James J. Busuttil
Born65–66
New York, United States
NationalityAmerican, Maltese, British
Alma materHarvard College

NYU School of Law

Linacre College, Oxford
Occupation(s)Lawyer, Legal Academic, Company Director
Notable workNaval Weapons Systems and the Contemporary Law of War (1998)

A Taste of Armageddon: The Law of Armed Conflict as Applied to Cyberwar (1999)

‘Slay Them Wherever You Find Them’: Humanitarian Law in Islam (1991)
TitleDr.
Children2

James J. Busuttil[1] FRSA FRAS FRGS FIoD is an attorney, law academic and company director. He worked at the United States Department of State in counterterrorism and then in private financial law in New York City, before moving to Europe where he was an academic, NGO leader and Member of the Permanent Court of Arbitration in The Hague. Later, he became a director and then Chairman of a public company based in Silicon Valley.

Early life and education

Busuttil was born in New York in 1958. He is the eldest child of Joseph M. and Pauline Busuttil. He is of Maltese ancestry. He grew up in the Jamaica Estates neighborhood of Queens, New York.

His mother was a Registered Nurse (RN), educated at St. Luke's Hospital, Malta. His father was a successful small businessman and philanthropist. Joseph M. Busuttil was knighted four times, by Pope Pius XII, by Pope John XXIII and by Pope Paul VI (twice) for his services to charity, in particular his decades-long financial support of the children’s homes of Malta and Gozo[2] and of the Cana Movement,[3] and for his services as personal envoy of Popes John XXIII and Paul VI to negotiate the resolution of Church-State issues in Malta in the 1960s and 1970s.[4][5][6][7] Joseph M. Busuttil was made a Knight of the Order of Saint Gregory the Great, a Knight of the Order of Saint Sylvester, a Knight of the Sovereign Military Order of Malta and a Knight of the Order of the Holy Sepulchre. Pauline Busuttil was made a Dame of the Order of the Holy Sepulchre for her own charitable works.

Busuttil attended Regis High School in New York City from 1972 to 1976. At graduation, he received the New York State Regents Scholarship[8] and the New York State Governor’s Citation.

He attended Harvard College from 1976 to 1979 to study for an A.B. degree, graduating in three years instead of the usual four. While at Harvard, he lived in Thayer Hall and Leverett House. He studied Government,[9] in particular international relations. Among his Harvard classmates were Caroline Kennedy, Phil Murphy and Neil deGrasse Tyson. Busuttil graduated cum laude. He had received the Harvard College Scholarship.

Busuttil attended New York University School of Law from 1979 to 1982 to study for the Juris Doctor (J.D.). There, he focused his studies on public international law, taking almost all the postgraduate courses available at that time for the Master of Law (LL.M.) in International Law.[10] For his grades in these LL.M. courses, he was awarded the Clyde W. Eagleton[11] Graduate Award in International Law in spite of being a J.D. student. In addition, at graduation, he was awarded the Order of the Coif, which N.Y.U. School of Law awards to no more than the top 10 of its graduates each year. While still a student, in July 1982 he published his first scholarly article, an analysis of the Bonn Declaration on International Terrorism.[12]

Law practice

During his legal career, Busuttil has advised seven governments:

Department of State

Busuttil joined the U.S. Department of State’s Office of the Legal Adviser in 1982. He was appointed an Attorney-Adviser in the Office of the Assistant Legal Adviser for Law Enforcement and Intelligence Affairs (L/LEI).[18] He acted as the legal counsel to the Office for Combatting Terrorism,[19] coordinated the Department of State position on reform of the U.S. federal criminal code, negotiated international extradition treaties, in particular with Switzerland, where he was Head of Delegation, Italy and Jamaica, and supervised extradition cases.

Curtis, Mallet-Prevost, Colt & Mosle

After service at the State Department, Busuttil joined Curtis, Mallet-Prevost, Colt & Mosle in their New York City office, first on Wall Street and later on Park Avenue. He worked in real estate development, corporate law and litigation, with an international emphasis, and negotiation of international joint venture agreements. Busuttil worked on cases involving the U.S. Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act and act of state issues. He assisted in the preparation of the Memorial[20] in the Continental Shelf (Tunisia/Libyan Arab Jamahiriya) Case[13] and worked on the Amoco Cadiz litigation.[14]

Shearman & Sterling

Busuttil then joined Shearman & Sterling in their office in the Citicorp Center. There he was involved in various aspects of private financing, including alternative energy project financings. He represented the Bank Advisory Group for Nicaragua’s sovereign debt restructuring and handled many private sector Mexican debt restructures.

NOAA

After over two years of private law practice in Manhattan, Busuttil returned in 1986 to public service as Special Assistant to the General Counsel of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). His special responsibility was for international affairs and legislation, including international whaling, coastal zone management, fisheries allocation and NOAA’s legislative program. As a delegate to the International Whaling Commission’s (IWC) 38th Meeting,[21] he participated in the lobbying for and adoption of the global moratorium on commercial whaling.[22]

Porter & Travers (now King & Spalding)

With colleagues from Shearman & Sterling, Busuttil was a founder of Porter & Travers, a boutique law firm specializing in representing banks as lenders. He represented banks and financial institutions based in the United States and other countries, such as Citibank and Rabobank, in private sector financing of domestic and international projects. After he left, Porter & Travers was acquired, to become the New York City branch of King & Spalding.

Academic work and university teaching

Oxford DPhil

In 1990, Busuttil matriculated at Linacre College of the University of Oxford, to study for a Doctor of Philosophy (DPhil) in public international law. His supervisor was Professor Sir Ian Brownlie, Chichele Professor of Public International Law at All Souls College. While at Oxford, Busuttil was elected a Member of the Governing Body[23] of his college, a member of the Standing Committee of the Oxford University Strategic Studies Group[24] and a Life Member of the Oxford Union Society.

His DPhil thesis, “Naval Weapons Systems and the Contemporary Law of War: Selected Topics”, was awarded the 1996 Dasturzada Dr. Jal Pavry Memorial Prize for best Doctoral or Master’s thesis in Law, Modern History or Social Studies on a subject in the area of international peace and understanding. An edited and updated version was later published by Clarendon Press, the imprint for Oxford University Press publications of particular academic importance.[25] This work sold out its 400-copy press-run, which is unusual for academic books.[26][27] It remains available as a print on demand title. This book was cited by the United States in its submission[28][29] to the International Court of Justice in the Oil Platforms case.

While working on his DPhil, Busuttil wrote the first analysis in English of the Islamic approach to the laws of war, using the Sharia as his primary source material.[30]

University of Essex Human Rights Centre

From Oxford, Busuttil joined the Human Rights Centre[31] of the Department of Law of the University of Essex in 1992. There he organized and taught graduate seminars in economic, social and cultural human rights and in the international law of armed conflict, and created the world’s first human rights Practicum, which introduced human rights graduate students to the practical issues of human rights work, including running an NGO, fact-finding and missions, country reports and individual applications.[32] Busuttil was Faculty Adviser to the World Championship Team in the Concours Jean Pictet du Droit Humanitaire[33] in 1993.

In addition to his work in the Human Rights Centre, he organized the first undergraduate course in international environmental law and taught trusts law.

British Institute of Human Rights

In 1995, Busuttil became the first full-time Director of the British Institute of Human Rights (BIHR).[34] The BIHR was recognized by the Council of Europe as the United Kingdom’s national human rights institute. Busuttil managed its day-to-day operations, controlled its strategic development and public profile, devised, organized and directed conferences, seminars and workshops and organized public lectures including the Institute’s Human Rights Public Lecture series and annual Paul Sieghart[35] Memorial Lecture. From 1998 to 2005, he edited the Human Rights Case Digest,[36] published by Brill. At the same time, Busuttil was appointed a Research Fellow in International Human Rights Law at King’s College London School of Law.

Institute of Social Studies

Busuttil was appointed Associate Professor of International Law and Organization at the Institute of Social Studies in The Hague in 1998. He taught in six graduate programs: Masters of Law (LL.M.) in International Law and Organization; Master’s (M.A.) in Development Studies; Human Rights Diploma; International Law and Sustainable Development Diploma; Globalization and Development Diploma; and Development, Law and Social Justice Diploma. In addition, he had substantial administrative responsibilities, both within his disciplinary area and Institute-wide. Busuttil was the External Examiner at the Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam for its LL.M. in International Business Law[37] and for the University of Amsterdam’s LL.M. in International Law.[38]

While at the I.S.S., he wrote the first article on the legal regulation of cyberwar[39] and an article on how to effectively respond to religious fundamentalism,[40] and edited two books, Bridge or Barrier: Religion, Violence and Visions for Peace[41] and The Freedom to Do God’s Will: Religious Fundamentalism and Social Change.[42]

International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia

From 2002 to 2003, Busuttil took a sabbatical from teaching. He headed the Legal Reference Project in the Office of the Prosecutor[43] (OTP) of the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY). He coordinated, directed and edited an analysis of the entire case law of the ICTY (over 5,000 decisions to that date). The five-person team he headed produced the first comprehensive collection and analysis of the Tribunal’s procedural law and substantive law on war crimes, crimes against humanity and genocide.

University of London

For more than ten years starting in 2004, Busuttil was Director[44] of the University of London Postgraduate Laws Program.[45] He was responsible for the setting up, development, delivery and management of the Masters of Law (LL.M.), Postgraduate Diploma (PG Dip.) in Law and Postgraduate Certificate (PG Cert.) in Law, offered via the University of London’s International Programs. Busuttil provided academic direction and leadership (including the recruitment of course study guide authors and the creation of appropriate quality assurance mechanisms), took strategic decisions in relation to the delivery of this postgraduate Program, developed marketing strategies and coordinated 60 courses and 3,000 students in more than 150 countries.

During this time, Busuttil was appointed an Honorary Professor at the Faculty of Laws of University College London (UCL). Middlesex University’s Department of Law appointed him an Honorary Visiting Professor. He was also on the staff of the School of Law of Queen Mary University of London (QMUL).

Guest lectures

Busuttil has given guest lectures at more than 30 universities, sometimes on multiple occasions. These include:

Company director

Aerkomm Inc.,[50] a technology company providing full-service, development-stage in-flight entertainment and connectivity solutions, with subsidiaries in California, Hong Kong, Taiwan, China, Japan, Malta and Seychelles,[51] headquartered in Fremont, California, appointed Busuttil as a Director in December 2017.[52] In March 2020, at the start of the Covid-19 pandemic, he was elected Chairman of the Board of Directors.[53] The company’s stock (AKOM) is listed on the OTC QX,[54] regulated[55] by the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission, and on Euronext Paris,[56] regulated by France’s Autorité des Marchés Financiers, and its convertible bonds are traded on the Singapore Exchange (SGX-ST). As the global pandemic began to recede, Busuttil resigned from the Aerkomm Board in October 2021.[57]

Public service

Busuttil has provided public service in various capacities during his career.

Human rights missions

Violations of the law of war in Afghanistan during the Soviet war

With Charles H. Norchi,[58] Busuttil organized an international fact-finding mission to Afghanistan and its borders with Pakistan in 1987, during the Soviet war in Afghanistan, to determine if war crimes had been committed there.[59] This resulted in two reports, one to the Third Committee of the United Nations in 1987[60] and another to the General Assembly in early 1989.[61] The other members of the fact-finding team were Professor W. Michael Reisman[62] of Yale Law School, Professor Françoise Hampson[63] of the University of Essex Human Rights Centre, Professor Göran Melander[64] of Lund University Faculty of Law[65] and Dr. Mark A. Miggiani[66] of Malta.

Human Rights Watch mission to the Soviet Union

Busuttil was Rapporteur of the first and only officially sanctioned human rights mission to the Soviet Union, sponsored by Helsinki Watch in January and February 1989. He wrote the official report on that mission.[67]

Association of the Bar of the City of New York mission to Uganda

Busuttil was part of team sent by the Committee on International Human Rights of the Association of the Bar of the City of New York (ABCNY) to Uganda in 1990, which investigated the rule of law in that country.[68]

Permanent Court of Arbitration

Busuttil was appointed a Member of the Permanent Court of Arbitration (PCA) in 2007 by Malta. The PCA is the oldest international tribunal in the world, created at the Hague Peace Conference of 1899. Members of the PCA are individuals ‘of known competency in questions of international law, of the highest moral reputation, and disposed to accept the duties of Arbitrator’[69] who are nominated by States which are parties to the PCA treaties. Members of the Court are appointed for a term of six years, and their appointments can be renewed.[70] Busuttil’s term was renewed.[71] He served for 12 years, retiring in 2019.

Boards and organizations

Busuttil has served on many voluntary boards and organizations, including:

Bar admissions

Busuttil has been admitted to practice law in the State of New York and in the District of Columbia. In addition, he has been admitted to a number of U.S. Federal Courts, including:

He is also a student barrister at Inner Temple, one of the Inns of Court, in London.

Coat of Arms

Coat of arms of
James J. Busuttil
ArmigerJames J. Busuttil
Adopted2013
CrestUpon a Helm with a Wreath Argent and Gules Within a Circlet comprising Chevrons conjoined three being manifest the point of each conjoined to a Cross Azure a demi Afghan Hound Or supporting between the forepaws a Pilgrim’s Staff palewise Gules Mantled Gules lined Argent
BlazonGules a Sword in pale Argent hilt and pommel Or and a Chain rompu in fess throughout also Or
MottoSapienta Vis Caritas
BadgeA Beehive Or within a Circlet of Bees volant outwards Azure

Busuttil was granted a coat of arms on April 8, 2013. Windsor Herald, an officer of arms of the College of Arms in London, assisted in the design of his heraldic achievement, being his arms, with motto, crest, badge and the exemplification of a standard. Busuttil’s arms were granted by letters patent issued by the most senior heralds, the Kings of Arms. They act according to powers under the law of arms which makes the right to grant arms exclusively to due authority, which has, since the late medieval period, been delegated to the Kings of Arms under the personal responsibility of the Crown and all grants are therefore made under Crown authority, in that case the authority of Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II. The design of armorial bearings must be distinct from all previous arms on record at the College.[72]

The blazon is:

Arms: Gules a Sword in pale Argent hilt and pommel Or and a Chain rompu in fess throughout also Or

Crest: Upon a Helm with a Wreath Argent and Gules Within a Circlet comprising Chevrons conjoined three being manifest the point of each conjoined to a Cross Azure a demi Afghan Hound Or supporting between the forepaws a Pilgrim’s Staff palewise Gules Mantled Gules lined Argent

Device or Badge: A Beehive Or within a Circlet of Bees volant outwards Azure

Personal information

Busuttil has a son, Daniel Busuttil, who is a software engineer in Montreal, Canada, and a daughter.

Busuttil has been a member of the Harvard Club of New York City since 1979. He was elected a Fellow of The Explorers Club in 1990, for his work in Afghanistan and the border area of Pakistan. He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Geographical Society (RGS) in 1990, a Fellow of the Institute of Directors (IoD) in 1995, a Fellow of the Royal Society of Arts (RSA) in 1996 and a Fellow of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland (RAS) in 2017.

Busuttil was a member of Rotary Club La Valette Malta[73] 2006-2018 and the Royal Malta Yacht Club 2011-2018.

While at the University of Oxford, he played rugby for Linacre College as a prop. He trained as a scuba diver under the regulations of the British Sub-Aqua Club, making dozens of open-water dives in the Mediterranean, Caribbean and South-east Asia, ultimately receiving certification as a dive leader.

Busuttil is an amateur photographer who captures images exclusively on film. He works in black-and-white, preferring medium format and large format film. He regularly uses black-and-white infrared film. Busuttil built his own 4×5 inches view camera. He has made wet-plate images, including preparing his own collodion-coated glass plates, tintypes, pinhole images and holograms.[74] He supports Penumbra Foundation,[75] Aperture Foundation and the International Center of Photography (ICP).

References

  1. ↑ "Busuttil". Wiktionary. April 4, 2023. Retrieved August 24, 2023.
  2. ↑ "Welcome to Fondazzjoni Sebħ". Fondazzjoni Sebħ. Retrieved August 20, 2023.
  3. ↑ "Cana Movement – About Us". Cana Movement. Archdiocese of Malta. Retrieved August 20, 2023.
  4. ↑ Smith, Simon C. (January 2014). "Priests and politicians: Archbishop Michael Gonzi, Dom Mintoff, and the end of empire in Malta". Journal of Mediterranean Studies. 23 (1). Retrieved August 20, 2023.
  5. ↑ "L-Interdett: How Malta's Church Made Supporting The Labour Party A Mortal Sin". Lovin Malta. November 5, 2019. Retrieved August 20, 2023.
  6. ↑ "L-Interdett: When God Was Drawn Into Maltese Politics". Lovin Malta. October 3, 2022. Retrieved August 20, 2023.
  7. ↑ Muscat, Michaela. "April 17, 2021". The Unholy War: a five-part series on Malta’s Interdett – Part 1. Malta Today. Retrieved August 20, 2023.
  8. ↑ "What is the NYS Regents Scholarship?". Study.com. Retrieved August 20, 2023.
  9. ↑ "Undergraduate". Department of Government. Retrieved August 20, 2023.
  10. ↑ "LLM in International Legal Studies". New York University School of Law. Retrieved August 21, 2023.
  11. ↑ "Clyde Eagleton". Oxford Reference. Retrieved August 20, 2023.
  12. ↑ Busuttil, James J (July 1982). "The Bonn Declaration on International Terrorism: A Non-Binding International Agreement on Aircraft Hijacking". International and Comparative Law Quarterly. 31 (1): 474–487. doi:10.1093/iclqaj/31.3.474. ISSN 0020-5893.
  13. 1 2 "Continental Shelf (Tunisia/Libyan Arab Jamahiriya)". International Court of Justice. Retrieved September 1, 2023.
  14. 1 2 Gundlach, Erich R. (1989). "Amoco Cadiz Litigation: Summary of the 1988 Court Decision". International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings. 1989: 503–508. doi:10.7901/2169-3358-1989-1-503. Retrieved September 1, 2023.
  15. ↑ Louise Doswald-Beck (December 31, 1995). "San Remo Manual on International Law Applicable to Armed Conflict at Sea". International Committee of the Red Cross. Retrieved September 1, 2023.
  16. ↑ "Stockton e-Portal: Military Legal Manuals". U.S. Naval War College. August 15, 2023. Retrieved September 1, 2023.
  17. ↑ Wolff Heintschel v. Heinegg & Hans-Joachim Unbehau (2002). "Commander's Handbook: Legal Bases for the Operations of Naval Forces - German Navy". U.S. Naval War College. See Part II, Section 4, subsection V. Retrieved September 1, 2023.
  18. ↑ "Law Enforcement and Intelligence - Office of the Legal Adviser". U.S. Department of State. December 15, 2018. Retrieved September 1, 2023.
  19. ↑ "About Us – Bureau of Counterterrorism". U.S. Department of State. Retrieved September 1, 2023.
  20. ↑ Libyan Arab Jamahiriya (May 30, 1980). "Memorial of the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya" (PDF). International Court of Justice. Retrieved September 1, 2023.
  21. ↑ "38th Meeting of the International Whaling Commission (IWC38)". International Whaling Commission. 1986. Retrieved September 1, 2023.
  22. ↑ NOAA Office of International Affairs, Trade, and Commerce (August 14, 2023). "International Whaling Commission". NOAA International Affairs. Retrieved September 1, 2023.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  23. ↑ "Governing Body". Linacre College. Retrieved September 1, 2023.
  24. ↑ "Oxford University Strategic Studies Group". Oxford University Strategic Studies Group. Retrieved September 1, 2023.
  25. ↑ Busuttil, James J. (August 27, 1998). Naval Weapons Systems and the Contemporary Law of War. Oxford: Clarendon Press. ISBN 9780198265740. Retrieved September 1, 2023.
  26. ↑ Donald A. Barclay (November 10, 2015). "Academic print books are dying. What's the future?". The Conversation. Retrieved September 1, 2023.
  27. ↑ Reisz, Matthew (June 16, 2017). "Worst sellers: warning of existential crisis for academic books". Times Higher Education. Retrieved September 1, 2023.
  28. ↑ United States of America (March 23, 2001). "Rejoinder" (PDF). International Court of Justice. See footnote 538, on p. 225. Retrieved September 1, 2023.
  29. ↑ "Oil Platforms (Islamic Republic of Iran v. United States of America)". International Court of Justice. Retrieved September 1, 2023.
  30. ↑ Busuttil, James J (1991). "'Slay Them Wherever You Find Them': Humanitarian Law in Islam". Military Law and Law of War Review. 30 (1–4). ISSN 0556-7394.
  31. ↑ "Human Rights Centre". Essex Law School. University of Essex. Retrieved September 1, 2023.
  32. ↑ "Individual Communications - Human Rights Treaty Bodies". United Nations Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights. Retrieved September 1, 2023.
  33. ↑ "Jean-Pictet Competition". Comité pour le Concours Jean-Pictet. Retrieved September 1, 2023.
  34. ↑ "A UK-wide charity making positive change through human rights". British Institute of Human Rights. 2023. Retrieved September 1, 2023.
  35. ↑ "Paul Henry Sieghart, Barrister". Social Networks and Archival Context. Retrieved September 1, 2023.
  36. ↑ "Human Rights Case Digest: The European Convention System". Brill Publishers. ISSN 0965-934X. Retrieved September 1, 2023.
  37. ↑ "International Business Law". Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam. 2023. Retrieved September 1, 2023.
  38. ↑ "Public International Law (International and European Law)". Universiteit van Amsterdam. 2023. Retrieved September 1, 2023.
  39. ↑ Busuttil, James J. (1999). "Chapter 3: A Taste of Armageddon: The Law of Armed Conflict as Applied to Cyberwar". In Goodwin-Gill, Guy S.; Talmon, Stefan (eds.). The Reality of International Law. Oxford: Clarendon Press. pp. 37–56. ISBN 9780198268376.
  40. ↑ Busuttil, James J. (2002). "Chapter 10: Policy Responses to Religious Fundamentalism". In ter Haar, Gerrie; Busuttil, James J. (eds.). The Freedom to Do God's Will: Religious Fundamentalism and Social Change. London: Routledge. pp. 230–237. ISBN 9780415270359.
  41. ↑ ter Haar, Gerrie; Busuttil, James J., eds. (2005). Bridge or Barrier: Religion, Violence and Visions for Peace. Leiden: Brill. ISBN 9789047405733.
  42. ↑ ter Haar, Gerrie; Busuttil, James J., eds. (2002). The Freedom to Do God's Will: Religious Fundamentalism and Social Change. London: Routledge. ISBN 9780415270359.
  43. ↑ International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia. "Office of the Prosecutor". International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia. Retrieved September 1, 2023.
  44. ↑ Stephanie Psaila (January 21, 2006). "Read for a London University Master's in Malta". Times of Malta. Retrieved September 1, 2023.
  45. ↑ "Postgraduate Laws". University of London. Retrieved September 1, 2023.
  46. ↑ "National Security Law Center". University of Virginia School of Law. 2023. Retrieved September 1, 2023.
  47. ↑ Refugee Studies Centre (2023). "Refugee Studies Centre". Oxford Department of International Development. Retrieved September 1, 2023.
  48. ↑ BIICL (2003). "British Institute of International and Comparative Law". British Institute of International and Comparative Law. Retrieved September 1, 2023.
  49. ↑ FHR Institute for Higher Education (2023). "FHR Institute for Higher Education". FHR Institute. Retrieved September 1, 2023.
  50. ↑ "Aerkomm, Inc". Aerkomm Inc. Retrieved September 1, 2023.
  51. ↑ Aerkomm, Inc. (February 23, 2021). "Aerkomm, Inc. Prospectus Supplement". U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission. Retrieved September 1, 2023.
  52. ↑ Aerkomm Inc. (February 23, 2018). "Aerkomm Inc. Appoints James J. Busuttil to its Board of Directors". PR Newswire. Retrieved September 1, 2023.
  53. ↑ Mark Anthony Gubagaras (March 30, 2020). "Aerkomm names new chairman, CEO". S&P Global Market Intelligence. Retrieved September 1, 2023.
  54. ↑ "AKOM". OTC Markets Group. Retrieved September 1, 2023.
  55. ↑ "Aerkomm, Inc". U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission. Retrieved September 1, 2023.
  56. ↑ "Aerkomm, Inc". Euronext. Retrieved September 1, 2023.
  57. ↑ S&P Capital IQ (October 8, 2021). "Aerkomm Inc. Announces Board Changes". MarketScreener. Retrieved September 1, 2023.
  58. ↑ "Charles Norchi". University of Maine School of Law. 2023. Retrieved September 1, 2023.
  59. ↑ "Human Rights in Afghanistan, 1987: Hearing Before the Subcommittee on Human Rights and International Organizations of the Committee on Foreign Affairs, House of Representatives, One Hundredth Congress, First Session, Thursday May 21, 1987". U.S. Government Printing Office. pp. 10-26. May 21, 1987. Retrieved September 1, 2023.
  60. ↑ "Report of the Independent Counsel on International Human Rights on the Human Rights Situation in Afghanistan". November 17, 1987. Retrieved September 1, 2023.
  61. ↑ "Summary Report of the Independent Counsel on International Human Rights: The Mining of Afghanistan". January 27, 1989. Retrieved September 1, 2023.
  62. ↑ "W. Michael Reisman". Yale Law School. Retrieved September 1, 2023.
  63. ↑ "Professor Francoise Hampson". Essex Law School. Retrieved September 1, 2023.
  64. ↑ "Göran Melander". Raoul Wallenberg Institute of Human Rights. Retrieved September 1, 2023.
  65. ↑ "Faculty of Law". Lund University. Retrieved September 1, 2023.
  66. ↑ "Dr. Mark A. Miggiani". Maltese-French Chamber of Commerce. Retrieved September 1, 2023.
  67. ↑ Busuttil, James J. (1989). Towards the Rule of Law: Soviet Legal Reform and Human Rights Under Perestroika (PDF). New York: Helsinki Watch. ISBN 092969239X.
  68. ↑ Busuttil, James J.; Dahlberg, Robin L.; Oliensis, Sheldon J.; Rosdeithcher, Sidney S. (October 1991). "Uganda at the Crossroads: Current Human Rights Conditions". The Record. 46 (1). ISSN 0004-5837.
  69. ↑ "1899 Convention for the Pacific Settlement of International-Disputes" (PDF). Permanent Court of Arbitration. See article 23. Retrieved September 1, 2023.
  70. ↑ "Members of the Court". Permanent Court of Arbitration. Retrieved September 1, 2023.
  71. ↑ "Members of the Court". Permanent Court of Arbitration. Retrieved March 20, 2017.
  72. ↑ "Granting of Arms". College of Arms. Retrieved September 1, 2023.
  73. ↑ "Rotary Club La Valette Malta". Rotary Club La Valette Malta. Retrieved September 1, 2023.
  74. ↑ "A Picture Is Worth..." A Picture Is Worth. Weebly. Retrieved September 1, 2023.
  75. ↑ "Penumbra Foundation". Penumbra Foundation. Retrieved September 1, 2023.
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