western Hemisphere's best ally in the war on drugs, president says". CNBC. Retrieved 27 March 2023.
  30. ↑ "US report: Colombia coca production still at record high". AP NEWS. 6 March 2020. Retrieved 27 March 2023.
  31. ↑ Acosta, Luis Jaime (20 October 2022). "Colombia's potential cocaine production at record high, U.N. says". Reuters. Retrieved 27 March 2023.
  32. 1 2 Daniels, Joe Parkin (21 November 2019). "Clashes in Colombia as hundreds of thousands protest against government". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Archived from the original on 21 November 2019. Retrieved 22 November 2019.
  33. ↑ "Colombia protests prompt teargas, curfew and border closures". CNN. 22 November 2019. Archived from the original on 22 November 2019. Retrieved 22 November 2019.
  34. ↑ "With nationwide strike, Colombia joins South America's season of protest". The Washington Post. 21 November 2019. Archived from the original on 22 November 2019. Retrieved 22 November 2019.
  35. ↑ "Colombia: Aumentan las protestas". 3 March 2022. Archived from the original on 13 December 2021. Retrieved 13 December 2021.
  36. ↑ "Uribe y Duque alcanzan niveles históricos de impopularidad - Gobierno - Política - ELTIEMPO.COM". 18 December 2019. Archived from the original on 13 December 2021. Retrieved 13 December 2021.
  37. ↑ "Thousands march in Colombia in fourth day of protests against tax plan". Reuters. 1 May 2021. Archived from the original on 1 May 2021. Retrieved 2 May 2021.
  38. ↑ "A rude reception awaits many Venezuelans fleeing their country". The Economist. Archived from the original on 17 November 2019. Retrieved 17 November 2019.
  39. ↑ "Millions of refugees from Venezuela are straining neighbours' hospitality". The Economist. Archived from the original on 17 November 2019. Retrieved 17 November 2019.
  40. ↑ Baddour, Dylan (30 January 2019). "Colombia's Radical Plan to Welcome Millions of Venezuelan Migrants". The Atlantic. Archived from the original on 10 August 2019. Retrieved 17 November 2019.
  41. ↑ "Colombia gives nearly 1 million Venezuelan migrants legal status and right to work". Archived from the original on 27 May 2021. Retrieved 30 May 2021.
  42. 1 2 3 4 "A Warm Washington Welcome for Colombia's Controversial Ex-President". 24 August 2022.
  43. ↑ "Colombia's War on Drugs Will Thrive No Matter Who's in the White House". www.vice.com. Retrieved 27 March 2023.
  44. ↑ Sen, Ashish (14 February 2019). "Maduro's days are over, says Colombian President Duque". Atlantic Council. Retrieved 27 March 2023.
  45. ↑ Alsema, Adriaan (24 February 2022). "Colombia condemns Russia's invasion of Ukraine". Colombia Reports. Archived from the original on 24 February 2022. Retrieved 24 February 2022.
  46. ↑ "Wiretapping of drug trafficker reveals vote-buying for Duque on Uribe's orders". colombiareports.com. 4 March 2020. Archived from the original on 18 August 2020. Retrieved 31 August 2020.
  47. ↑ "Colombia's electoral authority investigating alleged 2018 election fraud". colombiareports.com. 11 August 2020. Archived from the original on 22 August 2020. Retrieved 31 August 2020.
  48. ↑ "Colombia's 2018 election fraud: Supreme Court opens investigation against Uribe". Colombia Reports. 6 March 2020. Archived from the original on 17 April 2020. Retrieved 31 August 2020.
  49. ↑ https://elpais.com/argentina/2023-11-12/los-expresidentes-rajoy-pinera-duque-y-calderon-piden-el-voto-para-el-ultraderechista-milei-en-argentina.html
  50. ↑ Tiempo, Casa Editorial El. "Maquiavelo en Colombia". Archived from the original on 28 April 2020. Retrieved 3 December 2018.
  51. ↑ "Iván Duque Márquez | Wilson Center". www.wilsoncenter.org. Retrieved 27 March 2023.
  52. ↑ "El BID lanza el libro sobre economía creativa y cultural "La Economía Naranja: una oportunidad infinita" – IADB". www.iadb.org. Archived from the original on 16 July 2018. Retrieved 3 December 2018.
  53. ↑ "La Vida Desconocida, Familia y Pareja de Iván Duque". Protagonista. Archived from the original on 9 December 2019. Retrieved 17 November 2019.
  54. ↑ "2022 Wilson Award Honorees". 15 June 2022. Retrieved 8 October 2022.
  55. ↑ "National Geographic Honors Two World Leaders for their Outstanding Commitment and Action Toward Protecting Our Ocean". 27 June 2022. Retrieved 8 October 2022.
  56. ↑ Johnson, Cornell (15 November 2023). "Emerging Markets Institute". Cornell Johnson. Retrieved 6 November 2023.
  57. 1 2 3 4 "Iván Duque le entrega cuatro condecoraciones a Gustavo Petro". Caracol TV (in Spanish). 5 August 2022. Archived from the original on 5 August 2022. Retrieved 5 August 2022.
  58. ↑ "Bolsonaro recebe presidente da Colômbia no Palácio do Planalto nesta terça-feira" (in Portuguese). Archived from the original on 24 October 2021. Retrieved 1 November 2021.
  59. ↑ "Dsc_7871". 19 October 2021. Archived from the original on 21 October 2021. Retrieved 1 November 2021.
  60. ↑ "Duque y Abinader se condecoran mutuamente y sus gobiernos firman 6 documentos" (in Spanish). 29 April 2022. Retrieved 8 October 2022.
  61. ↑ "Presidente de Colombia Iván Duque recibe honores" (in Spanish). 30 April 2022. Retrieved 8 October 2022.
  62. ↑ "Declaración conjunta del Presidente Iván Duque durante su visita de Estado a Perú" (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 1 November 2021. Retrieved 1 November 2021.
  63. ↑ "Congreso otorgó Medalla de Honor al presidente de Colombia, Iván Duque". América TV (in Spanish). 27 May 2019. Archived from the original on 25 July 2019. Retrieved 12 October 2022.
  64. ↑ "Alvará (extrato) 9/2022, de 22 de Julho" (in Portuguese). 22 July 2022. Retrieved 8 October 2022.
  65. ↑ "Real Decreto 805/2021, de 15 de septiembre, por el que se concede el Collar de la Orden de Isabel la Católica a Su Excelencia señor Iván Duque Márquez, Presidente de la República de Colombia" (in Spanish). 16 September 2021. Archived from the original on 16 November 2021. Retrieved 16 November 2021.
  66. ↑ "S. Korea, Colombia Agree To Expand Cooperation For Post-COVID Economic Recovery". 25 August 2021. Retrieved 8 October 2022.
  67. ↑ "Korea-Colombia Summit joint statement emphasizes digital & green growth cooperation". 2 September 2021. Retrieved 8 October 2022.
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