General
Jaime Abdul Gutiérrez
Chairman of the
Revolutionary Government Junta
In office
14 May 1980 – 13 December 1980
Preceded byAdolfo Arnoldo Majano
Succeeded byJosé Napoleón Duarte
(as president of the JRG)
Vice President of the
Revolutionary Government Junta
In office
13 December 1980 – 2 May 1982
PresidentJosé Napoleón Duarte
Preceded byJulio Ernesto Astacio
(as vice president of El Salvador)
Succeeded by
Member of the
Revolutionary Government Junta
In office
15 October 1979 – 2 May 1982
Commander-in-Chief of the
Armed Forces of El Salvador
In office
12 May 1980 – 18 May 1982
Preceded byAdolfo Arnoldo Majano
Succeeded byÁlvaro Magaña
Personal details
Born(1936-04-05)5 April 1936
Sonsonate, El Salvador
Died9 August 2012(2012-08-09) (aged 76)
La Libertad, El Salvador
Resting placeAntiguo Cuscatlán, El Salvador
13°40′03″N 89°15′56″W / 13.66750°N 89.26556°W / 13.66750; -89.26556
Political partyIndependent
Alma materCaptain General Gerardo Barrios Military School
OccupationMilitary officer
Military service
Allegiance El Salvador
Branch/service Salvadoran Army
Years of service1968–1982
RankGeneral
CommandsSalvadoran Army
Battles/wars

Jaime Abdul Gutiérrez Avendaño (5 April 1936 – 9 August 2012) was Salvadoran military officer and statesman. He was one of the leaders of the 1979 Salvadoran coup d'état which overthrew President General Carlos Humberto Romero and established the Revolutionary Government Junta (JRG), ending 48 years of exclusive military rule in the country. The coup started the 12-year-long Salvadoran Civil War which lasted until 1992.

Gutiérrez served as a representative of the Armed Forces of El Salvador (FAES) in the JRG from 1979 until the dissolution of the junta in 1982. He also serves as the junta's chairman in 1980, as its vice president from 1980 to 1982, and served as commander-in-chief of the armed forces 1980 to 1982.

Early life

Jaime Abdul Gutiérrez Avendaño was born in Sonsonate, El Salvador on 5 April 1936.[1] He graduated from the Captain General Gerardo Barrios Military School.[2][3] He served in the Salvadoran Army as an engineer, and received a degree from the Higher Military Engineering School of Mexico in 1968. In July 1969, he returned to El Salvador and took part in Football War with neighboring Honduras.[1]

Revolutionary Government of the Junta

In 1979, Gutiérrez joined a military conspiracy to overthrow the regime of President General Carlos Humberto Romero. The conspiracy culminated in a coup d'état on 15 October 1979.[4] After the overthrow of Romero, the Juventud Militar, which lead the conspiracy, established the Revolutionary Government Junta of El Salvador.[4][5] Gutiérrez was one of the two military representatives on the junta, with the other being Colonel Adolfo Arnoldo Majano.[5][6] Gutiérrez was considered the second most important person in the junta after Majano.[6] The other members of the junta were Mario Antonio Andino, the vice president of the Chamber of Commerce and Industry of El Salvador, Román Mayorga Quirós, a member of the Central American University, and Guillermo Ungo, a democratic socialist politician.[5]

Gutiérrez and Majano disagreed on how to solve El Salvador's deepening political crisis; Majano sought radical social reform, while Gutiérrez, who represented the conservative-minded army, preferred conservative military methods. On 12 May 1980, right-wingers within the military removed Majano as the chairman of the junta and Gutiérrez took over as chairman and commander-in-chief of the armed forces.[6][7] He led the transition to open civil war. Over the following months, terror escalated and hostilities spread throughout the country.[8][9]

After Majano was removed from the junta, the third Revolutionary Government Junta was formed on 13 December 1980.[10] Christian Democrat José Napoleón Duarte was appointed president of El Salvador while Gutiérrez took over as vice president and Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces.[10][11] Over the next year and a half, the new government managed not only to maintain a military advantage and retain power, but also to hold elections to the Constitutional Assembly on 28 March 1982. On 2 May 1982, both Duarte and Gutiérrez resigned, ending the Revolutionary Government Junta and transferring power to the interim president-elect Álvaro Magaña.

Retirement

Gutiérrez resigned as commander-in-chief of the army on 18 May 1982.[12] He took over as president of the National Communications Administration (ANTEL), was chairman of the Executive Commission of the Hydroelectric Complex on the Lempa River (CEL), and held a number of other important posts.[1]

Death

Military authorities reported that Gutiérrez died on 9 August 2012 at his home in La Libertad.[1][3][13] He was buried on 10 August 2012 at the Montelena Funerary Complex in Antiguo Cuscatlán after a funeral Mass.[13]

Legacy

Gutiérrez is a controversial figure in Salvadoran society: some consider him a dictator and conductor of state terror, others consider him an honest military man who "did not sit down at the negotiating table with criminals" and provided stability to the country. His participation in the 1979 coup is also debated: one view is he helped end the bloody dictatorship of Romero, another accuses him of removing a regime that had ensured stability since 1962.[3]

The National Institution of General and Engineer Jaime Abdul Gutiérrez in Sonsonate, founded on 6 July 1981, is named after him.[14][15][16]

References

Citations

  1. 1 2 3 4 "Ayer Falleció el General Jaime Abdul Gutiérrez" [General Jaime Abdul Gutiérrez Died Yesterday]. elsalvador.com (in Spanish). 9 August 2012. Archived from the original on 10 August 2012. Retrieved 17 August 2020.
  2. ↑ Bosch 1999, p. 32.
  3. 1 2 3 "Fallece Jaime Abdul Gutiérrez, ex Miembro de Junta Revolucionaria de Gobierno" [Jaime Abdul Gutiérrez Dies, ex-Member of the Revolutionary Government Junta] (in Spanish). 10 August 2012. Retrieved 17 August 2020.
  4. 1 2 Bosch 1999, pp. 27–28.
  5. 1 2 3 "Presidentes de El Salvador – Primera Junta Revolucionaria de Gobierno" [Presidents of El Salvador – First Revolutionary Government Junta]. Presidente Elías Antonio Saca El Salvador (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 2 March 2009. Retrieved 1 September 2020.
  6. 1 2 3 "El Coronel Adolfo Majano, Desplazado del Control del Ejército Salvadoreño, Jaime Abdul Gutiérrez Representará a las Fuerzas Armadas en la Junta de Gobierno" [Colonel Adolfo Majano, Removed from Control of the Salvadoran Army, Jaime Abdul Gutiérrez will Represent the Armed Forces in the Government Junta] (in Spanish). 13 May 1980. Retrieved 17 August 2020.
  7. ↑ Goodsell, James Nelson (20 May 1980). "Whirlwind of Violence in El Salvador". The Christian Science Monitor. Retrieved 17 August 2020.
  8. ↑ "El Salvador – The Reformist Coup of 1979". countrystudies.us. Retrieved 11 October 2019.
  9. ↑ Calle, Ángel Luis de la (17 October 1979). "Escepticismo Popular Ante el Golpe en El Salvador" [Popular Skepticism Before the Coup in El Salvador]. elpais.com (in Spanish). Retrieved 17 August 2020.
  10. 1 2 "Civilian Sworn in as El Salvador President". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. 23 December 1980. p. 2. Retrieved 16 April 2021.
  11. ↑ "Majano, Adolfo Arnaldo (1937–VVVV)" (in Spanish). Retrieved 17 August 2020.
  12. ↑ "Salvadoran Army Leader Resigns". The New York Times. 18 May 1982. Retrieved 15 April 2021.
  13. 1 2 "Jaime Abdul Gutiérrez". Montelena (in Spanish). Retrieved 15 April 2021.
  14. ↑ "¿Quiénes Somos? – Instituto Nacional Gral. e Ing. Jaime Abdul Gutiérrez" [Who Are We? – National Institution of General and Engineer Jaime Abdul Gutiérrez]. Instituto Nacional Gral. e Ing. Jaime Abdul Gutiérrez (in Spanish). Retrieved 15 April 2021.
  15. ↑ "Instituto Nacional Gral Jaime Abdul Gutiérrez". Paginas Amarillas (in Spanish). Retrieved 15 April 2021.
  16. ↑ "Instituto Nacional General e Ingeniero Jaime Abdul Gutiérrez" [National Institution of General and Engineer Jaime Abdul Gutiérrez]. Transparencia.gov (in Spanish). Ministerio de Educación, Ciencia y Tecnología. 5 November 2015. Retrieved 16 April 2021.

Bibliography

  • Bosch, Brian J. (1999). The Salvadoran Officer Corps and the Final Offensive of 1981. Jefferson, North Carolina, and London: McFarland & Company Incorporated Publishers. ISBN 0-7864-0612-7.
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