Jabesh-Gilead (Hebrew: יָבֵשׁ גִּלְעָד Yāḇēš Gilʿāḏ), sometimes shortened to Jabesh, was an ancient Israelite town in Gilead, in northwest Jordan. Jabesh is mentioned several times in the Hebrew Bible primarily in connection with King Saul's battles against the Ammonites and Philistines.

Jabesh means "dry" in Hebrew,[1] a name possibly attributed to the site's well-draining soil.[2] Gilead means 'heap [of stones] of testimony'. There is also an alternative theory that it means 'rocky region'. [Smith's Bible Dictionary, "Gil'e-ad"]

History

In the Hebrew Bible

Jabesh-Gilead is mentioned in the Book of Judges,[3] in the first[4][5] and second[6][7] Books of Samuel, and in the Book of Chronicles.[8]

Benjaminite War

Jabesh is mentioned in the biblical episode of the Levite's concubine, also known as the Benjamite War, during which eleven tribes of Israel had massacred the Tribe of Benjamin. The eleven tribes relented from wiping the whole tribe, and decided that they needed to find wives for the 600 remaining Benjaminite men since all other people in Benjamin had been killed. However, they had taken an oath not to give their daughters to a Benjaminite, so they found the one city in Israel that had not joined the fight: Jabesh. The city's inhabitants were executed under the Herem except for 400 virgins. They brought back 400 virgins from Jabesh and gave them to the men on Rimmon Rock (Judges 21:8–15).

The Benjaminites take the virgins of Jabesh-gilead, drawing by Gustave Doré

Nahash of Ammon

Jabesh-Gilead is a central setting of 1 Samuel 11. After Saul is anointed by Samuel, Nahash of Ammon attacks Jabesh-Gilead. Having subjected the town to a siege, its inhabitants sought terms for surrender, but were told by Nahash that they had a choice of death by sword or having their right eyes gouged out. The population obtained seven days' grace from Nahash, during which they would be allowed to seek help from the Israelites, after which they would have to submit to the terms of surrender. The town's inhabitants sought help from the people of Israel, sending messengers throughout the whole territory, and Saul responded by raising an army which decisively defeated Nahash and his cohorts at Bezek. After the war is over, the Israelites assemble at Gilgal to renew Saul's kingship over Israel.

Saul's Death

After Saul falls on his sword during the Battle of Gilboa, the victorious Philistines recover his body as well as those of his three sons who also died in the battle, decapitate them and display them on the wall of Beit She'an. At night, the inhabitants of Jabesh-Gilead retrieve the bodies, showing their devotion to the rescuer of the city. Following a funeral pyre, the bones of Saul and his sons were buried under the tamarisk tree in Jabesh (1 Samuel 31:8–13, 1 Chronicles 10:12). When David learns it was the men of Jabesh-Gilead who had brought Saul to a honorable burial, he sent messengers to bless them (2 Samuel 2:4–7). Later, David takes the bones of Saul and of his son Jonathan from Jabesh and buries them in Zela, in the tomb of Saul's father (2 Samuel 21:12–14).

Jabesh-Gileadites recover the bodies of Saul and his sons, Gustave Doré

House of Shallum

In the Books of Kings (2 Kings 15:10, 2 Kings 15:13–14) Shallum of Israel's father is identified as Jabesh. However, the passage may instead mention a toponym, identifying that Shallum was "the son" of a city called Jabesh. In this view, Shallum may have originated from Jabesh-Gilead.[9]

Later years

In his Antiquities of the Jews (c. 93–94 CE), Josephus describes Jabesh Gilead as a metropolis in the Transjordan. In the early-4th century CE, Greek scholar Eusebius mentioned "Iabeis Galaad" in his Onomasticon as a "village beyond the Jordan located on the mountains six miles from the city of Pella on the road to Gerasa."[2]

Identification

The exact location of Jabesh-Gilead is debated. Most scholars identify it with Tell el-Maqlub,[10][11][12][13][14] but Tell Abu al-Kharaz is also frequently suggested.[15][16] Both sites were inhabited during the Iron Age and lie along Wadi al-Yabis, a stream believed to preserve the town's ancient name.[2]

See also

Sources

  • Freedman, David Noel; Myers, Allen C. (2000), "Jabesh", Eerdmans Dictionary of the Bible, Amsterdam University Press, ISBN 978-9053565032
  • Freedman, David Noel; Myers, Allen C. (2000), "Jabesh-Gilead", Eerdmans Dictionary of the Bible, Amsterdam University Press, ISBN 978-9053565032

References

  1. ↑ "morfix dictionary".
  2. 1 2 3 McDonald, Burton (2000). East of the Jordan: Territories and Sites of the Hebrew Scriptures (PDF). American Schools of Oriental Research. pp. 202–203.
  3. ↑ "Judges 21:8-15 (Bible)". Bible Gateway. Retrieved 2007-12-08.
  4. ↑ "1 Samuel 11:1-11 (Bible)". Bible Gateway. Retrieved 2007-12-08.
  5. ↑ "1 Samuel 31:11-13 (Bible)". Bible Gateway. Retrieved 2007-12-08.
  6. ↑ "2 Samuel 2:4-5 (Bible)". Bible Gateway. Retrieved 2007-12-08.
  7. ↑ "2 Samuel 21:12 (Bible)". Bible Gateway. Retrieved 2007-12-08.
  8. ↑ "1 Chronicles 10:11-12 (Bible)". Bible Gateway. Retrieved 2007-12-08.
  9. ↑ Freedman, Myers (2000), p. 664
  10. ↑ Merrill, S (1883) [1881]. East of the Jordan: a record of travel and observation in the countries of Moab, Gilead, and Bashan. R. Bentley. New York: Scribner's. p. 440.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  11. ↑ Noth, M. (1953). "Jabesh-gilead: Ein Beitrag zur Methode alttestamentischer Topographie". Zeitschrift des Deutschen Palästina-Vereins: 28–41.
  12. ↑ Simons, J (1959). The Geographical and Topographical Texts of the Old Testament: A Concise Commentary in XXXII Chapters. Leiden: Brill. p. 315.
  13. ↑ Aharoni, Y. (1979). Rainey, A.F. (ed.). The Land of the Bible: A Historical Geography (2 ed.). London: Burns & Oates. pp. 379, 437.
  14. ↑ Finkelstein, Israel; Lipschits, Oded; Koch, Ido (2012). "The Biblical Gilead: Observations on Identifications, Geographic Divisions and Territorial History.". Ugarit-Forschungen ; Band 43 (2011). [Erscheinungsort nicht ermittelbar]. p. 131. ISBN 978-3-86835-086-9. OCLC 1101929531.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  15. ↑ Glueck, Nelson (February 1943). "Jabesh-Gilead". Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research. 89 (89): 2–6. doi:10.2307/3218934. ISSN 0003-097X. JSTOR 3218934. S2CID 222428752.
  16. ↑ Fischer, Peter M.; Herrmann, Georgina (January 1995). "A Carved Bone Object from Tell Abu al-Kharaz in Jordan: A Palestinian Workshop for Bone and Ivory?". Levant. 27 (1): 145–163. doi:10.1179/lev.1995.27.1.145. ISSN 0075-8914.
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